Showing papers on "Personality published in 1991"

The big five personality dimensions and job performance: a meta-analysis

Abstract: This study investigated the relation of the “Big Five” personality dimensions (Extraversion, Emotional Stability, Agreeableness, Conscientiousness, and Openness to Experience) to three job performance criteria (job proficiency, training proficiency, and personnel data) for five occupational groups (professionals, police, managers, sales, and skilled/semi-skilled). Results indicated that one dimension of personality, Conscientiousness, showed consistent relations with all job performance criteria for all occupational groups. For the remaining personality dimensions, the estimated true score correlations varied by occupational group and criterion type. Extraversion was a valid predictor for two occupations involving social interaction, managers and sales (across criterion types). Also, both Openness to Experience and Extraversion were valid predictors of the training proficiency criterion (across occupations). Other personality dimensions were also found to be valid predictors for some occupations and some criterion types, but the magnitude of the estimated true score correlations was small (ρ < .10). Overall, the results illustrate the benefits of using the 5-factor model of personality to accumulate and communicate empirical findings. The findings have numerous implications for research and practice in personnel psychology, especially in the subfields of personnel selection, training and development, and performance appraisal.

The SPQ: A Scale for the Assessment of Schizotypal Personality Based on DSM-III-R Criteria

Abstract: Existing self-report measures of schizotypal personality assess only one to three of the nine traits of schizotypal personality disorder. This study describes the development of the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire (SPQ), a self-report scale modeled on DSM-III-R criteria for schizotypal personality disorder and containing subscales for all nine schizotypal traits. Two samples of normal subjects (w •= 302 and n = 195) were used to test replicability of findings. The SPQ was found to have high sampling validity, high internal reliability (0.91), test-retest reliability (0.82), convergent validity (0.59 to 0.81), discriminant validity, and criterion validity (0.63, 0.68), findings which were replicated across samples. Fifty-five percent of subjects scoring in the top 10 percent of SPQ scores had a clinical diagnosis of schizotypal personality disorder. Thus, the SPQ may be useful in screening for schizotypal personality disorder in the general population and also in researching the correlates of individual schizotypal traits.

The psychology of emotions

Abstract: 1: On The Origins and Functions of Emotions.- 2: Defining Emotions and Their Relations to Cognition, Action, and Personality.- 3: Emotions, Consciousness, and Emotion-Cognition Relations.- 4: Interest-Excitement: Activation, Expression, and Experience.- 5: Interest-Excitement: Development, Social Relations, and Personality.- 6: Enjoyment-Joy: A Force for Psychological Well-Being and Social Bonds.- 7: Joy: Empirical Studies.- 8: Surprise-Astonishment.- 9: Sadness.- 10: Sadness in Grief and Depression.- 11: Anger.- 12: Disgust and Contempt.- 13: Fear and Anxiety.- 14: Shyness.- 15: Shame.- 16: Guilt, Conscience, and Morality.- 17: Love.- Epilogue.- References.- Author Index.

Personality and susceptibility to positive and negative emotional states.

Abstract: Gray's (1981) theory suggests that extraverts and neurotics are differentially sensitive to stimuli that generate positive and negative affect, respectively. From this theory it was hypothesized that efficacy of a standard positive-affect induction would be more strongly related to extraversion than to neuroticism scores, whereas efficacy of a standard negative-affect induction would be more strongly related to neuroticism scores. Positive and negative affect was manipulated in a controlled setting, and the effectiveness of the mood induction was assessed using standard mood adjective rating scales. Results are consistent with the hypothesis that neurotic Ss (compared with stable Ss) show heightened emotional reactivity to the negative-mood induction, whereas extraverts (compared with intraverts) show heightened emotional reactivity to the positive-mood induction. Results corroborate and extend previous findings. With personality psychology undergoing a "decade of accomplishment" (Buss & Cantor, 1989) during what has also been called the "decade of emotion" (Tomkins, 1981), it is not surprising that studies of the relationship between personality and emotion now form an identifiable subdiscipline of research. Several relatively strong and consistent findings have accumulated in this area. Among the most consistently replicated findings are the relationships between extraversion and average levels of positive affect and between neuroticism and average levels of negative affect. For example, Costa and McCrae (1980) found that extraversion traits correlate strongly with positive affect and that neuroticism traits correlate strongly with negative affect. These same relationships were also found in a follow-up study by Costa and McCrae (1980), with extraversion predicting levels of positive affect 10 years later and with neuroticism predicting levels of negative affect 10 years later. These authors concluded that "extraversion. . . pre

An Attitude Approach to the Prediction of Entrepreneurship

Abstract: Attitude is presented as a better approach to the description of entrepreneurs than either personality characteristics or demographics. The development and validation of the Entrepreneurial Attitud...

