Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1997"

The discovery of spoken language

Abstract: Surveying the terrain a brief historical perspective on language acquisition research early research on speech perception how speech perception develops in the first year the role of memory and attentional processes in the development of speech perception how attention to sound properties may facilitate learning other elements of linguistic organization relating perception to production wrapping things up. Appendix - methodology used in studies of infant speech perception.

Book Review: Enabling Occupation: An Occupational Therapy Perspective:

Abstract: by disclosing that she lectured to occupational therapy students, the respondents may have partially shaped their accounts to legitimise her interests and role. Regarding recommended further work, interviews would allow more detailed inquiry into these women's life histories, particularly to explore their initial motivation to try a craft activity following illness or diagnosis, because this could be of value to occupational therapists conceptualising treatment options. Many studies have examined how individuals with a common illness (such as multiple sclerosis) cope. This study has, instead, taken a shared coping activity and examined its role in the life of individuals with a variety of chronic conditions. Although comprising many adaptable and varied elements, some common benefits emerge, particularly restoring selfesteem and relief from negative emotions. The activity seems potent on several psychological levels. Many of the respondents described discovering (or re-discovering) needlecraft in their adult years, which suggests that adults can be open to innovations in their leisure pursuits. This may provide occupational therapists with further confidence that craftwork introduced to clients may have longterm therapeutic value. These accounts also indicate that the potential of leisure counselling to help those newly diagnosed with a chronic illness should be further investigated.

A Cross-cultural Perspective

Abstract: Julie Mennella shares Avanelle Kirksey's interest in infant feeding practices around the world. Dr. Mennella approaches human infant feeding through an understanding of the environment, the infant, and especially, its cultural diversity. Her belief that an infant's development of flavor appreciation begins in the womb is afresh perspective on human feeding.

Viewpoint Dependence in Scene Recognition

Abstract: Two experiments investigated the viewpoint dependence of spatial memories In Experiment 1, participants learned the locations of objects on a desktop from a single perspective and then took part in a recognition test, test scenes included familiar and novel views of the layout Recognition latency was a linear function of the angular distance between a test view and the study view In Experiment 2, participants studied a layout from a single view and then learned to recognize the layout from three additional training views A final recognition test showed that the study view and the training views were represented in memory, and that latency was a linear function of the angular distance to the nearest study or training view These results indicate that interobject spatial relations are encoded in a viewpoint-dependent manner, and that recognition of novel views requires normalization to the most similar representation in memory These findings parallel recent results in visual object recognition.

Any Sound You Can Imagine: Making Music/Consuming Technology

Abstract: From the Publisher: Theberge places recent technological developments within a broad social and historical perspective to illuminate the changing relationships between musical concepts, styles, and technology.

In defence of history

Abstract: Written at a time of scepticism about our ability to learn from the past, this work reveals why history is possible and necessary. Quashing the claims of postmodern historians who deny the possibility of any realistic grasp of history, Evans explains the dangers of losing a historical perspective.

Aligned Instructional Policy and Ambitious Pedagogy: Exploring Instructional Reform from the Classroom Perspective

Abstract: In recent years national, state, and local education reformers have paid increasing attention to two ideas about school reform. The first centers on ensuring more ambitious instruction for all students. The second has to do with crafting more coherent and closely aligned policies to support this ambitious instruction. This article explores these two popular reform ideas from the perspective of classroom teaching. We examine nine elementary school teachers’ responses to their local school district's efforts to press more ambitious ideas about literacy instruction. We argue that although the policy alignment strategy may be effective in changing surface-level aspects of teaching, it may be considerably less effective in reforming other difficult-to-reach dimensions of classroom practice (i.e., task and discourse). Further, we highlight the difficulties involved in figuring out the extent to which these recent reforms find their way into classroom practice.

