Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1977"

The Population Ecology of Organizations

Abstract: A population ecology perspective on organization-environment relations is proposed as an alternative to the dominant adaptation perspective. The strength of inertial pressures on organizational str...

Age Differences in Information Processing: A Perspective on the Aged Consumer:

Abstract: Literature pertaining to the effects of age differences indicates that elderly individuals and younger adults process information differently. Age differences result in a complex set of changes in ...

A Developmental Perspective

Abstract: A brief outline of what is meant by a developmental perspective is considered prior to examining its application to occupational therapy. Development concepts useful to practitioners are considered. This is followed by a review of the two present theories developed by occupational therapists which are based on developmental models. This information is given as a basis for the main objective of the paper: To propose a develpmental perspective for occupational therapy based on play behaviour.

Imagery and Children’s Learning: Putting the Picture in Developmental Perspective

Abstract: The focus of this paradigmatic review of the effects of imagery on children's learning is the specification of conditions under which imagery increases children's learning of verbal materials. In particular, this paper examines the recurrent speculation tha t imagery is more effective at some developmental levels than at others. The paradigmatic nature of the children's learning l i terature dictates Ihe paradigmatic organization of this article. Pairedassociate learning is discussed first and most extensively be­ cause the bulk of experimental work on imagery and children's l ea rn ing has been conducted wi th in a pa i red-associa te framework. The remainder of the paper reviews other popular paradigms used to investigate imagery effects. The discussion proceeds from simple tasks (recognition and recall) to more difficult tasks (prose learning). Because of space limitations the review of research in these latter paradigms will not be as exhaustive as the discussion of imaginal effects on pairedassociate learning. Instead, the emphasis will be on topics of recent interest to researchers in these paradigms. Each section

Toward a Structural Perspective on the World-System

Abstract: RECENT work on development and modernization has turned away from the assumption of independently evolving national societies. There is instead a growing emphasis on interdependence between nations. Discussion of the development gap between &dquo;advanced&dquo; and &dquo;underdeveloped&dquo; areas has been recast in terms of the power relationships between them, and work on the emergence of &dquo;interdependence&dquo; between nations has focused on the recent growth of multinational corporations and the rates of exchange across national boundaries.1 None of these analyses, however, has systematically elaborated the structural characteristics of the larger system within which national societies operate. This paper will attempt to isolate the basic structural elements that make up the world-system and

Making It Last: Repetition in Children's Discourse

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents an analysis of repetition in child language from a pragmatic perspective. Pragmatic perspective means simply one that relates an utterance to its context of use. Context is an infinitely extendable notion, but can include such things as the speaker's communicative intention, the speaker–hearer relationship, the extralinguistic setting of the utterance, the linguistic setting of the utterance, and other areas of background knowledge, such as knowledge of conversational norms and conventions. One of the most commonplace observations in the psycholinguistic literature is that many young children often repeat utterances addressed to them. Just as commonplace are generalizations concerning the importance of this behavior to the development of language in the child. With the exception of the child's repetition of adult expansions, repeated utterances are not longer nor transformationally more complex than spontaneous utterances.

Temporal adaptation: a conceptual framework for occupational therapy.

Abstract: The concept of temporal adaptation was introduced into the field of occupational therapy early in its development; however, it has not been developed as part of the theoretical backing of the field. This paper re-introduces the theme and provides both a general prospective for the clinician in thinking about patients' temporal behavior and a preliminary framework for application. Temporal adaptation when applied in clinical practice should add a wider perspective to existing clinical interventions. It is proposed as a generically applicable theoretical perspective appropriate across all dysfunctional categories of patients. Two case histories are presented to demonstrate the application of the theoretical framework to intervention.

Policy As a Field of Management Theory

Abstract: A conflict exists between rigor and relevance in relation to the role of Management Policy in the management school. The concepts of Management Policy, being crucially important to contemporary organizations, must be given attention by teachers and researchers. To be relevant, policy research must be softer and encompass a richer array of variables than in other fields of management. Management Policy should be taught from the perspective of descriptive theory. Five topic areas are reviewed to indicate that sufficient empirical research exists to enable this to be done.

The genetic perspective

Abstract: The genetic perspective , The genetic perspective , مرکز فناوری اطلاعات و اطلاع رسانی کشاورزی

The systems perspective as a theoretical basis for the study of human communication

Abstract: This essay presents the logical and empirical requirements for studying communication from the systems perspective. Four alternatives are distinguished: open, closed, cybernetic, and structural‐functional systems. The systems perspective is contrasted with competing theoretical views, and it is argued that the systems view can incorporate important aspects of each. A brief account of the epistemic framework provided by systems is provided.

Structural components and intellectual correlates of cognitive perspective taking in first- through fourth-grade children.

Abstract: KURDEK, LAWRENCE A. Structural Components and Intellectual Correlates of Cognitive Perspective Taking in Firstthrough Fourth-Grade Children. CHILD DEVELOPMENT, 1977, 48, 1503-1511. Cognitive perspective taking, the ability to infer another person's cognitions, was assessed in 96 firstthrough fourth-grade children by 4 of the most widely used cognitive perspective-taking tasks: Feffer's RTT, Selman's social-moral dilemmas, Chandler's bystander cartoons, and a variation of Flavell et al.'s nickel-dime game. Task performance significantly increased with increasing grade level, and sex differences were nonsignificant. Results from both a consideration of task difficulty and a principal components analysis indicated that the 4 tasks were best viewed as 2 pairs of tasks: (a) RTT and dilemma, and (b) cartoon and nickel-dime variation; it is argued that only in the latter task pair can one be fairly certain that the child is coordinating his own and another person's perspective in the process of inferring another person's psychological status.

Incentives to Innovate in Public and Private Organizations

Abstract: This article uses the different perspectives of economic theory, organization theory, public administration, and political science to explore the question of whether public organizations are inherently less innovative than private organizations, and synthesizes existing empirical evidence to test the predictions and explanations of theory. Theory generally leads one to expect that public organizations are less innovative than private ones, though the logic used frequently is tortuous. Empirical evidence, though limited, gives reason to doubt the hypotheses that public organiza tions are inherently immune to efforts to increase innovative behavior there. Some of the public policy implications of each discipline's perspective on the central ques tion are discussed and examples of efforts to apply these implications to public agencies are presented.