Showing papers on "Personality published in 1997"

Structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders : SCID-II

Abstract: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) is an efficient, user-friendly instrument that will help researchers and clinicians make standardized, reliable, and accurate diagnoses of the 10 DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders as well as depressive personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, and personality disorder not otherwise specified. Now compatible with DSM-IV, the interview questions have been redesigned to reflect the subject's inner experience. This instrument begins with a brief overview that characterizes the subject's typical behavior and relationships and elicits information about the subject's capacity for self-reflection. It then considers each of the personality disorders in detail. The Questionnaire is a single-use personality questionnaire to be completed by the patient that can be used as a screening tool to shorten the interview. Bound separately, it is sold only with the Interview booklet. The Interview is a single-use booklet that is bound separately but used in conjunction with the Questionnaire. It contains the interview questions and provides space to record responses. At the conclusion of the Interview, the clinician completes the Summary Score Sheet and computes a dimensional score for each personality disorder. This is a package of 5.

Dimensions of Brand Personality

Abstract: Although a considerable amount of research in personality psychology has been done to conceptualize human personality, identify the “Big Five” dimensions, and explore the meaning of each dimension,...

Dimensions of Brand Personality

Abstract: Although a considerable amount of research in personality psychology has been done to conceptualize human personality, identify the Big Five dimensions, and explore the meaning of each dimension, no parallel research has been conducted in consumer behavior on brand personality. Consequently, an understanding of the symbolic use of brands has been limited in the consumer behavior literature. In this research, the author develops a theoretical framework of the the brand personality construct by determining the number and nature of dimensions of brand personality (Sincerity, Excitement, Competence, Sophistication, and Ruggedness). To measure the five brand personality dimensions, a reliable, valid, and generalizable measurement scale is created. Finally, theoretical and practical implications regarding the symbolic use of brands are discussed.

Personality trait structure as a human universal.

Abstract: Patterns of covariation among personality traits in English-speaking populations can be summarized by the five-factor model (FFM). To assess the cross-cultural generalizability of the FFM, data from studies using 6 translations of the Revised NEO Personality Inventory (P.T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) were compared with the American factor structure. German, Portuguese, Hebrew, Chinese, Korean, and Japanese samples (N = 7,134) showed similar structures after varimax rotation of 5 factors. When targeted rotations were used, the American factor structure was closely reproduced, even at the level of secondary loadings. Because the samples studied represented highly diverse cultures with languages from 5 distinct language families, these data strongly suggest that personality trait structure is universal.

On Energy, Personality, and Health: Subjective Vitality as a Dynamic Reflection of Well‐Being

Abstract: Iti this article, we examine subjective vitality, a positive feeling of aliveness and energy, in six studies. Subjective vitality is hypothesized to reflect organismic well-being and thus should covary with both psychological and somatic factors that impact the energy available to the self. Associations are shown between subjective vitality and several indexes of psychological well-being; somatic factors such as physical symptoms and perceived body functioning; and basic personality traits and affective dispositions. Subse- quently, vitality is shown to be lower in people with chronic pain compared to matched controls, especially those who perceive their pain to be disabling or frightening. Subjective vitality is further associated with self-motivation and maintained weight loss among patients treated for obesity. Finally, sub- jective vitality is assessed in a diary study for its covariation with physical symptoms. Discussion focuses on the phenomenological salience of personal energy and its relations to physical and psychological well-being.

Task Performance and Contextual Performance: The Meaning for Personnel Selection Research

Abstract: This article distinguishes between task and contextual activities, and a taxonomy of contextual performance containing elements of organizational citizenship behavior and prosocial organizational behavior is offered. Evidence is presented demonstrating that supervisors weight roughly equally subordinate task and contextual performance when making overall judgments of their performance. This, along with data showing that personality successfully predicts contextual performance, provides an alternative explanation for recent meta-analytic findings that personality correlates moderately with overall performance. Personality may be predicting the contextual component of overall performance. Results from studies using the Hogan Personality Inventory confirm that correlations between personality and contextual criteria are higher than correlations between personality and overall performance. We argue that finding such links between predictors and individual criterion elements significantly advances the science ...

