Showing papers on "Personality published in 1976"

Psychological testing and assessment

Abstract: The methodology of assessment - foundations of psychological measurement, test design and construction, test administration, scoring and item analysis, standardisation, reliability and validity assessment of abilities - standardised achievement tests, intelligence testing, testing special abilities assessment of personality and preferences - interests, attitudes and values, personality assessment - observation, interviews and ratings, personality assessment - inventories and projective techniques applications, issues and developments - psychological assessment in applied settings, criticisms and issues in testing, computer-based assessment and other developments appendices.

Toward an interactional psychology of personality.

Abstract: Four basic models in personality research (trait psychology, psychodynamics, situationism, and interactionsim) are reviewed and compared with respect to (a) types of laws sought, (b) determinants of behavior, (c) units of analysis, (d) the consistency vs specificity issue, (e) ontogenetic development of behavior, and (f) research strategies and populations sampled An analysis of the controversy between the trait model and the interactional model suggests that the trait model is limited as a basis for use in description and prediction of behavior and as a general basis for personality research Empirical results support an interactional view of behavior, in which actual behavior is determined by a continuous and multidirectional interaction between person variables and situation variables The issues and research on situational determinants of behavior are reviewed, and the need for more systematic psychological studies of situations is stressed Major features of the interactional model of personality are discussed, and the necessity of developing methods for investigating continuous interaction processes is emphasized (3 p ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2006 APA, all rights reserved)

Heredity, Environment, and Personality: A Study of 850 Sets of Twins

Abstract: Heredity, environment & personality : a study of 850 sets of twins , Heredity, environment & personality : a study of 850 sets of twins , کتابخانه مرکزی دانشگاه علوم پزشکی ایران

Personality Theories : A Comparative Analysis

Abstract: Introduction: Personality and personology The nature and models of personality theorizing. Theories and their classification: The conflict model: psychosocial version Conflict model: intrapsychic version Fulfillment model: actualization version Fulfillment model: perfection version Consistency model: cognitive dissonance version Consistency model: activation version. Issues and their resolution: Methods in personality study Rational and empirical analyses of core considerations Rational analysis of peripheral considerations Empirical analysis of peripheral considerations. Other relevant approaches: The behavioristic alternative The rise of social learning theory. Applications and the future: Psychotherapy and assessment Formal and substantive characteristics of the good theory of personality. Appendix of theoretical summaries.

Some Internal Psychological Factors Influencing Consumer Choice

Abstract: The directive, information-processing aspects of the personality are described in terms of eight successive steps: exposure, perception, comprehension, agreement, retention, retrieval, decision making, and action. Each of these steps is illustrated by recent psychological research. The dynamic, motivational aspect of human personality is described more briefly in terms of 16 basic human motives that have received attention in recent psychological research.

Perceived dimensions of interpersonal relations.

Abstract: A questionnaire study was conducted to discover the fundamental dimensions underlying people's perceptions of interpersonal relations. In the sections of the questionnaire relevant to this report, 87 subjects rated 20 of their own interpersonal relations (e.g., between you and your spouse) and 25 typical, or role, relations (e.g., between husband and wife) on numerous bipolar scales. A multidimensional scaling analysis of the data revealed four dimensions, which were interpreted as cooperative and friendly versus competitive and hostile, equal versus unequal, intense versus superficial, and socioemotional and informal versus task-oriented and formal. The relative importance of these dimensions varied systematically across various subgroups based on biographical characteristics of the subjects. The four dimensions were compared to those from studies of personality, person perception, and individual behavior in interpersonal situations. The stability of the dimensions suggests that they should provide a valuable framework for future research on interpersonal relations and communication.

Personality Theories: Basic Assumptions, Research and Applications

Abstract: Psychology of personality - an introduction to the discipline research and assessment in personality psychology the psychodynamic perspective in personality revisions of the psychodynamic perspectives the ego psychology and related perspectives in personality theory, Erik Erikson, Erich Fromm, Karen Horney the dispositional perspective in personality theory, Gordon Allport, Raymond Cattell, Hans Eysenck the learning-behavioural perspective in personality theory, B. F. Skinner, John Dillard, Neal Miller the social cognitive perspective in personality theory, Albert Bandura, Julian Rotter the cognitive perspective in personality theory, George Kelly, Albert Ellis the humanistic perspective in personality theory, Abraham Maslow the phenomenological perspective in personality theory, Carl Rogers personality psychology - new directions in the discipline.

Theories of Personality

Abstract: This revision of the Schultz's popular text surveys the field, presenting theory-by-theory coverage of the major theorists who represent the psychoanalytic, neopsychoanalytic, life-span, trait, humanistic, cognitive, behavioral, and social-learning approaches, as well as clinical and experimental work. Where warranted, the authors show how the development of certain theories was influenced by events in a theorist's personal and professional life. This thoroughly revised Seventh Edition now incorporates more examples, tables, and figures to help bring the material to life for students. The new content in this edition reflects the dynamism in the field. The text explores how race, gender, and culture issues figure in the study of personality and in personality assessment. In addition, a final integrative chapter looks at the study of personality theories and suggests conclusions that can be drawn from the many theorists' work.

