Showing papers on "Personality published in 1978"
TL;DR: A 63-item questionnaire was constructed for the measurement of three primary personality traits; impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy, and it was found that Venturesomeness and Impulsiveness correlated positively with Psychoticism and Extraversion, but while Venturesomenes correlated negatively with Neuroticism, Impulsivity correlated positivelyWith Neuroticist.
Abstract: A 63-item questionnaire was constructed for the measurement of three primary personality traits; impulsiveness, venturesomeness, and empathy. This questionnaire, together with the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire which measures personality dimensions Psychoticism, Neuroticism, and Extraversion, was administered to 402 male and 787 female adult subjects. Factor analysis of the questionnaire resulted in three factors similar to those postulated, and made possible the construction of scales for their reliable measurement. These scales were then located in the three-dimensional space created by the three higher-order factors Psychoticism, Extraversion, and Neuroticism, and it was found that Venturesomeness and Impulsiveness correlated positively with Psychoticism and Extraversion, but while Venturesomeness correlated negatively with Neuroticism, Impulsiveness correlated positively with Neuroticism. Empathy only correlated with Neuroticism (positively). The three primaries were largely independent of each oth...
928 citations
TL;DR: The insatiable dependence of "hateful patients" leads to behaviors that group them into four stereotypes: dependent clingers, entitled demanders, manipulative help-rejecters and self-destructive deniers.
Abstract: "Hateful patients" are not those with whom the physician has an occasional personality clash. As defined here they are those whom most physicians dread. The insatiable dependence of "hateful patients" leads to behaviors that group them into four stereotypes: dependent clingers, entitled demanders, manipulative help-rejecters and self-destructive deniers. The physician' negative reactions constitute important clinical data that should facilitate better understanding and more appropriate psychological management for each. Clingers evoke aversion; their care requires limits on expectations for an intense doctor-patient relationship. Demanders evoke a wish to counterattack; such patients need to have their feelings of total entitlement rechanneled into a partnership that acknowledges their entitlement--not to unrealistic demands but to good medical care. Help-rejecters evoke depression; "sharing" their pessimism diminishes their notion that losing the symptom implies losing the doctor. Self-destructive deniers evoke feeling of malice; their management requires the physician to lower Faustian expectations of delivering perfect care.
666 citations
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468 citations
TL;DR: The authors discuss the treatment implications of the cognitive approach to depression and suggest that long-term identifiable psychological patterns that influence attitude and behavioral responses may constitute a cognitive dimension of the depression-prone individual's personality.
Abstract: According to the cognitive view, the individual's negative and distorted thinking is the basic psychological problem in the depressive syndrome The distorted cognitions are supported by maladaptive cognitive schemata, which involve immature "either-or" rules of conduct or inflexible and unattainable self-expectations These schemata are probably acquired early in development and, if uncritically carried into adulthood, serve to predispose the individual to depression Since these schemata are long-term identifiable psychological patterns that influence attitude and behavioral responses, they may constitute a cognitive dimension of the depression-prone individual's personality The authors discuss the treatment implications of the cognitive approach to depression
420 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors argue that involuntary sterilization in the right cases would foster, rather than deny, the membership of the mildly mentally retarded in the moral community, and enhance the dignity of their position.
Abstract:
There is a serious difficulty in identifying which individuals belong to the class of the mentally retarded. However, under cetain circumstances, it would seem morally permissible to sterilize some mildly retarded people without their consent. Involuntary sterilization might be in the best interest of the people who, while capable of engaging in and enjoying sex, would not be able to bear the physiological and psychological stresses connected with pregnancy, delivery and child raising. These people have great difficulty in managing nonpermanent forms of contraception, therefore sterilization could be the only responsible contraceptive choice. Also, involuntary sterilization in the right cases would foster, rather than deny, the membership of the mildly mentally retarded in the moral community, and enhance the dignity of their position. Policies regarding these positions should come from the political process.
346 citations
240 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of self-consciousness on self-reported aggression was studied in research on aggression, and the correlation between self-report of aggressiveness and aggressive behavior was significantly higher for high-than for low-private selfconscious subjects.
235 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Sensation-seeking Scale (SNS) were used to examine the relationship between dimensions of personality measured by the two scales.