Intelligence, personality, and interests: Evidence for overlapping traits.

Abstract: The authors review the development of the modern paradigm for intelligence assessment and application and consider the differentiation between intelligence-as-maximal performance and intelligence-as-typical performance. They review theories of intelligence, personality, and interest as a means to establish potential overlap. Consideration of intelligence-as-typical performance provides a basis for evaluation of intelligence-personality and intelligence-interest relations. Evaluation of relations among personality constructs, vocational interests, and intellectual abilities provides evidence for communality across the domains of personality of J. L. Holland's (1959) model of vocational interests. The authors provide an extensive meta-analysis of personality-intellectual ability correlations, and a review of interest-intellectual ability associations. They identify 4 trait complexes: social, clerical/conventional, science/math, and intellectual/cultural.

Handbook of personality psychology.

Abstract: Introduction: Nature of Personality Psychology: D.P. McAdams, A Conceptual History of Personality Psychology. W.M. Runyan, Studying Lives, Psychobiography, and the Conceptual Structure of Personality Psychology. Conceptual and Measurement Issues in Personality: J.A. Johnson, Units of Analysis for the Description and Explanation in Personality Psychology. J.S. Wiggins, In Defense of Traits. J.T. Lamiell, Individuals and the Differences Between Them. S.G. West and J.F. Finch, Personality Measurement: Reliability and Validity Issues. W. Ickes, M. Snyder, and S. Garcia, Personality Influences on the Choice of Situations. Developmental Issues: J. Loevinger, Stages of Personality Development. R.A. Eder and S.C. Mangelsdorf, The Emotional Basis of Early Personality Development: Implications for the Emergent Self-Concept. C.F. Halverson, Jr., and K.S. Wampler, Family Influences on Personality Development. P.T. Costa, Jr., and R.R. McCrae, Longitudinal Stability of Adult Personality. R. Helson, J. Pals, and M. Solomon, Is There Adult Development Distinctive to Women? Biological Determinants of Personality: D.M. Buss, Evolutionary Foundations of Personality. A.H. Buss, Evolutionary Perspectives on Personality Traits. D.C. Rowe, Genetics, Temperament, and Personality. R.G. Geen, Psychophysiological Approaches to Personality. Social Determinants of Personality: T.F. Pettigrew, Personality and Social Structure: Social Psychological Contributions. H.C. Triandis, Cross-Cultural Perspectives on Personality. W.H. Jones, L. Couch, and S. Scott, Trust and Betrayal: The Psychology of Getting Along and Getting Ahead. Dynamic Personality Processes: R.A. Emmons, Motives and Goals. J.R. Averill, The Emotions: An Integrative Approach. D.L. Paulhus, B. Fridhandler, and S. Hayes, Psychological Defense: Contemporary Theory and Research. E.I. Megargee, Internal Inhibitions and Controls. Personality and the Self: D.C. Funder and C.R. Colvin, Congruence of Self and Others' and Self-Judgments of Personality. R.W. Robins and O.P. John, The Quest for Self-Insight: Theory and Research on Accuracy and Bias in Self-Perception. R.F. Baumeister, Identity, Self-Concept, and Self-Esteem: The Self Lost and Found. J.F. Kihlstrom and R. Hastie, Mental Representations of Persons and Personality. The Five Factor Model: J.S. Wiggins and P.D. Trapnell, Personality Structure: The Return of the Big Five. D. Watson and L.A. Clark, Extraversion and Its Positive Emotional Core. W.G. Graziano and N.H. Eisenberg, Agreeableness: A Dimension of Personality. R.R. McCrae and P.T. Costa, Jr., Conceptions and Correlates of Openness to Experience. J. Hogan and D. Ones, Conscientiousness and Integrity at Work. Applied Psychology: W. Chaplin, Personality, Interactive Relations, and Applied Psychology. D.J. Wiebe and T.W. Smith, Personality and Health: Progress and Problems in Psychosomatics. L.C. Morey, Personality Diagnosis and Personality Disorders. M.J. Lambert and E.C. Supplee, Trends and Practices in Psychotherapy Outcome Assessment and Their Implications for Psychotherapy and Applied Personality. Index.

