Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1995"

Perspective Making and Perspective Taking in Communities of Knowing

Abstract: Knowledge-intensive firms are composed of multiple communities with specialized expertise, and are often characterized by lateral rather than hierarchical organizational forms. We argue that producing knowledge to create innovative products and processes in such firms requires the ability to make strong perspectives within a community, as well as the ability to take the perspective of another into account. We present models of language, communication and cognition that can assist in the design of electronic communication systems for perspective making and perspective taking. By appreciating how communication is both like a language game played in a local community and also like a transmission of messages through a conduit, and by appreciating how cognition includes a capacity to narrativize our experience as well as a capacity to process information, we identify some guidelines for designing electronic communication systems to support knowledge work. The communication systems we propose emphasize that narratives can help construct strong perspectives within a community of knowing, and that reflecting upon and representing that perspective can create boundary objects which allow for perspective taking between communities. We conclude by describing our vision of an idealized knowledge intensive firm with a strong culture of perspective making and perspective taking, and by identifying some elements of the electronic communication systems we would expect to see in such a firm.

Researching Culture: Qualitative Method and Cultural Studies

Abstract: Introduction PART ONE: QUALITATIVE RESEARCH AND CULTURAL STUDIES What is Qualitative Research? What is Cultural Studies? PART TWO: THE PRODUCTION OF OBSERVATIONS Theoretical Framework and Method The Factist Perspective Cultural Distinctions Narrativity The Interaction Perspective The Structures of Interaction Cross-Tabulation and Quantitative Analysis PART THREE: UNRIDDLING Asking Why Generalization The Research Process The Writing Process

Infants of depressed mothers

Abstract: Literature is reviewed demonstrating the impact of maternal depression on early infant interactions and development Infants of depressed mothers (a) develop a depressed mood style as early as 3 months; (b) this mood generalizes to interactions with nondepressed women; (c) it persists over the first year if the mother's depression persists; and (d) it affects growth and Bayley developmental scores by the end of the first year Other data are reviewed on individual differences including maternal depression styles of withdrawal and intrusion, negative behavior matching, and distorted perceptions of behavior Finally, genetic, intrauterine, and extrauterine environment effects are discussed and interventions are suggested for altering the mother's depressed behavior and distorted perceptions The review concludes that a developmental psychopathology perspective is needed to better understand the development of early depression

Self-regulation involves more than metacognition: A social cognitive perspective

Abstract: The issues that Winne found troubling about student failures to self-regulate effectively were considered from a social cognitive perspective. From this viewpoint, self-regulation involves more than metacognitive knowledge and skill, it involves an underlying sense of self-efficacy and personal agency and the motivational and behavioral processes to put these self beliefs into effect. Views of self-regulated learning that do not include this core self-referential system have difficulty explaining human failures to self-regulate, especially when such efforts are known metacognitively to be helpful. To explain students' self-regulation failures as well as their successes in naturalistic settings, educational psychologists need to expand their views of self-regulation beyond metacognitive trait, ability, or stage formulations and begin treating it as a complex interactive process involving social, motivational, and behavioral components. Such a perspective reveals not only the complexity of self-regulation b...

Foundations of Databases: The Logical Level

Abstract: From the Publisher: Over the past two decades, the theory concerning the logical level of database management systems has matured and become an elegant and robust piece of science. Foundations of Databases presents indepth coverage of this theory and surveys several emerging topics. Written by three leading researchers, this advanced text presents a unifying and contemporary perspective on the field. A major effort in writing the book has been to highlight the intuitions behind the theoretical development.

The Micropolitics of Educational Leadership: From Control to Empowerment

Abstract: This book looks at relationships involving teachers in schools and explores the political meanings they attribute to their everyday encounters with administrators (especially headteachers), other teachers, pupils and parents. Basing his findings on one long-term case study of one secondary school and several other qualitative studies, Joe Blase concentrates in particular on the teacher's perspective.

A developmental€cological perspective on antisocial behavior in children and adolescents: Toward a unified risk and intervention framework.