Abstract: Theory and common correlates suggest a relationship between dimensions of personality measured by the Eysenck Personality Questionnaire (EPQ) and the Sensation-seeking Scale. In order to examine these relationships, the two tests were given to 219 American and 879 English subjects of both sexes. Sensation-seeking was positively correlated with the traits of extraversion and psychoticism as measured by the EPQ. There was no relationship between sensation-seeking and the trait dimension of neuroticism.
TL;DR: In a follow-up study of 150 women who had undergone treatment on an outpatient basis for acute depression, it was found that the most important predictor of their long-term clinical outcome was personality as measured by the Neuroticism Scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI-N).
Abstract: In a follow-up study of 150 women who had undergone treatment on an outpatient basis for acute depression, it was found that the most important predictor of their long-term clinical outcome (8, 20, and 48 months after the acute episode) was personality as measured by the Neuroticism Scale of the Maudsley Personality Inventory (MPI-N). Age, race, social class, marital status, religion, number of previous depressions or suicide attempts, diagnosis, history of early deaths of or separations from significant others, history of neurotic traits as a child, amount and type of stress in the 6 months before onset, and severity and pattern of pretreatment symptoms were not predictive of outcome.
TL;DR: The low magnitude of the correlations obtained was interpreted as supporting the distinctive contribution of the Self-Consciousness Scale to personality assessment.
Abstract: Examined the relationship between the three subscales of the Self-Consciousness Scale and a variety of other personality dimensions, including measures of reflectivity, self-regulation, and social desirability. Data from six geographically diverse samples (total N = 1395) were presented. In general, both the construct validity and discriminant validity of the subscales were supported. First, private self-consciousness significantly correlated with the Guilford-Zimmerman Thoughtfulness Scale and the Paivio Imagery Scale. Second, all of the self-consciousness subscales were shown to be relatively independent of the social desirability response set. Third, less than 6% of the variance in each self-consciousness subscale was shared with scores on the Self-Monitoring Scale. Finally, the minimal relationships between the self-consciousness subscales and measures of emotionality and test anxiety reported by Carver and Glass (1976) were in general replicated. The low magnitude of the correlations obtained was interpreted as supporting the distinctive contribution of the Self-Consciousness Scale to personality assessment.
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors provide a broad, empirically-based sketch of normal personality and its changes throughout adulthood, and make specific links between normal personality with clinical gerontology.
Abstract: This chapter aims to provide a broad, empirically-based sketch of normal personality and its changes throughout adulthood While it is not intended as a cookbook treatment of the application of objective tests to geriatric populations, it does attempt to make specific links between normal personality and clinical gerontology One example of this is provided by a consideration of the male midlife crisis, that putatively universal, normative, developmental phase which at the same time can be considered a pre-geriatric clinical condition Similarly, our theoretical discussion of openness to experience—a personality dimension relevant to the call for more humanistic approaches to aging—is supplemented by presentation of an instrument which may prove a useable operationalization of it Objective personality assessment has a long and controversial past, but evidence and arguments presented here suggest that its careful use can make a substantial contribution to the field
TL;DR: It was discovered that a trusted person is one who is highly influential, has an internal locus of control, a low need to control others, high self-esteem, and is open to being influenced by others.
Abstract: Summary Trust has been variously defined by behavioral scientists and not very thoroughly investigated. In this study trust was defined as an expectancy held by an individual that the behavior of another person or a group would be altruistic and personally beneficial. An attempt was made, using this conceptual definition, to identify some personality and behavioral correlates of trust. Seven interpersonal relations groups with approximately 10 male and female undergraduates per group were studied with use of the Janis and Field self-esteem inventory, Schutz's FIRO-B scale, and the Rotter internal-external scale. It was discovered that a trusted person is one who is highly influential, has an internal locus of control, a low need to control others, high self-esteem, and is open to being influenced by others.
TL;DR: The development of a 42-item measure of a number of personality features derived from the theory of psychological reversals that constitute a personality trait which is described as telic dominance is reported.
Abstract: The development of a 42-item measure of a number of personality features derived from the theory of psychological reversals is reported. These personality features are (a) the extent to which a person is serious-minded, (b) the extent to which a person plans ahead and organizes himself in the pursuit of goals, and (c) the extent to which a person seeks to avoid arousal. These features together are seen to constitute a personality trait which is described as telic dominance. Data concerning the test-retest reliability, criterion-related and construct validity of the Telic Dominance Scale are presented, together with the scale and scoring key.