The five factor model of personality and job performance in the European Community.

Abstract: In 3 prior meta-analyses, the relationship between the Big Five factors of personality and job criteria was investigated. However, these meta-analyses showed different findings. Furthermore, these reviews included studies carried out only in the United States and Canada. This study reports meta-analytic research on the same topic but with studies conducted in the European Community, which were not included in the prior reviews. The results indicate that Conscientiousness and Emotional Stability are valid predictors across job criteria and occupational groups. The remaining factors are valid only for some criteria and for some occupational groups. Extraversion was a predictor for 2 occupations, and Openness and Agreeableness were valid predictors of training proficiency. These findings are consistent with M.R. Barrick and M.K. Mount (1991) and L.M. Hough, N.K. Eaton, M.D. Dunnette, J.D. Kamp, and R.A. McCloy (1990). Implications of the results for future research and the practice of personnel selection are suggested.

User's guide for the structured clinical interview for DSM-IV axis II personality disorders : SCID-II

Abstract: The Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis II Personality Disorders (SCID-II) is an efficient, user-friendly instrument that will help researchers and clinicians make standardized, reliable, and accurate diagnoses of the 10 DSM-IV Axis II personality disorders as well as depressive personality disorder, passive-aggressive personality disorder, and personality disorder not otherwise specified. Now compatible with DSM-IV, the interview questions have been redesigned to reflect the subject's inner experience. This instrument begins with a brief overview that characterizes the subject's typical behavior and relationships and elicits information about the subject's capacity for self-reflection. It then considers each of the personality disorders in detail. The User's Guide provides instructions on how to use the SCID-II effectively. It contains sections describing the rationale and structure of the SCID-II and a detailed item-by-item commentary on the SCID-II. A sample case is also included to help clinicians learn to use the SCID-II.

A Theory of Individual Differences in Task and Contextual Performance

Abstract: This article describes a theory of job performance that assumes that job performance is behavioral, episodic, evaluative, and multidimensional. It defines job performance as the aggregated value to the organization of the discrete behavioral episodes that an individual performs over a standard interval of time. It uses the distinction between task and contextual performance to begin to identify and define underlying dimen- sions of the behavioral episodes that make up the performance domain. The theory predicts that individual differences in personality and cognitive ability variables, in combination with learning experiences, lead to variability in knowledge, skills, and work habits that mediate effects of personality and cognitive ability on job perform- ance. An especially important aspect of this theory is that it predicts that the kinds of knowledge, skills, work habits, and traits that are associated with task performance are different from the kinds that are associated with contextual performance.

Conceptions and correlates of openness to experience.

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the openness which cannot be understood as the culture that is acquired through education or good breeding, not as intellect or any other cognitive ability. Openness must be viewed in both structural and motivational terms. Openness is seen in the breadth, depth, and permeability of consciousness and in the recurrent need to enlarge and examine experience. Openness also suggests a passive or uncritical receptivity, which is clearly inappropriate. Open people actively seek out experience and are apt to be particularly reflective and thoughtful about the ideas they encounter. A structural account of openness may be necessary, but it does not seem to be sufficient. Open people are not the passive recipients of a barrage of experiences they are unable to screen out; they actively seek out new and varied experiences. Openness involves motivation, needs for variety cognition sentience, and understanding. The heritability of openness might be explained by the heritability of intelligence. Psychologists have spent more time and effort studying intelligence, than any other trait by adopting the term “Intellect.” Personality psychologists could claim this vast literature as their own. Openness could be construed as intelligence itself or as the reflection of intelligence in the personality sphere.