Teacher Anxiety: A Review with Recommendations

Abstract: Many educators would agree that teacher "personality" and "mental health" as they are reflected in classroom behavior are important. Some might even consider these characteristics more important than a teacher's knowledge of the subject matter and methods of teaching. Ineffective teaching is often attributed to personality defects, such as insufficient warmth, zeal, sensitivity, or perhaps excessive authoritarianism and rigidity (Smith, 1968). Flanders and Simon (1969), in reviewing the literature on teacher effectiveness, concluded that research is vitally needed on the causal relationships between particular teacher behaviors and their specific effects on student performance. Although something is known about these relationships (e.g., Dunkin & Biddle, 1974; Rosenshine, 1971), research has failed to provide unambiguous data for a variety of reasons. These include the

A new personal disturbance scale (DSSI/sAD).

Abstract: A brief self-report measure of personal disturbance is presented. Being derived from the Delusions-Symptoms-States Inventory, it focuses exclusively on recent symptomatology, uncontaminated by personality attributes. Data are presented which show significant agreement (a) for the allocation of the items to syndromes by experiences raters, and (b) between patients' self-report and their psychiatrists' ratings. At the anxiety, depression, and total sAD scale levels a high discrimination is found between the normal and pmal distributions, both of which are in contrast to personality measures. The scales appear relevant to treatment evaluation and for detecting the personally disturbed in general populations.

Age Differences in Personality Structure: a Cluster Analytic Approach

Abstract: A cluster analytic approach was used to determine possible age differences in the structure of personality as measured by the Cattell Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire. Subjects were 969 adult male volunteers, originally divided into three groups: 25 to 34, 35 to 54, and 55 to 82. Two familiar dimensions of personality, Anxiety-Adjustment and Introversion-Extraversion, were found to be cross sectionally stable. A third cluster dimension, interpreted as openness to experience, showed age-related differences. Young subjects showed openness to feelings; middle-aged subjects showed openness to ideas; and old subjects showed a balanced openness to both feelings and ideas. Repartitioning of the sample into two groups (ages 25 to 43 and 44 to 82), and three groups (25 to 39, 40 to 47, and 48 to 82) confirmed these age differences in the third cluster. The interpretation of the third cluster is discussed in terms of Jung's concepts of psychological functions.

Personality Patterns in Insomnia: Theoretical Implications

Abstract: • Subjects with a primary complaint of insomnia (N = 124) were evaluated with Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventories (MMPIs). A high percentage of subjects (85%) had one or more MMPI scales elevated to a pathological degree. The scales most elevated were, in order, 2 (depression), 7 (psychasthenia), and 3 (conversion hysteria). A striking finding was the preponderance of depression. This was indicated by the frequency in which scale 2 was elevated above 70, the frequency in which this scale had the highest elevation, and the frequency of MMPI code types that included scale 2. Four common MMPI code types representing various types of depression were noted, indicating considerable homogeneity for code types in this sample. The predominant personality styles in this sample were characterized by the internalization of psychological disturbances rather than by acting out or aggression. We propose that this internalization produces a state of constant emotional arousal and resultant physiological activation and that this process is a psychophysiological mechanism underlying insomnia.

The Voice of Personality: Stereotyped Judgments and their Relation to Voice Quality and Sex of Speaker

Abstract: Summary This study attempted to determine the relationship between personality judgments from voice and vocal properties of the voice, particularly with reference to the speaker's sex. The taped voices of 57 American college students (25 males and 32 females) were played to 100 raters (also American college undergraduates) who rated the voices on 10 personality traits. Measurements were made of six vocal characteristics for each of the taped voices. There were correlations between personality judgments from the voices and the vocal characteristics of the voices. Raters also used different cues for rating male voices as opposed to female voices. The results were considered in terms of cultural sex role stereotypes.

Personality correlates of communication apprehension: a research note

Abstract: Research i~ reported indicating significant relationships between communication apprehension and 18 of 21 personality variables studied. High communication apprehension was found to be associated with a wide range of socially maladaptive personality characteristics. Communication apprehension is a broad-based fear or anxiety related to the act of communication held by a large"number of individuals. High communication apprehensives are persons for whom apprehension about participating in communication outweighs the projected gain from communicating in a given situation (Phillips, 1968; McCroskey, 1970). Such persons anticipate negative feelings and outcomes from communication, and will avoid communication, if possible, or suffer from a variety of anxiety-type feelings when forced to communicate.

