Showing papers on "Perspective (graphical) published in 2017"
31 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The authors apply Braun and Clarke's (2006) framework to describe and explain the process of qualitative analysis within the context of learning and teaching research and illustrate the process using a worked example based on a short extract from a focus group interview, conducted with undergraduate students.
Abstract: Data analysis is central to credible qualitative research. Indeed the qualitative researcher is often described as the research instrument insofar as his or her ability to understand, describe and interpret experiences and perceptions is key to uncovering meaning in particular circumstances and contexts. While much has been written about qualitative analysis from a theoretical perspective we noticed that often novice, and even more experienced researchers, grapple with the ‘how’ of qualitative analysis. Here we draw on Braun and Clarke’s (2006) framework and apply it in a systematic manner to describe and explain the process of analysis within the context of learning and teaching research. We illustrate the process using a worked example based on (with permission) a short extract from a focus group interview, conducted with undergraduate students.
1,178 citations
TL;DR: The authors summarizes the features and limitations of reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, as our understanding of the process from both a mechanistic and an application point of view has matured over the past 20 years.
Abstract: This Perspective summarizes the features and limitations of reversible addition–fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization, highlighting its strengths and weaknesses, as our understanding of the process, from both a mechanistic and an application point of view, has matured over the past 20 years. It is aimed at both experts in the field and newcomers, including undergraduate and postgraduate students, as well as nonexperts in polymerization who are interested in developing their own polymeric structures by exploiting the simple setup of a RAFT polymerization.
828 citations
TL;DR: This article propose an integrative framework of crisis and crisis management that draws from research in strategy, organizational theory, and organizational behavior as well as from research on public relations and corporate communication.
589 citations
304 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors explore a new type of greenwashing behavior, through the lenses of the "communicative constitution of organizations" (CCO), which challenges the dominant view in corporate social responsibility (CSR) studies.
256 citations
TL;DR: Taking a cross-cultural perspective, a review, organize and integrate research on personal values, and point to some of the main findings that this research has yielded.
Abstract: The construct of values is central to many fields in the social sciences and humanities. The last two decades have seen a growing body of psychological research that investigates the content, structure and consequences of personal values in many cultures. Taking a cross-cultural perspective we review, organize and integrate research on personal values, and point to some of the main findings that this research has yielded. Personal values are subjective in nature, and reflect what people think and state about themselves. Consequently, both researchers and laymen sometimes question the usefulness of personal values in influencing action. Yet, self-reported values predict a large variety of attitudes, preferences and overt behaviours. Individuals act in ways that allow them to express their important values and attain the goals underlying them. Thus, understanding personal values means understanding human behaviour.
195 citations
07 Sep 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, the social cognitive view of self-regulatory influence in human functioning in general, and in academic functioning in particular, moored in the theorizing of Albert Bandura and Barry Zimmerman is presented.
Abstract: This chapter offers the social cognitive view of self-regulatory influence in human functioning in general, and in academic functioning in particular, moored in the theorizing of Albert Bandura and Barry Zimmerman. It begins with an overview of social cognitive theory and examines the role of self-regulation within it. The chapter next describes the subfunctions of self-regulation, the cyclical nature of self-regulation and performance, and the development of self-regulation. It then reviews research evidence describing unique and combined effects of the cognitive, behavioral, motivational, emotional, social, and environmental components of self-regulation in learning and performance. Furthermore, the chapter also offers several implications from current research about how educational practitioners and parents can support students' self-regulation. By attending to students' feelings and emotions, including adverse physiological arousal, parents and teachers can help students view their emotions adaptively and to surmount negative feelings.
178 citations
01 Jul 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, instead of manually labeling the aerial imagery, the authors propose to predict (noisy) semantic features automatically extracted from co-located ground imagery, and apply an adaptive transformation to map these features into the ground-level perspective.
Abstract: We introduce a novel strategy for learning to extract semantically meaningful features from aerial imagery. Instead of manually labeling the aerial imagery, we propose to predict (noisy) semantic features automatically extracted from co-located ground imagery. Our network architecture takes an aerial image as input, extracts features using a convolutional neural network, and then applies an adaptive transformation to map these features into the ground-level perspective. We use an end-to-end learning approach to minimize the difference between the semantic segmentation extracted directly from the ground image and the semantic segmentation predicted solely based on the aerial image. We show that a model learned using this strategy, with no additional training, is already capable of rough semantic labeling of aerial imagery. Furthermore, we demonstrate that by finetuning this model we can achieve more accurate semantic segmentation than two baseline initialization strategies. We use our network to address the task of estimating the geolocation and geo-orientation of a ground image. Finally, we show how features extracted from an aerial image can be used to hallucinate a plausible ground-level panorama.
171 citations
25 Sep 2017
TL;DR: In this paper, a shared road map of algebra in the elementary grades and an historical perspective on why the authors might need such a road map is provided, and the underlying premise is that conventional forms can not only express, but also enrich and deepen algebraic reasoning in students.
