Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1971"

The Politics of Agenda-Building: An Alternative Perspective for Modern Democratic Theory

Abstract: The fall of the Weimar Republic and the rise of Nazi and fascist movements in the first half of the twentieth century sent out tremors that were to shake the very foundations of democratic thought. As a simple act of faith, democratic theorists had assumed that the common man had both the right and the ability to participate in his own governance. If given the opportunity, the overwhelming majority of people in any polity would presumedly be reasonable, relatively rational, and responsible political actors. Hitler's rise to political power in a constitutional system that had been scrupulously constructed to be a showpiece of democracy, coupled with the historically unparalleled rise of mass movements hroughout the world, called this traditional democratic faith and trust in the common man seriously into question.

Natural Hazard in Human Ecological Perspective: Hypotheses and Models

Abstract: (1971). Natural Hazard in Human Ecological Perspective: Hypotheses and Models. Economic Geography: Vol. 47, No. 3, pp. 438-451.

Cost-benefit analysis

Abstract: It was stressed in earlier chapters that planning is a multi-level process. The broad strategy of planning has necessarily to be worked out at the macro level. Within the pattern set by this strategy, consistent growth for different sectors has to be ensured: this is where input-output analysis is useful. But the achievement of sectoral targets in turn requires the efficient planning of individual projects within each sector. Techniques of project appraisal such as cost-benefit analysis are directly concerned with the third level, i.e. microplanning. However, a meaningful interaction with higher levels of planning is crucial to their success. Hence cost-benefit analysis must always be viewed in the broader perspective of planning for development.

North American Indians in Historical Perspective

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Spatial abilities and spatial egocentrism in the young child.

Abstract: SHANTZ, CAROLYN U., and WATSON, JOHN S. Spatial Abilities and Spatial Egocentrism in the Young Child. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1971, 42, 171181. It was hypothesized that the ability of the young child to predict the location of objects on a mock landscape after he has physically moved around the landscape is positively related to his ability to identify object locations from another's (doll's) point of view. Each of 48 children between 3? and 6' years of age predicted object sites on a covered landscape after moving 1800 and 900, and on 2 trials were confronted with a "trick" perspective. A modified version of Piaget's mountain-scene task was also administered as a measure of spatial egocentrism. There was a significant relation between the number of errors on the 2 tasks. Of those children who verbally recognized the first trick perspective, significantly more had had some success on the egocentrism task compared with the number of children who completely failed it. Generally, predicting object sites when the child himself moves is an easy task in this age range, but identifying object locations from another's view. point is very difficult. There were no significant differences among the 3 age groups in accuracy on either task.

Communication Research and the Task–Oriented Grosup

Abstract: Central to the problem of theory development in group communication is the inconsistent frame of reference evident in small group research which often overlooks the overt study of communicative behavior. Process–oriented definitions of two key terms—“group” and “task”—provide a theoretical perspective which considers communication central to group research. “Group” is defined as a system of interstructured behaviors—interacts and double interacts—which form predictable patterns through time. A group “task” is a decision–making task for which no externally correct decision exists and whose completion, therefore, is dependent on acceptance. Thus, it is concluded that the task and socio–emotional dimensions of a group are inseparably interdependent in that both are grounded in the process of group formation and maintenance. Guidelines are recommended for direct observation of connnunicative behavior in future research. The guidelines are directed toward the cumulative development of new knowledge grounded in empirical research.

The Urban Crisis An Alternative Perspective

Abstract: The emergence of urban studies as a specialized area of social science teaching and research is a relatively recent event. The current emphasis on the urban scene is a product of the rather obvious and growing realization that the problems of modern American society are manifested most intensely in the urban areas. A characteristic of social science in general and urban studies in particular is the absence of adequate theory to provide us with some basis for a cohesive, unified approach to the analysis of major problems. Yet the nation is torn by a growing urgency for recommendations that will cope with the problems of industrialization-

Societal stress, political instability, and levels of military effort:

Abstract: Some countries direct more of their resources to the military than do others. But the question as to why this is so has yet to be answered satisfactorily in a systematic, empirical fashion.' A comprehensive theory explaining the variation in levels of military effort will ultimately have to include both domestic and foreign determinants, for national security policy, of which the size of a country's military effort is an integral part, is the product of an interplay among both domestic and foreign sources (see Huntington, 1961). This article reports some of the domestic findings of a broader study which attempts to construct such a theory (Terrell, 1968). The cost of this strategy of reporting solely domestic findings is that only one aspect of the question of military effort is presented here. One must keep in mind, therefore, that other domestic factors as well as foreign ones may also have an impact on these levels. The advantage of the strategy, however, warrants such an approach, for it will allow concentration on a select set of domestic variables from a perspective that differs markedly from other crossnational comparative studies that look at civil violence and national coercive levels (Feierabend and Feierabend, 1966; Feierabend, Nesvold, with Feierabend, 1970; Gurr, 1968a;

Contrast illusions in perspective.

Abstract: The same sort of phenomenon that makes a large object seem lighter than a small object can be linked with the evolution of perspective in painting.

Mixed Enterprise in a Developmental Perspective: France, Italy, and Japan

Abstract: Such combinations ordinarily attract little attention from scholars in comparison with that given to, say, government corporations or joint ventures, the union of capital across international borders.’ Yet mixed enterprise is not restricted to a single ideology nor to a single stage of development. At one end of the political spectrum, Communist China and East Germany display examples of mixed enterprise, as does the