Abstract: A developmental-ecological perspective is offered as a framework for prediction and prevention of antisocial behavior in children and adolescents. The primary assumptions of the approach and the advantages of such an approach for relating prediction, prevention, and implementation are high-lighted. It is suggested that such an approach facilitates integration of the recent advances in prevention theory and methods, the accumulating knowledge about the causes and effective interventions for antisocial behavior, and the need for careful consideration of context. Six key advances in the field are listed, and important steps are suggested.

Understanding policy fiascoes

Abstract: A crisis of governance is widespread in western societies Public administration is caught in a web of personal and organizational inter-dependencies that require continuous awareness and readjustment on the part of its practitioners Understanding Policy Fiascoes applies policy analysis to come to terms with policy fiascoes, with a full appreciation of its limits Despite the fact that policy failures may seem universal, they are in fact better understood as social, political and academic constructions Bovens and 'tHart trace how and why certain episodes of public policymaking become labeled as "fiascoes" They highlight the analytical and political biases that shape our judgments of policy outcomes and the performance of policymakers and institutions When put in their proper historical, institutional, and policymaking perspective, many policy fiascoes could easily have turned out quite differently The authors show that the fact that these policy episodes unfolded as they did does not mean that they were inevitable Careful analysis indicates that a whole series of variables, if not always manageable, can, through careful configurations of decisions, alter the course and outcomes of policies and programs, as well as the post-hoc judgments made about them In examining public policymaking, certain questions arise: If public policymaking has failed so miserably, what does this tell us about the state of policy analysis? While policymakers are facing a crisis of legitimacy, policy analysis have been forced to reconsider the validity o their knowledge claims and the extent of their impact on the practice of policymaking Understanding Policy Fiascoes will provide social scientists, policymakers, and political scientists with compelling perspectives on old problems and a path-breaking way to handle new problems

Nostalgia: a psychological perspective

Abstract: A survey was designed to assess nostalgia for 20 aspects of experience as well as relative judgments of the world past, present, and future. Surveys were completed by 648 respondents, 268 males and...

The Acquisition of Temporality in a Second Language

Abstract: This is the second volume of the SiBil series to present results from the European Science Foundation's project 'Second language acquisition by adult immigrants'. It deals specifically with the acquisition of temporality in five European languages: Dutch, English, French, German and Swedish, providing a detailed account of how adult learners who have little or no exposure to classroom teaching, express temporality at any given stage of the acquisition process, how they proceed from one stage to the next, and what factors determine both their progress and their final levels of proficiency. The guiding hypotheses, methodology, and theoretical framework for analysing temporality from a cross-linguistic perspective are given in Chapters 1 and 2. The detailed longitudinal analyses of Chapters 3-7 form the backbone of the book. Chapter 8 contains the cross-linguistic generalizations, the factors which account for them, and the wider theoretical implications of the study.

Sickness and Healing: An Anthropological Perspective

Abstract: The ways in which people respond to sickness differ from society to society. In this book, the author examines how Western and non-Western cultures influence the definition, experience and treatment of sickness.

Everyday Market Helping Behavior

Abstract: Research in marketing includes many examples of consumers helping other consumers. However, most research has studied helping behavior from the recipients’ perspective by examining the use of perso...