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01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Asking and answering questions about personality research can be found in this paper, where the authors discuss the psychoanalytic and behavioural strategies of personality research, including the assessment of dispositions, personality traits, and type approaches.
Abstract: Asking and answering questions about personality research. The psychoanalytic strategy: Introduction to the psychoanalytic strategy Origins and development of personality The organization of personality Assessment and personality change Liabilities of the psychoanalytic strategy. The dispositional strategy: Introduction to the dispositional strategy The assessment of dispositions Trait and type approaches Needs and motives Liabilities of the dispositional strategy. The phenomenological strategy: Introduction to the phenomenological strategy Rogers' self-actualization theory Maslow's theory of human motivation Kelly's theory of personal constructs Liabilities of phenomenological strategies. The behavioural strategy: Introduction to the behavioural strategy The radical-behavioural approach The family of social learning theories The cognitive behavioural approach Liabilities of the behavioural strategy.
TL;DR: Results underline the importance of socio-cultural factors in female role-definition and reinforce the view of bulimarexia as related to the struggle to achieve a “perfect” stereotyped female image in which women surrender most of their self-defining power to others.
Abstract: In this study of college women we defined “bulimarexia” as a cyclical eating disorder characterized by bingeing/purging behaviors and abnormally low self-esteem. Binge-ing was the presenting symptom rather than starvation, as is the case with primary anorexia-nervosa. A new experiential-behavioral approach adapted to a feminist perspective was utilized. Improvements in the experimental group on Body Cathexis scores and on a number of personality dimensions from Cattell's 16 PF questionnaire were found. Binge-ing behavior was eliminated or attenuated in 10 of 12 cases. However, follow-up testing revealed a tendency to drift back to pretest levels attitudinally, indicating that this syndrome is extremely persistent. Results underline the importance of socio-cultural factors in female role-definition and reinforce the view of bulimarexia as related to the struggle to achieve a “perfect” stereotyped female image in which women surrender most of their self-defining power to others.
TL;DR: This study demonstrates a useful methodology for judging the personality of chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes schweinfurthi) by rating them on a forced-choice rating scale which yielded measures on eight emotion dimensions.
TL;DR: Students complaining of disturbed sleep were more likely than good sleepers to describe negatively their physical and personality characteristics and the clinical implications for developing educationally-based nondrug treatment of the complaint of insomnia among adolescents are discussed.
Abstract: • The Stanford Sleep Inventory was given to 639, 11th- and 12th-grade students to assess the prevalence and correlates of poor sleep among an adolescent population. Of the sample reported, 49.8% had no sleep problems, whereas 37.6% reported occasional sleep disturbance and 12.6% reported chronic and severe sleep disturbance. Students complaining of disturbed sleep were more likely than good sleepers to describe negatively their physical and personality characteristics. The clinical implications of these data for developing educationally-based nondrug treatment of the complaint of insomnia among adolescents are discussed. ( Am J Dis Child 132:583-586, 1978)
TL;DR: In this article, a test of two hypotheses drawn from interpersonal generalization theory was conducted to determine whether personality characteristics of American leaders crucially determine major American foreign policy decisions, and it was shown that personality characteristics could predict the direction of disagreement in over 75 percent of the cases by knowledge of individual differences in interpersonal relations.
Abstract: Whether personality characteristics of American leaders crucially determine major American foreign policy decisions has been a matter of considerable disagreement. A test of two hypotheses drawn from interpersonal generalization theory shows such influences have probably been crucial in a number of cases in American foreign policy between 1898 and 1968. In 49 cases of intraelite disagreement on force-related issues and 13 cases of intraelite disagreement on inclusionary issues the direction of disagreement could be predicted in over 75 percent of the cases by knowledge of individual differences in interpersonal relations. A four-fold speculative typology suggests fundamental personality-based differences in orientation towards America's preferred operating style and role in the international system (e.g., introverts are drawn toward impersonal principles and mechanisms like balance of power–or in an earlier period to international law).The evidence implies that one source of war and hard-line foreign policy is the structure of self-selection and recruitment to high office in the American political system. As well, the systematic tendency to self-expressive personalization in major foreign policy decisions probably increases the rate of error of American elites.
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01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: The Enterprise of Personality Research: How Should it be Conducted?What Units Shall We Use? Traits, Motives, and Cognitions. as mentioned in this paper The Longitudinal Consistency of Personality.