The Sex of Things: Gender and Consumption in Historical Perspective

Abstract: Why Gender Matters-Leonard Sax 2017 A revised and updated edition (with more than 70% new material) of the evergreen classic about the innate differences between boys and girls and how best to parent and teach girls and boys successfully, with completely new chapters on sexual orientation and on transgender and intersex kids. Eleven years ago, Why Gender Matters broke ground in illuminating the differences between boys and girls--how they perceive the world differently, how they learn differently, how they process emotions and take risks differently. Dr. Sax argued that in failing to recognize these hardwired differences between boys and girls, we ended up reinforcing damaging stereotypes, medicalizing normal behavior (see: the rising rates of ADHD diagnosis), and failing to support kids to reach their full potential. In the intervening decade, the world has changed drastically, with an avalanche of new research which supports, deepens, and expands Dr. Sax's work. This revised and updated edition includes new findings about how boys and girls interact differently with social media and video games; a completely new discussion of research on gender non-conforming, LGB, and transgender kids, new findings about how girls and boys see differently, hear differently, and even smell differently; and new material about the medicalization of bad behavior.

A Perspective on Word Sense Disambiguation Methods and Their Evaluation

Abstract: In this position paper, we make several observations about the state of the art in automatic word sense disambiguation. Motivated by these observations, we offer several specific proposals to the community regarding improved evaluation criteria, common training and testing resources, and the definition of sense inventories.

Graphing: Cognitive ability or practice?

Abstract: Traditional views conceive graphing as knowledge represented in students' minds. We show in our critique that such views lead to a common assessment problem of how to account for variations in performance across contexts and tasks, and a common attribution problem that locates difficulties in students' deficient cognitive apparatus. Grounded in recent research of scientists at work and everyday cognition, this article provides an alternative perspective that conceives of graphing as observable practices employed to achieve specific goals. This perspective highlights the nature of graphs as semiotic objects, rhetorical devices, and conscription devices. This shift in perspective dissolves problems with assessment and inappropriate attribution of student difficulties. The plausibility and fruitfulness of the new perspective is illustrated in three ways. First, we show that successes and failures of various graphing curricula become understandable in terms of the presence or absence of social dimensions of the practice. Second, we show how our perspective necessitates new assessment practices. Third, we show how our practice perspective on graphing led us to different learning environments and to new foci for conducting research in student-centered open-inquiry contexts. © 1997 John Wiley & Sons, Inc. Sci Ed 81:91–106, 1997.

Effects of Visual Perspective and Narcissism on Self-Perception: Is Seeing Believing?

Abstract: Would people still see themselves through rose-colored glasses if they had the same perspective as others do? We contrast predictions from narcissism theory with cognitive-informational accounts of self-perception bias Study I showed that narcissists enjoy situations in which they can view themselves from an external perspective, and report that such situations boost their self-confidence In Study 2, subjects evaluated their performance in a group task from the normal visual perspective of the self and from a “reversed” perspective (manipulated via videotape) Narcissists overestimated their performance, and reversing visual perspective did not reduce this self-enhancement bias Instead, we found a person-situation interaction Narcissists became even more positively biased in the reversed-perspective condition, whereas nonnarcissists showed even less bias Thus, allowing narcissistic individuals to observe themselves on videotape further increased their self-admiration, just as the mythical Narcissus admired...

The Resource-Based Perspective: An Assessment and Diagnosis of Problems

Abstract: The resource-based approach to strategy, which reaches back to the contributions of Penrose, Selznick and Chandler, has gradually become the dominant perspective in strategy (content) research, arguably because it combines realism with relative rigour. The present paper presents the main themes of the contemporary version of the resource-based perspective (Wernerfelt, Rumelt, Barney....) and diagnoses a number of problems, such as the lack of a clear terminology, unclarity as to what really is the unit of analysis, the role of the environment, and the seemingly different versions that exist of the perspective. The perhaps deepest problem, however, is the lack of theorizing with respect to the creation of new resources, which tends to give the perspective a retrospective character and makes its application to managerial practice. It is suggested that resource-based scholars may draw upon work relating to real options, complementarities and organizational learning if they wish to remedy this deficiency.

Learning and Teaching: A Theory of Action Perspective:

Abstract: This article describes learning and teaching activities in large group settings that are informed by a theory of action perspective and examines the epistemological and pedagogical implications for...