Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 1999"

Implication of a system perspective for the study of creativity

Abstract: Psychologists tend to see creativity exclusively as a mental process. In this chapter, I will propose that such an approach cannot do justice to the phenomenon of creativity, which is as much a cultural and social as it is a psychological event. To develop this perspective, I will use a “systems” model of the creative process that takes into account its essential features. Creativity research in recent years has been increasingly informed by a systems perspective. Starting with the observations of Morris Stein (1953, 1963) and the extensive data presented by Dean Simonton (1988, 1990) showing the influence of economic, political, and social events on the rates of creative production, it has become increasingly clear that variables external to the individual must be taken into account if one wishes to explain why, when, and where new ideas or products arise from and become established in a culture (Gruber, 1988; Harrington, 1990). Magyari-Beck (1988) has gone so far as to suggest that because of its complexity, creativity needs a new discipline of “creatology” in order to be thoroughly understood. The systems approach developed here has been described before and applied to historical and anecdotal examples, as well as to data collected to answer a variety of different questions (Csikszentmihalyi, 1988b, 1990, 1996; Csikszentmihalyi, Rathunde, & Whalen, 1993; Csikszentmihalyi & Sawyer, 1995; Feldman, Csikszentmihalyi, & Gardner, 1994).

Why share knowledge? The influence of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing

Abstract: Information and communication technology (ICT) can enhance knowledge sharing by lowering temporal and spatial barriers between knowledge workers, and improving access to information about knowledge. Looking at ICT for knowledge sharing in this light, however, has limited value, because it ignores when and how the quality of knowledge sharing will be enhanced. A more encompassing perspective will come about if ICT is studied with relation to the motivation for knowledge sharing. The article explores this perspective by developing a theoretical model identifying and linking the variables involved. By presenting the outcomes of an empirical investigation, it also illustrates the differential effects of ICT on the motivation for knowledge sharing in different settings.

An introduction to visual culture

Abstract: Preface Introduction 1. Sight Becomes Vision: From al-Haytham to Perspective 2. '1492': Expulsions, Expropriations, Encounters 3. Slavery, Modernity and Visual Culture 4. Panoptic Modernity 5. Imperial Transcultures: From Kongo to Congo 6. Sexuality Disrupts: Measuring the Silences 7. Inventing the West 8. Decolonizing Vision 9. Discrete States: Digital Worlds From the Difference Engine to Web 2.0 10. The Death of 'The Death of Photography' 11. Celebrity: From Imperial Monarchy to Reality TV 12. Watching War.

A gender gap in autoimmunity.

Abstract: There are many differences between men and women in their susceptibility to particular autoimmune diseases, the characteristics of the disease at onset, and disease severity. In a Perspective in this issue, Caroline Whitacre and her fellow members of the Task Force on Gender, Multiple Sclerosis and Autoimmunity explain what we currently know about gender differences in autoimmunity and discuss priorities for future research.

Which Clinical Anesthesia Outcomes Are Important to Avoid? The Perspective of Patients

Abstract: Healthcare quality can be improved by eliciting patient preferences and customizing care to meet the needs of the patient. The goal of this study was to quantify patients’ preferences for postoperative anesthesia outcomes. One hundred one patients in the preoperative clinic completed a written surve

Divergent Stakeholder Theory

Abstract: The article focuses on a proposal concerning convergent stakeholder theory. It states that what is needed are theories that are divergent and thus utilize the point of view of stakeholder terms in showing different but useful methods of understanding organizations. It suggests that the theory in previous comments are derived in descriptive, instrumental, and normative theory. It mentions that philosophers and ethical theorists have argued that there isn't a meaningful distinction between normative and descriptive except by relying on the distinction itself.

Communication Goes Multimodal

Abstract: Communication depends on the simultaneous receipt of multiple sensory stimuli. The Perspective by Partan and Marler in this week9s issue postulates a new classification system for multimodal sensory signals. Combinations of sensory signals are classified according to the behavioral responses they elicit.

Comparison between self-concept and self-efficacy in academic motivation research

Abstract: This exploratory review compares academic self-concept and self-efficacy research. From the conceptual perspective, self-concept emerges as a more complex construct incorporating both cognitive and affective responses toward the self and is heavily influenced by social comparison. Self-efficacy, in contrast, concerns primarily cognitive judgments of one's capabilities based on mastery criteria. Despite these differences, the 2 constructs demonstrate similar internal structures that are multifaceted and hierarchical. From the methodological perspective, self-efficacy research demonstrates more consistent operational definitions, more context-specific assessment of both the construct and outcomes, and more frequent implementation of experimental, as opposed to correlational, designs. In the past, self-concept research has used more general indexes of both self-concept and achievement and depends mostly on correlational rather than on experimental data. These differences, although not necessarily inherent in...