Trait Self and True Self: Cross-Role Variation in the Big-Five Personality Traits and Its Relations With Psychological Authenticity and Subjective Well-Being

Abstract: In 2 studies, college students evidenced differing levels of the "Big-Five" traits in different roles, supporting social-contextualist assumptions regarding trait expression. Supporting organismic theories of personality, within-subject variations in the Big Five were predictable from variations in the degree of psychological authenticity felt in different roles. In addition, two concepts of self-integrat ion or true selfhood were examined: 1 based on high consistency of trait profiles across roles (i.e., lowself-concept differentiation; E. M. Donahue, R. W. Robins, B. W. Roberts, & O. P. John, 1993) and 1 based on high mean levels of authenticity felt across roles. The 2 self-integration measures were found to be independent predictors of psychological and physical well-being indicating that both self-consistency and psychological authenticity are vital for organized functioning and health.

Applicant personality, organizational culture, and organization attraction

Abstract: This study examined the dispositional basis of job seekers' organizational culture preferences and how these preferences interact with recruiting organizations' cultures in their relation to organization attraction. Data were collected from 182 business, engineering, and industrial relations students who were seeking positions at the time of the study. Results obtained from multiple sources suggested that the Big Five personality traits (neuroticism, extraversion, openness to experience, agreeableness, and conscientiousness) generally were related to hypothesized dimensions of culture preferences. Results also suggested that both objective person-organization fit (congruence between applicant culture preferences and recruiting organization's reputed culture) and subjective fit (applicant's direct perception of fit) were related to organization attraction. Further, subjective fit mediated the relationship between objective fit and organization attraction.

Pancultural explanations for life satisfaction: adding relationship harmony to self-esteem.

Abstract: The first part of the study confirmed an additive effect of the newly proposed construct of relationship harmony to self-esteem in predicting life satisfaction across student samples from the United States and Hong Kong. As predicted from the dynamics of cultural collectivism, the relative importance of relationship harmony to self-esteem was greater in Hong Kong than in the United States. In the second part of the study, the independent and interdependent self-construals (H. R. Markus & S. Kitayama, 1991) and the 5 factors of personality (P. T. Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) were advanced to be the culture-general determinants of life satisfaction, acting through the mediating variables of self-esteem and relationship harmony. Both self-construals and the 5 factors of personality were shown to influence life satisfaction through the mediating agency of self-esteem and relationship harmony in equivalent ways across these 2 cultural groups.

Agreeableness: A Dimension of Personality

Abstract: Publisher Summary Agreeableness is probably best conceptualized as a general latent variable that summarizes more specific tendencies and behaviors Agreeableness should certainly qualify as an individual difference having significance for people's daily transactions It can be predominantly an affective evaluation and may be a more diffuse reaction Across a range of studies, agreeableness emerges in the natural language descriptions of the self and peers Furthermore, there is evidence that self-rating and peer evaluations converge in assessing agreeableness Later, the prosocial personality is discussed in this chapter Prosocial behavior can be conceptualized as a form of agreeableness Recent research suggests that there may be important dispositional components to prosocial behavior, and these may be seen even in young children Precise identification of these dispositions has been inhibited by problems of differentiating among social motives, and by weak measures of altruism as an outcome and as a disposition Basic bio-behavioral research suggests that individual differences in agreeableness in adults may have their origins in affective self-regulatory processes in childhood In particular, individual differences in the pattern of inhibition of negative effect may be related to the development of agreeableness and these may be related to health, especially cardiovascular disease

Psychiatric and Substance Use Comorbidity Among Treatment-Seeking Opioid Abusers

Abstract: Background: Major studies of psychiatric comorbidity in opioid abusers reported rates of comorbidity that far exceeded general population estimates. These studies were published more than a decade ago and reported on few women and few substance use diagnoses. Methods: Psychiatric and substance use comorbidity was assessed in 716 opioid abusers seeking methadone maintenance. Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Revised Third Edition diagnostic assessment was conducted 1 month after admission. Rates of psychiatric and substance use disorder were compared by gender, and associations were assessed between psychiatric comorbidity and dimensional indexes of substance use severity, psychosocial impairment, and personality traits. Results: Psychiatric comorbidity was documented in 47% of the sample (47% women and 48% men). Antisocial personality disorder (25.1%) and major depression (15.8%) were the most common diagnoses. Patients had at least 2 substance use diagnoses, most often opioid and cocaine dependence. Demographics, substance use history, and personality variables discriminated between patients with vs without comorbidity. Psychiatric comorbidity also was associated with a more severe substance use disorder. Conclusions: Psychiatric comorbidity, especially personality and mood disorder, was common in men and women. The positive associations between psychiatric comorbidity and severity of substance use and other psychosocial problems were most consistent among those with antisocial personality.