The Measurement of personality

Abstract: I Models of Personality.- Personality Research: Components of Variance Attributable to the Person and the Situation.- Personality in Monkeys: Factor Analyses of Rhesus Social Behaviour.- The Nature of Extraversion: A Genetical Analysis.- Primaries or Second-order Factors: A Critical Consideration of Cattell's 16 PF Battery.- Eysenck's Personality Dimensions: A Model for the MMP.- II The Physiological Basis of Personality.- Extraversion-Introversion and the EEG.- Electrodermal Lability as a Personality Dimension.- Initial Amplitude and Rate of Habituation of Orienting Reaction in Relation to Extraversion and Neuroticism.- Sensation Seeking and Cortical Augmenting-Reducing.- Salivary Response to Lemon Juice as a Measure of Introversion.- Introversion-Extraversion and Circadian Rhythms.- Personality and the Inverted-U Relation.- III Pain, Sensory Deprivation, and Sensation Seeking.- Introversion and Isolation Tolerance.- Personality and Time Estimation in Sensory Deprivation.- Tolerance for Experimentally Induced Pain as Related to Personality.- "Stimulus Hunger": Individual Differences in Operant Strategy in a Button-pressing Task.- Extraversion and Preferred Level of Sensory Stimulation.- Extraversion and Variety-seeking in a Monotonous Task.- Stimulant and Depressant Drugs on Kinaesthetic Figural After-effects.- The Tolerance for Pain and for Sensory Deprivation.- IV Personality and Vigilance.- Physiological and Personality Correlates of Commission Errors in an Auditory Vigilance Task.- Varied Auditory Stimulation, Temperament Differences and Vigilance Performance.- Personality and Physiological Correlates of Performance Decrement on a Monotonous Task Requiring Sustained Attention.- Vigilance Performance Related to Extraversion-Introversion and Caffeine.- The Effect of a Low Rate of Regular Signals upon the Reaction Times of Introverts and Extraverts.- Errors of Commission as a Function of Age and Temperament in a Type of Vigilance Task.- V Personality and Perceptual Reactions.- Extraversion and Auditory Sensitivity to High and Low Frequency.- Relation of Visual Sensitivity to Extraversion.- Effect of Intensity of Visual Stimulation on Auditory Sensitivity in Relation to Personality.- Effects of Intensity of Auditory Stimulation on Photopic Visual Sensitivity in Relation to Personality.- Extraversion and Pupillary Response to Affective and Tabboo Words.- Colour Preferences, Extraversion, and Neuroticism of Art Students.- Preference of Complexity as a Function of Neuroticism, Extraversion, and Amplitude of Orienting Response.- The Effects of Chlorpromazine and Dextroamphetamine Sulphate on the Visual Stimulation Preference of Extraverts and Introverts.- VI Psychomotor Behaviour.- Effects of Muscle Relaxation Training on State and Trait Anxiety in Extraverts and Introverts.- Psychomotor Performance as a Function of White Noise and Personality Variables.- Personality and the Success of Card-punch Operators in Training.- Evidence for the Generality of Reminiscence as a Function of Extraversion and Neuroticism.- Strategies in Rotary Pursuit Tracking.- Anxiety as a Function of Task Performance Feedback and Extraversion-Introversion.- VII Learning and Conditioning.- Emotionality and Performance on Competitional and Non-competitional Paired-associates.- Activation, Manifest Anxiety and Verbal Learning.- Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Verbal Reasoning Ability as Determinants of Paired-associates Learning.- Extraversion and Increased Interference in Paired-associate Learning.- Interference, Extraversion and Paired-associate Learning.- Effects of Anxiety Level and Extraversion-Introversion on Probability Learning.- The Influence of Personality and Task Conditions on Learning and Transfer.- The Effects of Stimulant and Depressant Drugs on Verbal Conditioning.- Conditioning, Introversion-Extraversion and the Strength of the Nervous System.- VIII Memory and Recall.- Extraversion, Arousal, and Paired-associate Recall.- Short- and Long-term Memory as a Function of Individual Differences in Arousal.- Relationship between Sharpening and Extraversion.- Individual Differences in Speed of Retrieval from Semantic Memory.- Arousal and Speed of Recall.- Individual Differences in Cognition: Some Relationships between Personality and Memory.- IX Cognition and Creativity.- Anxiety, Extraversion-Introversion, and Divergent Thinking Ability.- Divergent Thinking: A Complex Function of Interacting Dimensions of Extraversion-Introversion and Neuroticism-Stability.- The Relationships between Intelligence, Personality and Creativity under Two Conditions of Stress.- Individual Differences in Solution Time in Error-free Problem Solving.- Personality in Primary School Children: 1. Ability and Achievement.- The Effects of Chronological Age on the Relationship of Intelligence and Academic Achievement with Extraversion and Neuroticism.- Introversion-Extraversion, Time Stress, and Caffeine: Effect on Verbal Performance.- X Social Behaviour.- Personality Characteristics of Good Judges of Others.- Personality and Speech.- Personality and Differential Susceptibility to Hypnosis: Further Replication and Sex Differences.- Personality and Sexual Adjustment.- Extraversion, Neuroticism, Psychoticism and Antisocial Behaviour in Schoolgirls.