The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire: U.S. normative data.

Abstract: The Tridimensional Personality Questionnaire is a self-report personality inventory measuring three major personality dimensions: Novelty Seeking, Harm Avoidance, and Reward Dependence. Normative data, based on a U.S. national probability sample of 1,019 adults, are presented and the psychometric properties of the questionnaire are discussed.

An Investment Theory of Creativity and Its Development

Abstract: This article presents an investment theory of creativity. The theory comprises 6 resources for creativity – intellectual processes, knowledge, intellectual style, personality, motivation, and environm

Psychobiology of personality

Abstract: 1. Basic dimensions of personality 2. Consistency of personality 3. Behaviour genetics and personality traits 4. Neuropsychology 5. Psychopharmacology 6. Psychophysiology 7. Learning 8. Anxiety disorders 9. Antisocial personality and other disinhibitory disorders 10. Measures and models, problems and progress References Figure captions.

Psychopathy and the DSM-IV Criteria for Antisocial Personality Disorder

Abstract: The Axis II Work Group of the Task Force on DSM—IV has expressed concern that antisocial personality disorder (APD) criteria are too long and cumbersome and that they focus on antisocial behaviors rather than personality traits central to traditional conceptions of psychopathy and to international criteria. We describe an alternative to the approach taken in the rev. 3rd ed. of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders ( DSM—III—R ; American Psychiatric Association, 1987 ), namely, the revised Psychopathy Checklist. We also discuss the multisite APD field trials designed to evaluate and compare four criteria sets: the DSM—III—R criteria, a shortened list of these criteria, the criteria for dyssocial personality disorder from the 10th ed. of the International Classification of Diseases ( World Health Organization, 1990 ), and a 10-item criteria set for psychopathic personality disorder derived from the revised Psychopathy Checklist.

The social desirability response bias in ethics research

Abstract: This study examines the impact of a social desirability response bias as a personality characteristic (self-deception and impression management) and as an item characteristic (perceived desirability of the behavior) on self-reported ethical conduct. Findings from a sample of college students revealed that self-reported ethical conduct is associated with both personality and item characteristics, with perceived desirability of behavior having the greatest influence on self-reported conduct. Implications for research in business ethics are drawn, and suggestions are offered for reducing the effects of a socially desirable response bias.

Possible Selves across the Life Span

Abstract: Possible selves have been defined as personalized representations of one’s self in future states. In a study described in this article, respondents between the ages of 18 and 86 years were asked to de

A psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders.

Abstract: A preliminary but growing body of evidence supports the existence of genetic and biological substrates of personality, suggesting the utility of a psychobiological perspective on the personality disorders. The investigation of biological correlates of personality disorders can provide an empirical base to explore the relationship between biological predispositions and psychological function. The authors propose a psychobiological model based on dimensions of cognitive/perceptual organization, impulsivity/aggression, affective instability, and anxiety/inhibition. These dimensions span the DSM-III-R axis I and axis II disorders. The authors review phenomenological, genetic, and biological evidence in relation to each of these dimensions. Although such an approach remains heuristic, this model provides a promising vantage point from which to generate investigation of the development and treatment of the personality disorders.

The entrepreneurial personality : concepts, cases, and categories

Abstract: 1 Prologue 2 The Economists' View of the Entrepreneur 3 The Search for Entrepreneurial Traits 4 The Entrepreneur in Context 5 Categorization Processes and Procedures 6 Case Studies of Five Business Owners and Their Firms 7 Other Findings and the Application of Neural Networks 8 Epilogue

Social Support and Health: A Theoretical and Empirical Overview:

Abstract: It is generally assumed that social support has a favorable impact on the maintenance of health and on coping with illness. However, results are inconsistent and even conflicting. This is partly due to conceptual and methodological shortcomings. In order to overcome these problems and to guide further research, we present a taxonomy of social relationships and a causal process model. Social integration, cognitive social support and behavioral social support are distinguished and related to personality, stress, coping and the pathogenic process. In the causal model we propose that social support is depicted both as mediating the effects of stress on illness as well as directly affecting illness. A meta analysis was conducted that related social support and social integration to morbidity and mortality based on eighty empirical studies, including more than 60,000 subjects. Data subsets revealed disparate patterns of results that give rise to intriguing theoretical questions. Evidently, social support operat...

The next generation of moderator research in personality psychology.