Abstract: The Enterprise of Personality Research: How Should it be Conducted?What Units Shall We Use? Traits, Motives, and Cognitions.Am I Me or Am I the Situation? Where We Stand in Relation to the Person-Situation Controversy.Is the Child Father to the Man? The Longitudinal Consistency of Personality.The Nature-Nurture Controversy: Genes, Environments, and Gene-Environment Interactions.The Nature of Human Nature: Culture and the Search for Universals.Is the Concept of the Self Useful and Necessary?The Unconscious: What Is It? How Important?Why Do and Don't People Change?Mind, Brain, and Behavior: Psychology, Biology, and the Question of Reductionism.The Nature of the Scientific Enterprise: Personal, Sociopolitical, and Ethical Features.References.Index.
TL;DR: The role of psychosocial and behavioral factors in cardiovascular disease, particularly in coronary artery disease (CAD), has already become important to the teacher of medicine, and may soon take on sufficiently valid operational forms as to be of utility to the medical practitioner.
Abstract: The belief that personality, emotions, and disturbing life experiences play a part in the development of c ardiovascular disease s is widely held, both by t he general public and by the medical practitioners who treat their illnesses. This possible association is treated with great skepticism, however, by many of those aca demic and research physicians and biologists who are more laboratory or statis tically oriented. Consensus between practitioners and researchers is slow in developing, not because the clinical observations lack merit, but because of the great difficulty of defining and measuring psychosocial and behavioral concepts. This, in turn, has delayed the rigorous research that is essential to distinguish fortuitous observations from genuine patterns in nature. Recently, more rig orous epidemiological study designs and more quantitative techniques for as sessing psychological and social factors have permitted substantial scientific progress. The role of psychosocial and behavioral factors in cardiovascular disease, particularly in coronary artery disease (CAD), has already become important to the teacher of medicine, and may soon take on sufficiently valid operational forms as to be of utility to the medical practitioner. This review focuses first on that segment of social-behavioral resear�h into the etiology of CAD that we believe to be currently the most advanced-that dealing with the "coronary-prone behavior pattern" (Type A). We then review additional psychosocial risk factors whose association with CAD has been shown repeatedly, and finally, close with discussion about implications for medical education and practice.
TL;DR: The authors examines the relationships among internal-external (IE) locus of control, behaviors characteristic of internal versus external personality types, and leader and group performance, and examines the relationship among internal and external locus.
Abstract: This paper examines the relationships among internal-external (IE) locus of control, behaviors characteristic of internal versus external personality types, and leader and group performance. Result...
TL;DR: It is found that the successful adaptation of patients to this chronic disease was more closely related to their personality than to the activity or extent of the disease.
Abstract: Eighty-five outpatients with Crohn9s disease who knew their diagnosis and that the disease was subject to relapse were interviewed. The personalities of the women as measured by the Eysenck personality questionnaire were similar to those of a control group, but the men were more neurotic and introverted. Most patients continued to live optimistic, useful lives; they felt well, continued to work, hoped that their disease would not deteriorate in the future, and often had an improved relationship with their spouse despite less frequent sexual intercourse. We found that the successful adaptation of patients to this chronic disease was more closely related to their personality than to the activity or extent of the disease.
TL;DR: It appears that men and women become involved with the environmental movement for different reasons, and high environmental-concern females were found to be significantly more extraverted, "leader-types" than low environmental- Concern females; while the opposite relation was obtained for males.
Abstract: This study was designed to identify personality factors that underlie concern for ecological-environmental problems High and low environmental-concern individuals were given the California Psychological Inventory and were found to differ significantly on many subscales A factor analysis of the CPI data produced four factors which closely paralleled previous CPI research findings In conjunction with this analysis, four factorially derived scores were obtained for each individual Comparison of high and low environmental-concern individual's factorially derived scores showed high environmental-concern persons as having stronger value orientation, person orientation, and ethical-conscientiousness, but not differing from low environmental-concern individuals in terms of independence of thought or action Further, high environmental-concern females were found to be significantly more extraverted, "leader-types" than low environmental-concern females; while the opposite relation was obtained for males Thus, it appears that men and women become involved with the environmental movement for different reasons, Finally, additional implications of the involvement of basic psychological individual differences in determining ecological-environmental concern were discussed