Abstract: This chapter provides a shared road map of algebra in the elementary grades and an historical perspective on why the authors might need such a road map. Recognizing the algebra problem and crafting a solution that spans grades K–12 introduces another complexity, namely, defining "algebra" and "algebraic reasoning," especially as an object of thinking in the elementary grades. Solving the algebra problem involves deep curriculum restructuring, changes in classroom practice and assessment, and changes in teacher education—each a major task. Through the 1980s, research in algebraic thinking and learning focused on student errors and constraints on their learning, especially developmental constraints. The underlying premise is that conventional forms can not only express, but also enrich and deepen algebraic reasoning in students. Mathematicians and mathematics educators differ in their views of which of the two core aspects of algebra is more central to defining algebra.
163 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors provide historical and theoretical perspective on the expansion of digitally mediated work, to better understand the range of forces (technological, economic and socio-political) at work, and show that the major features of platform work were all visible in earlier periods of capitalism, but they became less prominent with the rise of the standard employment relationship in the 20th century.
Abstract: Digital platform businesses primarily utilise on-call contingent workers, using their own tools and equipment, to perform the productive work associated with the supplied service. The expansion of this business model has led some to proclaim that traditional ‘jobs’ will come to an end. Some welcome this development, others fear its consequences for the stability and quality of work – but most see it as driven primarily by technology, and therefore largely ‘inevitable’. This article provides historical and theoretical perspective on the expansion of digitally mediated work, to better understand the range of forces (technological, economic and socio-political) at work. It shows that the major features of platform work were all visible in earlier periods of capitalism, but they became less prominent with the rise of the ‘standard employment relationship’ in the 20th century. The rise and fall of the standard employment relationship is described with reference to the changing context for the labour extraction...
162 citations
TL;DR: A theoretical mechanistic model is presented to explain why two immediate outcomes of affectionate touch receipt—relational-cognitive changes and neurobiological changes—are described as important mechanisms underlying the effects of affectionated touch on well-being.
Abstract: Throughout the life span, individuals engage in affectionate touch with close others. Touch receipt promotes well-being in infancy, but the impacts of touch in adult close relationships have been largely unexplored. In this article, we propose that affectionate touch receipt promotes relational, psychological, and physical well-being in adulthood, and we present a theoretical mechanistic model to explain why affectionate touch may promote these outcomes. The model includes pathways through which touch could affect well-being by reducing stress and by promoting well-being independent of stress. Specifically, two immediate outcomes of affectionate touch receipt—relational-cognitive changes and neurobiological changes—are described as important mechanisms underlying the effects of affectionate touch on well-being. We also review and evaluate the existing research linking affectionate touch to well-being in adulthood and propose an agenda to advance research in this area. This theoretical perspective provides...
TL;DR: The study examined differences on flow experiences and different kinds of cognitive loads (intrinsic, extraneous, and germane cognitive loads) between game-basedlearning and non-game-based learning groups to reveal that the game- based learning group significantly created more flow experiences.
TL;DR: Investigating factors that influence the adoption and use of e-Health applications in Bangladesh from citizens’ (patients’) perspectives by extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to include privacy and trust determined that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness and trust were significant factors influencing the intention to adopt e- health.
Abstract: Purpose: The aim of the study was to investigate factors that influence the adoption and use of e-Health applications in Bangladesh from citizens’ (patients’) perspectives by extending the technology acceptance model (TAM) to include privacy and trust. Methods: A structured questionnaire survey was used to collect data from more than 350 participants in various private and public hospitals in Dhaka, the capital city of Bangladesh. The data were analyzed using the partial least-squares (PLS) method, a statistical analysis technique based on structural equation modeling (SEM). Results: The study determined that perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness and trust (p 0.05) was identified as a less significant factor in the context of e-Health in Bangladesh. The findings also revealed that gender was strongly associated with the adoption and use of e-Health services. Conclusions: The findings of the present ...
TL;DR: It has been concluded that males' intention for recycling is shaped by their past behavior and the conclusion is supported by males having learnt attitude toward recycling whereas females' lack of intention for recycle isshaped by their perceived behavior control and is support by their innate attitude for recycling.
TL;DR: In this paper, the person-environment fit paradigm is invoked to examine on a daily basis follower affective, attitudinal, and behavioral responses to transformational leadership needed and received.
Abstract: We invoke the person–environment fit paradigm to examine on a daily basis follower affective, attitudinal, and behavioral responses to transformational leadership needed and received. Results from ...
TL;DR: This review examines how adversity in early-life affects mothering behavior in later-life and how these effects may be perpetuated inter-generationally and describes the psychological underpinnings of mothering, including responsiveness to young, executive function and affect, as well as the physiological mediators ofMothering behavior.