Abstract: The concept of a moderator variable has a long and checkered history in personality psychology. In this article I review the methodological and conceptual advances in recent moderator variable research. I then report the results of a number of empirical analyses of three newly proposed idiographic moderator variables: scalability, metatraits, and construct similarity, as well as the ipsatized variance index. The results of these analyses indicate that moderator effect sizes in personality can be expected to correspond to a correlation of about .10. I then consider two recent prescriptions, (a) aggregating trait-specific moderators into general ones, and (b) evaluating joint (e.g., triple interaction) moderator effects. Following these prescriptions did not increase the size of the moderator effects in these data. I conclude that moderator effects in personality will be small, and will thus be most reliably detected in very large samples with predictors that are strongly related to the criteria. Even small moderator effects can be important and interesting in the context of theory disconfirmation. However, moderator variables generally will not serve to transform weak relations among personality variables into strong ones.

Religious Commitment and Mental Health: A Review of the Empirical Literature:

Abstract: Research on the relationship between religious commitment and psychopamology has produced mixed findings. In a recent meta-analysis, Bergin (1983) found mat 23% of the studies reported a negative relationship, 47% reported a positive relationship, and 30% reported no relationship at all between religion and mental health. Based on our review of more than 200 studies, we have discovered four additional trends: (a) Most studies linking religious commitment to psychopathology have employed mental health measures that we have called “soft variables,” that is, paper-and-pencil personality tests which attempt to measure theoretical constructs. In contrast, most of the research linking religion to positive mental health is on “hard variables,” that is, “real life” behavioral events which can be reliably ob-served and measured and which are unambiguous in their significance. (b) Low levels of religiosity are most often associated with disorders related to undercontrol of impulses, whereas high levels of religiosi...

Associations between Major Domains of Personality and Health Behavior

Abstract: Broad personality traits may be important predictors of health behavior patterns. Two studies are reported which examined the associations between five major personality dimensions and four major health behavior dimensions. Prior associations between health behaviors and neurotic and extraverted personality tendencies generally were replicated. However, Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, two domains of personality that have received little research attention, emerged as important personality predictors of health behaviors. The results indicate that personality is a reliable predictor of health behavior patterns. It is suggested that the importance of personality has been underestimated in past research by the failure to consider appropriate health behavior criteria and the omission of important personality dimensions, such as Conscientiousness and Agreeableness, when studying health behavior patterns.

Personal Strivings, Daily Life Events, and Psychological and Physical Well‐Being

Abstract: Interactional models of life events and personality posit domains of vulnerability within which individuals are most likely to be affected by negative life events. A variation of this model was tested in a study of the separate as well as interactive effects of daily life events and personal strivings on psychological and physical well-being. Subjects listed 15 of their personal strivings,which were later categorized as reflecting either achievement, affiliation, intimacy, or power. For 21 consecutive days, subjects recorded up to eight events that most influenced their moods each day, and completed mood and physical symptom checklists. Power strivings were negatively correlated with well-being. Affiliation strivings were correlated with positive affect. No significant between-subject interactions occurred between strivings and events. However, within-subject analyses revealed several significant effects. Achievement-oriented individuals tended to be affected by good achievement events; similarly, the moods of affiliation- and intimacy-oriented individuals were affected by interpersonal events. Results are interpreted within a transactional framework, and implications for research on personality, life events, and well-being are discussed.

Esteem protection or enhancement ? self-handicapping motives and attributions differ by trait self-esteem

Abstract: Four studies sought to differentiate between self-enhancement and self-protection as motivations self-handicapping. High-self-esteem participants self-handicapped to enhance success, whereas low-self-esteem participants self-handicapped to protect against the esteem-threatening implications of failure. This was supported with 2 different forms of self-handicapping and corroborated by attributional statements regarding the implications of handicaps for performance outcomes

Personality as a Vulnerability Factor to Depression

Abstract: One hundred and forty non-depressed primiparous women in a stable relationship completed two personality measures (the EPI and the IPSM) antenatally, and were then assessed for depression at several times post-natally. The risk of depression at six months was increased up to tenfold by high interpersonal sensitivity and threefold by high neuroticism. When previously depressed women were excluded from analyses, high interpersonal sensitivity and, to a lesser extent, high neuroticism were still associated with an increased risk of being depressed. Interpersonal sensitivity, as measured, is suggested as a refined personality risk factor to both the onset and recurrence of depression.

Personality and stress: Individual differences in the stress process.

Abstract: This study examines the role of personality and individual differences in the stress process, highlighting the link between various personalities and demographics in health behaviours and other stress-related outcomes. The volume will explore Type A behaviour, neuroticism, locus of control, hardiness and other individual difference factors such as sex, age, gender and social class. The book brings together current research, not only by reviewing the significant studies, but also by critically assessing their methodological approach, and indicating the direction of future research.

Toward An Integrative Measure of Health and Well-Being:

Abstract: Psychological and theological concepts of the integrative nature of healthy human personality are examined, with particular emphasis on the biblical relationships between integrated personality and...