Adult Attachment in a Nationally Representative Sample

Abstract: The explosion of adult attachment research in the last decade has been limited by its reliance on college student and distressed samples. Using a large nationally representative sample of American adults, the authors examined the relation of sociodemographics, childhood adversity, parental representations, adult psychopathology, and personality traits to adult attachment in an effort to replicate previous findings and extend the theory. Distribution of adult attachment styles was similar to that in prior studies: 59% secure, 25% avoidant, and 11% anxious. Adult attachment was associated with several sociodemographic variables (e.g., income, age, race) not previously studied. Childhood adversities of an interpersonal nature were strongly related to insecure adult attachment. Various types of adult psychopathologies and personality traits were also strongly related to adult attachment. Implications for adult attachment theory and future research are discussed.

Composition, process, and performance in self-managed groups: The role of personality.

Abstract: Using the five factor model with an emphasis on extraversion and conscientiousness, the authors investigated how personality is related to small group processes and outcomes. Graduate students (N = 289) assigned to 4- and 5-person teams in 61 groups engaged in a series of creative problem-solving tasks over a period of several weeks. Extraversion was associated with group processes and outcomes at both individual and group levels of analysis. At the individual level, extraverts were perceived by others as having greater effect than introverts on group outcomes. Covariance structure modeling suggested that extraverts induce these perceptions through the provision of both socioemotional and task-related inputs. At the group level, the proportion of relatively extraverted members was related curvilinearly to task focus and group performance. Contrary to expectations, Conscientiousness was unrelated to processes and outcomes at either the individual or group level.

Rewriting the Soul: Multiple Personality and the Sciences of Memory

Abstract: Some years ago, one could list by name the tiny number of multiple personalities recorded in the history of Western medicine, but today hundreds of people receive treatment for dissociative disorders in every sizeable town in North America. Clinicians, backed by a grassroots movement of patients and therapists, find child sexual abuse to be the primary cause of the illness, while critics accuse the "MPD" community of fostering false memories of childhood trauma. Here, the distinguished philosopher Ian Hacking uses the MPD epidemic and its links with the contemporary concept of child abuse to scrutinize today's moral and political climate, especially our power struggles about memory and our efforts to cope with psychological injury. What is it like to suffer from multiple personality? Most diagnosed patients are women: why should gender matter? How does defining an illness affect the behaviour of those who suffer from it, And, more generally, how do systems of knowledge about kinds of people interact with the people who are known about? Answering these and similar questions, Hacking explores the development of the modern multiple personality movement. He then turns to a fascinating series of historical vignettes about an earlier wave of multiples, people who were diagnosed when new ways of thinking about memory emerged, particularly in France, toward the end of the nineteenth century. Made possible by these nineteenth-century developments, the current outbreak of dissociative disorders is embedded in new political settings. This study concludes with a powerful analysis linking historical and contemporary material in a fresh contribution to the archaeology of knowledge.

Personality and mate preferences : Five factors in mate selection and marital satisfaction

Abstract: Although personality characteristics figure prominently in what people want in a mate, little is known about precisely which personality characteristics are most important, whether men and women differ in their personality preferences, whether individual women or men differ in what they want, and whether individuals actually get what they want. To explore these issues, two parallel studies were conducted, one using a sample of dating couples (N = 118) and one using a sample of married couples (N = 216). The five-factor model, operationalized in adjectival form, was used to assess personality characteristics via three data sources-self--report, partner report, and independent interviewer reports. Participants evaluated on a parallel 40-item instrument their preferences for the ideal personality characteristics of their mates. Results were consistent across both studies. Women expressed a greater preference than men for a wide array of socially desirable personality traits. Individuals differed in which characteristics they desired, preferring mates who were similar to themselves and actually obtaining mates who embodied what they desired. Finally, the personality characteristics of one's partner significantly predicted marital and sexual dissatisfaction, most notably when the partner was lower on Agreeableness, Emotional Stability, and Intellect-Openness than desired.