Developing Engaged Readers in School and Home Communities

Abstract: This book comprises a synthesis of current directions in reading research, theory, and practice unified by what has been referred to as the engagement perspective of reading. This perspective guides the research agenda of the National Reading Research Center (NRRC), a consortium of the University of Georgia, University of Maryland, and affiliated scholars. A major goal of the book is to introduce reading researchers to the engagement perspective as defined by the NRRC and to illustrate its potential to integrate the cognitive, social, and motivational dimensions of reading and reading instruction. Engaged readers are viewed as motivated, strategic, knowledgeable, and socially interactive. They read widely for a variety of purposes and capitalize on situations having potential to extend literacy. The book is organized into four sections representing key components of the NRRC research agenda and the engagement perspective. This perspective emphasizes contexts that influence engaged reading. Accordingly, the first section of the volume focuses on the social and cultural contexts of literacy development, with chapters devoted to examining home influences, home-school connections, and the special challenges facing ethnic minorities. The engagement perspective also implies greater attention to the role of motivational and affective dimensions in reading development than traditional views of reading. Therefore, the second section examines motivational theory and its implications for reading engagement, with special attention to characteristics of classroom contexts that promote motivation in reading. The engagement perspective embraces innovative instructional contexts that address the cognitive, social, and motivational aspects of reading. Thus, the third section includes chapters on current directions in promoting children's learning from text, on the value of an integrated curriculum in promoting reading engagement, and on the challenges of assessing students' development as engaged readers. Finally, the broader conception of reading implied by the engagement perspective requires an expanded array of research approaches, sensitive to the complex and interacting contexts in which children develop literacy. The concluding section focuses on these important contemporary issues in literacy research and educational research, with chapters examining the variety of alternative modes of inquiry gaining prominence in literacy research, teacher inquiry, and ethical issues of collaboration between university and teacher researchers. Intended for university-based researchers, graduate students, and classroom teachers, this volume brings together researchers who think about students and their literacy development in school and home communities in distinctly different ways. The cooperative and collaborative inquiry presented contributes to a richer understanding of the many factors influencing engaged reading.

Assessing the Social Influence of Television A Social Cognition Perspective on Cultivation Effects

Abstract: Cultivation effects are discussed and assessed within the context of mental processing strategies. Specifically, an information-processing perspective is taken to illustrate how television viewing may affect social judgments. Heuristic processing is posited as a mechanism that can explain why heavier television viewing results in higher first-order cultivation judgments (i.e., those requiring estimates of set size, such as the incidence of violent crime or percentage of doctors in the workforce). Past cultivation findings are integrated into this framework, and new directions for research are proposed.

Strategy Through People: Adaptation and Learning in the Small-Medium Enterprise

Abstract: The authors offer a new approach to the study of business which weaves together the separate disciplines of corporate strategy, small/medium business growth and human resource management. It presents a combination of new case study research with discussions of the existing literature in the field. The unifying argument of the book centres around processes of adaptation, organizational learning and networks. By using small-medium firms to illustrate clearly the key debates regarding large firms, the authors have produced a new perspective on the strategy process, making explicit the link between the strategy process and the activities of people. The use of up-to-date, critical and stimulating case studies from the author's own empirical materials, and data from 20 firms studied, gives this book an authoritative and contemporary perspective on an important area of strategic development.

Learning to use a word processor: by doing, by thinking, and by knowing

Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter presents a study that examines three learning strategies: (1) learning by doing, (2) learning by thinking, and (3) learning by knowing. To be more usable, future application systems and their training support will need to accommodate the real or active learner, rather than what might have been—from the perspective of the system designer and manual writer—the ideal or passive learner. This chapter also outlines some general design proposals along these lines and attempts to theoretically bring work to bear on the analysis of human behavior and experience in realistic situations that is developing in current Cognitive Science. The research discussed in the chapter consists of studies of office personnel learning to use word processing equipment.

Empowering the Faculty: Mentoring Redirected and Renewed

Abstract: This report views the intellectual, social, and emotional divides from a broader and more inclusive perspective which recognizes that student learning can and should be integrated in additional ways.

The Empirical Investigation of Perspective-Based Reading

Abstract: We consider reading techniques a fundamental means of achieving high quality software. Due to lack of research in this area, we are experimenting with the application and comparison of various reading techniques. This paper deals with our experiences with Perspective Based Reading (PBR) a particular reading technique for requirement documents. The goal of PBR is to provide operation scenarios where members of a review team read a document from a particular perspective (eg., tester, developer, user). Our assumption is that the combination of different perspective provides better coverage of the document than the same number of readers using their usual technique. To test the efficacy of PBR, we conducted two runs of a controlled experiment in the environment of NASA GSFC Software Engineering Laboratory (SEL), using developers from the environment. The subjects read two types of documents, one generic in nature and the other from the NASA Domain, using two reading techniques, PBR and their usual technique. The results from these experiment as well as the experimental design, are presented and analyzed. When there is a statistically significant distinction, PBR performs better than the subjects' usual technique. However, PBR appears to be more effective on the generic documents than on the NASA documents.