Consumer behavior: a European perspective

Abstract: E‐consumer Behaviour | European Journal Of Marketing | Vol ... – Despite A Broad Spectrum Of Disciplines That Investigate E‐consumer Behaviour And Despite This Special Issue In The Area Of Marketing, There Are Still Areas Open For Research Into E‐consumer Behaviour In Marketing, For Example The Role Of Image, Trust And E‐interactivity. The Paper Develops A Model To Explain E‐consumer Behaviour. Apr 19th, 2019

Organizational improvisation: what, when, how, and why

Abstract: In this article, the authors review the growing body of literature on organizational improvisation in order to present an encompassing and systematic perspective on this concept. An integrative definition of its construct is presented together with a new way of measuring this phenomenon in organizational settings. The article further explores this construct by presenting its triggers, necessary conditions, influencing factors and major outcomes. The issues of improvisation’s growing legitimization in the organizational arena for practitioners and researchers alike are addressed in order to argue for the need for and interest in a fuller development research on this concept.

Researching Life Stories and Family Histories

Abstract: Introduction The Historical Context Collecting and Organizing Family Histories Collecting Life Histories Analyzing Life Histories The Biographical Perspective

Researching Children'S Perspectives

Abstract: "This is a book which I will return to over time. It carries a powerful, and empowering, message about the task of researching children's views...(It) deserves to find an automatic place in staffroom libraries. I happily recommed it." - Support for Learning" The 1990s have been marked by a growing emphasis, in various professional contexts, on obtaining the views of clients, including children. This position is an international one, shared across the developed world, and encapsulated in the UN Convention on the rights of the child. This book addresses the issues and practicalities surrounding the obtaining of children's views, particularly in the research context. The book takes a deliberately and explicitly pluralist stance. Its distinctiveness rests on the scrutiny of methodological issues pertaining to the collection of children's views and practical applications. The book is structured around two main sections. Section 1 examines five aspects of theoretical and conceptual issues (ethical issues and codes of conduct, children's rights, the legal perspective, developmental dimensions and sociological issues). Section 2 illustrates these aspects by focusing on methods and applications in obtaining children's views in specific projects. The book is aimed at researchers and graduate students in psychology, social sciences, education, health and law. It will also be of value to a range of professionals involved in eliciting children's views (e.g. psychologists, teachers, social workers, medical workers and the police).

Chapter 7: Preparing Teachers for Diverse Student Populations: A Critical Race Theory Perspective:

Abstract: The charge I received for this chapter was to create a synthetic review of the literatures of diversity and teacher education—no small task. A number of scholars have done work on this topic (see, for example, Dilworth, 1992; Gollnick, 1991; Gollnick, Osayande, & Levy, 1980; Grant & Secada, 1990; King, Hollins, & Hayman, 1997; Zeichner, 1992), including me (Ladson-Billings, 1995). Each of these reviews represents an effort to present a comprehensive, coherent synthesis of the extant literature on what may be termed multicultural teacher education or teacher preparation for diverse students. At least 35 journal articles specifically on \"multicultural teacher education\" have appeared since 1990. These articles focus primarily on preparing teachers to work with students from ethnic and racial groups other than those composed of Whites. Computer searches that include additional terms such as diversity and diverse learners produce articles that discuss preparing teachers for teaching students identified as having \"special needs'' and other disabilities, as well as students with gay and lesbian parents.

Methods in health service research. An introduction to bayesian methods in health technology assessment.

Abstract: This is the third of four articles Bayes's theorem arose from a posthumous publication in 1763 by Thomas Bayes, a non-conformist minister from Tunbridge Wells. Although it gives a simple and uncontroversial result in probability theory, specific uses of the theorem have been the subject of considerable controversy for more than two centuries. In recent years a more balanced and pragmatic perspective has emerged, and in this paper we review current thinking on the value of the Bayesian approach to health technology assessment. A concise definition of bayesian methods in health technology assessment has not been established, but we suggest the following: the explicit quantitative use of external evidence in the design, monitoring, analysis, interpretation, and reporting of a health technology assessment. This approach acknowledges that judgments about the benefits of a new technology will rarely be based solely on the results of a single study but should synthesise evidence from multiple sources—for example, pilot studies, trials of similar interventions, and even subjective judgments about the generalisability of the study's results. A bayesian perspective leads to an approach to clinical trials that is claimed to be more flexible and ethical than traditional methods,1 and to elegant ways of handling multiple substudies—for example, when simultaneously estimating the effects of a treatment on many subgroups.2 Proponents have also argued that a bayesian approach allows conclusions to be provided in a form that is most suitable for decisions specific to patients and decisions affecting public policy.3 #### Summary points Bayesian methods interpret data from a study in the light of external evidence and judgment, and the form in which conclusions are drawn contributes naturally to decision making Prior plausibility of hypotheses is taken into account, just as when interpreting the results of a diagnostic test Scepticism about large treatment effects can be formally …

Why Don't Men Seek Help? Family Physicians' Perspectives on Help-Seeking Behavior in Men