The experience of dementia

Abstract: In the light of recent research it is now possible to gain considerable insight into the subjective world of dementia. The uniqueness of each individual's experience, which is related to personality and defence processes, must always be taken into account. Six 'routes to understanding' are discussed, and the array of evidence is used to build up an overall picture of the domain. Comments are made on the psychological needs of people with dementia. Finally, a speculation is offered about the subjective consequences of those needs being met.

Personality and well-being: reexamining methods and meanings.

Abstract: Because measures of personality and well-being share common affective underpinnings and items, previously reported links between these domains may be tautological. To explicate the connections between personality and well-being, 2 samples of midlife adults (N = 215 and N = 139) completed measures of personality (NEO Five-Factor Inventory; P. T Costa & R. R. McCrae, 1992) and psychological well-being (C. D. Ryff's, 1989b, Psychological Well-Being [PWB] inventory) that were maximally distinct, both conceptually and methodologically. Analyses included additional controls for source overlap, common affective underpinnings, and shared item content. Distinctive personality correlates were observed for the 6 PWB outcomes: self-acceptance, environmental mastery, and purpose in life were linked with Neuroticism (N) Extraversion (E) and Conscientiousness (C); personal growth was linked with Openness to Experience (O) and E; positive relations with others was linked with Agreeableness (A) and E; autonomy was linked with N. Psychological wellness and its personality correlates may be more complex than prior studies suggest.

Genetic and environmental influences on personality: A study of twins reared together using the self- and peer-report NEO-FFI scales.

Abstract: Previous behavior-genetic research on personality has been almost exclusively based on self-report questionnaire measures. The purpose of this research was to measure personality constructs via self- and peer reports on the items of the NEO Five-Factor Inventory (Costa & McCrae, 1989). The sample included 660 monozygotic and 200 same sex and 104 opposite sex dizygotic twin pairs. We collected self- and two independent peer reports for each of the twins. Our analysis of self-report data replicates earlier findings of a substantial genetic influence on the Big Five (h2= .42 to .56). We also found this influence for peer reports. Our results validate findings based solely on self-reports. However, estimates of genetic contributions to phenotypic variance were substantially higher when based on peer reports (h2= .51 to .81) or self- and peer reports (h2= .66 to .79) because these data allowed us to separate error variance from variance due to nonshared environmental in-fluences. Correlations between self- and peer reports reflected the same genetic influences to a much higher extent than identical environmental effects.

Posttraumatic Stress Disorder in Incarcerated Juvenile Delinquents

Abstract: Objective To assess the prevalence of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) in severely delinquent subjects and to measure associated personality characteristics. Method Eighty-five incarcerated boys (mean age 16.6, SD=1.2) with mostly violent offenses were studied. The sample was representative of the California Youth Authority population. They received a standard psychiatric screen, a semistructured interview for PTSD, and self-report questionnaires measuring personality traits and defenses. A nonclinical sex- and age-matched group was used for comparing psychometrics. Results Subjects suffered from PTSD at higher rates than other adolescent community samples and at higher rates than those found in county probation camps. Thirty-two percent fulfilled criteria for PTSD, 20% partial criteria. One half of the subjects described the witnessing of interpersonal violence as the traumatizing event. Psychometric results converged in the predicted way: Subjects with PTSD showed elevated distress, anxiety, depression, and lowered restraint, impulse control, and suppression of aggression; they had high levels of immature defenses such as projection, somatization, conversion, dissociation, and withdrawal. Conclusions PTSD occurs at high rates in delinquents, and this finding has implications for management and treatment. Personality characteristics that might put individuals at risk for the development of PTSD were identified.