Resemblance in appearance and the equal environments assumption in twin studies of personality traits

Abstract: The equal environments hypothesis of twin methodology was examined for the variable of similarity of appearance as it affects the personality ratings of young twins. There were two separate samples, the first with 95 pairs of same-sex twins and the second with 111 pairs. The average age of the twins in both samples was 3 1/2 years. Mothers rated their twins on four personality traits and on confusability of appearance. Not surprisingly, identical twins were markedly more similar in appearance than fraternal twins. The effect of this inequality on the personality ratings of the two types of twins was examined by correlating ratings of similarity of appearance with the absolute difference on the four personality traits for each pair of twins. None of the correlations was significant for the identical twins, suggesting that greater resemblance in appearance in identical twins does not make them more similar in personality. Indeed, the data suggested a contrast effect in which identical twins who were easily mistaken in appearance tended to be rated asless similar in personality. Thus, although similarity of appearance may create unequal environments for the two types of twins, it does not appear to bias twin studies in the direction of inflated heritabilities, at least for rating studies of the personality of young twins.

Personality scores and smoking behaviour. A longitudinal study.

Abstract: The personality scores at 16 years of age of 2753 people, all members of the National Survey of Health and Development, were related, in a follow-up study, to cigarette smoking behaviour in their young adult years. Survey members who recorded high neuroticism scores were found to be more likely to smoke than those with low scores and, among the smokers, deep inhalers formed the most neurotic group. Extraverts were more likely to smoke than introverts, the mean extraversion score being greatest for the male smokers with a high daily consumption of cigarettes. The personality scores were found to have some power in predicting changes in smoking behaviour. Neurotics and extraverts who had not started to smoke by the time of completing the personality inventory at 16 were more likely than the stable and introverted to take up the habit subsequently. Among survey members who were regular smokers at the time of completing the personality inventory the proportion giving up smoking by the time they reached the age of 25 years was related to consumption level recorded at 20 years and the personality scores recorded at 16, stable extraverts among the men being most likely to stop smoking.

Experiencing the environment

Abstract: I. Introduction.- II. Some Behavioral Effects of the Physical Environment.- III. Dimensionalizing the Environmental Manifold.- IV. The Personality Research Paradigm in Environmental Psychology.- V. Specialization and the Varieties of Environmental Experience: Empirical Studies within the Personality Paradigm.- VI. Transcendental Experience.- VII. Experiencing the Environment as Hazard.- VIII. From Church to Laboratory to National Park: A Program of Research on Excess and Insufficient Populations in Behavior Settings.- IX. The Nature of Environmental Experience.- X. Exploratory Applications of the Organismic-Developmental Approach to Transactions of Men-in-Environments.- XI. Afterword.- Author Index.

Some personality characteristics of patients with anorexia nervosa.

Abstract: Twenty-two female patients with anorexia nervosa were assessed by means of objective personality testing. The EPI, Leyton Obsessional Inventory, Cattell's 16 PF and Raven's Matrices were used for this purpose. The personality profile that emerged was of a highly neurotic and introverted person with moderately severe obsessional features and average intelligence.

Perceived Risk and Personality

Abstract: The relationships between perceived risk and personality measures believed to influence information processing were examined using correlational analyses. Perceived risk measures were positively related to a number of anxiety measures and negatively related to self-esteem and risk taking. No significant patterns of relationships were found between perceived risk and rigidity or between perceived risk and perceptual measures previously related to such traits as tolerance for ambiguity, ego control, and rigidity. The construct validity of psychophysical perceptual measures of the personality traits of anxiety and rigidity was not supported.

Psychopathology in adolescence.

Abstract: A cumulative psychiatric case register was utilized to examine patterns of psychopathology in 1,334 adolescent patients. Consistent with studies of adult patients, seriousness of disorder was weighted toward being seen in an inpatient rather than outpatient settling; schizophrenia and personality disorder were relatively more common amoung lower-class patients and neurosis and situational disorder among middle- and upper-class patients; neurosis was more commonly diagnosed among female patients, and personality disorder more commonly diagnosed among males. A ten-year follow-up revealed 54.1% reasonable diagnostic stability on subsequent contacts and 62.2% complete subsequent agreement among patients originally diagnosed as schizophrenic. Aspects of the data demonstrate continuity in adolescent and adult psychopathology, the mythical nature of "normative adolescent turmoil," and what appears to be excesive use of situational disorder in diagnosing adolescent patients.