Abstract: Background Men tend to underuse primary care health services despite their susceptibility to particular types of illness. The purpose of this study was to report the family physician's perspective on why men do not access the health care system for medical problems. Methods We used focus group interviews to identify major themes. The participants were family physicians in active practice randomly selected from a list of 500 full- and part-time teachers. Four focus groups were formed from 18 participants (12 men, 6 women), in practice an average of 17 years. Eleven of the physicians were in community practice. Results Three key themes were identified: (1) Support: Men appear to get most of their support for health concerns from their female partners, little from their male friends. Their pattern of seeking support tends to be indirect rather than straightforward. (2) Help Seeking: Perceived vulnerability, fear, and denial are important influences on whether men seek help. They look for help for specific problems rather than for more general health concerns. (3) Barriers: Personal barriers involved factors related to a man's traditional social role characteristics: a sense of immunity and immortality; difficulty relinquishing control; a belief that seeking help is unacceptable; and believing men are not interested in prevention. Systematic barriers had to do with time and access; having to state the reason for a visit; and the lack of a male care provider. Conclusions Many of these findings are supported by psychological theories. Future research should apply these theories in more transferable populations and settings. However, an in-depth understanding of the patterns of men's use of primary care services is needed before we can determine if a regular source of primary care would have a positive impact on their health.

Motivating Language Learners

Abstract: What is motivation filling the information-gap getting inside the pupils' heads attitudes brought to the classroom influence of home environment pupils' perceptions of people from other countries the pupils' perspective from the classroom the teacher's hats what can we learn from the Germans? "I did it my way!" so what are we going to do about it?.

Understanding Self-Help/Mutual-Aid: Experiential Learning in the Commons

Abstract: This text provides an examination of self-help/mutual-aid groups from an interdisciplinary perspective. It describes three stages of individual and group evolution that is part of their organizational structure, and it reconceptualizes participants' interactions with professionals.

Stories of Suffering: Subjective Tales and Research Narratives

Abstract: The following analysis addresses relationships between suffering and the self. It emphasizes subjects’ stories of experiencing chronic illness and their relationship to the construction of self. A symbolic interactionist perspective informs the analysis. Topics include forms of suffering, the moral hierarchy of suffering, relationships between gender and moral status in suffering, and meanings of subjects’ stories. The major argument is that suffering is a profoundly moral status. Placement in the moral hierarchy of suffering affects whether and how an ill person’s stories will be heard.

Bioethics: A Nursing Perspective

Abstract: The 5th edition of 'Bioethics' provides nursing students with the necessary knowledge and understanding of the ethical issues effecting nursing practice. Groundbreaking in its first edition, Bioethics continues its role as a vital component of nursing education and provides a framework for students to understand the obligations, responsibilities and ethical challenges they will be presented with throughout their careers. This latest edition responds to new and emerging developments in the field and marks a significant turning point in nursing ethics in that it serves not only to inform but also to revitalise and progress debate on the issues presented.

The Precarious Nature of Peace: Resolving the Issues, Enforcing the Settlement, and Renegotiating the Terms

Abstract: In this article, I identify three explanations for postwar instability and the failure of peace settlements and test hypotheses derived from each perspective. The first explanation identifies the failure to resolve the issues in dispute as a key source of instability. The second explanation highlights the well-known problem of enforcement that often plagues agreements in an anarchic environment. The final argument considers the belligerents' incentives to renegotiate the terms of the settlement. Using a hazard model, I test hypotheses derived from each explanation with data on the duration of peace between dyads formerly at war between 1816 and 1992. I find little support for the resolution argument, only mixed support for the enforcement argument, and much more consistent support for the renegotiation argument.

Developing Scientific Communities in Classrooms: A Sociocognitive Approach

Abstract: The focus of this research is the role and value of scaffolding student discussions in advancing students' ability to co-construct theories and models from data they have collected while investigating floating and sinking. Three principles, derived from a sociocognitive perspective on science teaching and learning, undergird this instruction: (a) engaging students in reasoning practices in science, (b) offering explicit guidance on the roles students can assume to monitor their own and their peers' thinking, and (c) fostering a sophisticated epistemology of science by having students experience science as a process of revision. The participants were members of a Grade 314 split-level gifted class and a Grade 5 class in an urban district. Instruction occurred over a 10-week period, in which students worked in small-group and whole-class contexts to develop and refine explanations for floating and sinking. Pre- and postassessment data revealed changes in children's conceptual understanding, as well as chang...

The Concept of Ecotourism: Evolution and Trends

Abstract: The research within the area of ecotourism still appears to be at its infancy stage. The definitional perspective of the concept is lacking both in terms of scope and criteria used, as well as in aspects of its planning and operationalisation. There are a variety of ecotourism definitions all reflecting a range of paradigms and perspectives. The view that this article has taken is that the definition of ecotourism is not really necessary if the discussion focuses on the concepts rather than the issues implied by ecotourism. Hence, it seems that ecotourism definitions could range from passive to active stances incorporating the three common concepts in the form of trade-off scenarios. The three common concepts within ecotourism are natural-based, educational, and sustainable (which includes economic and social criteria). Within these components, both benefits and costs exist, and in some circumstances there is disequilibrium towards greater costs. Fundamentally, ecotourism could merit wider credibility, bu...