Behavior of Boys in Kindergarten and the Onset of Substance Use During Adolescence

Abstract: Background: The purpose of this study was to assess the usefulness of personality dimensions measured at ages 6 and 10 years in predicting early onset of cigarette smoking, alcohol abuse, and other drug use in boys. In addition, the stability of the prediction between the measurements at ages 6 and 10 years was investigated. Methods: Data from a large longitudinal study of boys were used to assess the relation between childhood personality and the onset of substance use from 10 to 15 years of age. Childhood personalities were assessed by teachers' ratings of behaviors. Self-reports of smoking cigarettes, getting drunk, and using other drugs provided the measurement of substance use. Discrete-time survival analysis was used for the statistical analyses. Results: High novelty-seeking and low harm avoidance significantly predict early onset of substance use (eg, cigarettes, alcohol, and other drugs), but reward dependence was unrelated to any of the outcomes studied. The results also indicated that either set of predictors (ie, the personality dimensions measured at ages 6 and 10 years) could be used to predict onset of cigarette smoking, getting drunk, and other drug use, because the power of prediction was similar between the measurements at ages 6 and 10 years. Conclusions: High novelty-seeking and low harm avoidance lead to early onset of substance use in boys. The stability of the prediction between ages 6 and 10 years suggests that the kindergarten assessments may be used for preventive efforts at school entry instead of waiting until early adolescence.

Genetic and Environmental Architecture of Human Aggression

Abstract: A meta-analysis was performed on data from 24 genetically informative studies by using various personality measures of aggression. There was a strong overall genetic effect that may account for up to 50% of the variance in aggression. This effect was not attributed to methodological inadequacies in the twin or adoption designs. Age differences were important. Self-report and parental ratings showed genes and the family environment to be important in youth; the influence of genes increased but that of family environment decreased at later ages. Observational ratings of laboratory behavior found no evidence for heritability and a very strong family environment effect. Given that almost all substantive conclusions about the genetics of personality have been drawn from self or parental reports, this last finding has obvious and important implications for both aggression research in particular and personality research.

Personality differences predict health-risk behaviors in young adulthood: evidence from a longitudinal study.

Abstract: In a longitudinal study of a birth cohort, the authors identified youth involved in each of 4 different health-risk behaviors at age 21: alcohol dependence, violent crime, unsafe sex, and dangerous driving habits. At age 18, the Multidimensional Personality Questionnaire (MPQ) was used to assess 10 distinct personality traits. At age 3, observational measures were used to classify children into distinct temperament groups. Results showed that a similar constellation of adolescent personality traits, with developmental origins in childhood, is linked to different health-risk behaviors at 21. Associations between the same personality traits and different health-risk behaviors were not an artifact of the same people engaging in different health-risk behaviors; rather, these associations implicated the same personality type in different but related behaviors. In planning campaigns, health professionals may need to design programs that appeal to the unique psychological makeup of persons most at risk for health-risk behaviors.

Circumplex models of personality and emotions

Abstract: The Circumplex as a General Model of the Structure of Emotions and Personality The Circumplex Model Applied to Interpersonal Behaviour, Affect and Psychotic Syndromes When is a Circumplex an "Interpersonal Circumplex"? - The Case of Supportive Actions Studying Personality Traits - Circular Way Two at a Time is Better Than One at a Time Hierachical Circular and Spherical Models of Interpersonal and Adaptive Behaviour Personality Set Within An Octagonal Model of Relating Circular Structure of Vocational Interests How Shall an Emotion be Called? A Circumplex Inventory of Impact Messages Theoretical and Methodogical Elaborations of the Circumplex Model of Personality Traits and Emotions The Interpersonal Circle and the Emotional Undercurrent of Human Sociability Personality Disorders and the Interpersonal Circumplex A Circumplex Model of Personality Disorders The Circumplex Structure of Interpersonal Problems The Circumplex in Psychotherapy Research The Interpersonal Circumplex as a Structural Model in Clinical Research Interpersonal Assessment and Therapy of Eating Disorders.