01 Jul 2017
TL;DR: Evidence is provided confirming the relevance of using the first-person perspective to induce a sense of embodiment toward a virtual body, especially in terms of self-location and ownership, while the third- person perspective provides better space awareness.
Abstract: Current design of virtual reality (VR) applications relies essentially on the transposition of users' viewpoint in first-person perspective (1PP). Within this context, our research aims to compare the impact and the potentialities enabled via the integration of the third-person perspective (3PP) in immersive virtual environments (IVE). Our empirical study is conducted in order to assess the sense of presence, the sense of embodiment and performance of users confronted with a series of tasks presenting a case of potential use for the video game industry. Our results do not reveal significant differences concerning the sense of spatial presence with either point of view. Nonetheless, they provide evidence confirming the relevance of using the first-person perspective to induce a sense of embodiment toward a virtual body, especially in terms of self-location and ownership. However, no significant differences were observed concerning the sense of agency. Concerning users' performance, our results demonstrate that the first-person perspective enables more accurate interactions, while the third-person perspective provides better space awareness.
TL;DR: It is argued that, despite inherent challenges associated with reconstructing historical processes, the interplay of ecology and evolution is central to the authors' understanding of macroevolution and community coexistence, and cannot be safely ignored in community and comparative phylogenetic studies.
Abstract: Despite a conceptual understanding that evolution and species interactions are inextricably linked, it remains challenging to study ecological and evolutionary dynamics together over long temporal scales. In this review, we argue that, despite inherent challenges associated with reconstructing historical processes, the interplay of ecology and evolution is central to our understanding of macroevolution and community coexistence, and cannot be safely ignored in community and comparative phylogenetic studies. We highlight new research avenues that foster greater consideration of both ecological and evolutionary dynamics as processes that occur along branches of phylogenetic trees. By promoting new ways forward using this perspective, we hope to inspire further integration that creatively co-utilizes phylogenies and ecological data to study eco-evolutionary dynamics over time and space.
TL;DR: The origin of this framework and its evolution over time are described, and the empirical fit of the framework to major changes in demographic and family behavior in the U.S., the West, and beyond is reviewed.
Abstract: References to the second demographic transition (SDT) have increased dramatically in the past two decades. The SDT predicts unilinear change toward very low fertility and a diversity of union and family types. The primary driver of these changes is a powerful, inevitable, and irreversible shift in attitudes and norms in the direction of greater individual freedom and self-actualization. First, we describe the origin of this framework and its evolution over time. Second, we review the empirical fit of the framework to major changes in demographic and family behavior in the United States, the West, and beyond. As has been the case for other unilinear, developmental theories of demographic or family change, the SDT failed to predict many contemporary patterns of change and difference. Finally, we review previous critiques and identify fundamental weaknesses of this perspective, and we provide brief comparisons to selected alternative approaches.
TL;DR: This study analyzes OHC users’ Web-based interactions to reveal which types of social support activities are related to users' participation, and develops a predictive model for user churn.
Abstract: Background: Online health communities (OHCs) have become a major source of social support for people with health problems. Members of OHCs interact online with similar peers to seek, receive, and provide different types of social support, such as informational support, emotional support, and companionship. As active participations in an OHC are beneficial to both the OHC and its users, it is important to understand factors related to users’ participations and predict user churn for user retention efforts. Objective: This study aimed to analyze OHC users’ Web-based interactions, reveal which types of social support activities are related to users’ participation, and predict whether and when a user will churn from the OHC. Methods: We collected a large-scale dataset from a popular OHC for cancer survivors. We used text mining techniques to decide what kinds of social support each post contained. We illustrated how we built text classifiers for 5 different social support categories: seeking informational support (SIS), providing informational support (PIS), seeking emotional support (SES), providing emotional support (PES), and companionship (COM). We conducted survival analysis to identify types of social support related to users’ continued participation. Using supervised machine learning methods, we developed a predictive model for user churn. Results: Users’ behaviors to PIS, SES, and COM had hazard ratios significantly lower than 1 (0.948, 0.972, and 0.919, respectively) and were indicative of continued participations in the OHC. The churn prediction model based on social support activities offers accurate predictions on whether and when a user will leave the OHC. Conclusions: Detecting different types of social support activities via text mining contributes to better understanding and prediction of users’ participations in an OHC. The outcome of this study can help the management and design of a sustainable OHC via more proactive and effective user retention strategies. [J Med Internet Res 2017;19(4):e130]
TL;DR: Possible applications of eye tracking in medicine that have not been exhaustively investigated yet are pointed out, and are going to be a perspective long-term direction of research.
TL;DR: In this paper, the benefits and costs of covert participant observation are discussed, and different ethical perspectives and techniques to address the practical challenges of such a method are explored. But, they do not address the ethical aspects of such an approach, such as; gaining access, collecting data surreptitiously, reducing harm to participants, leaving the site of study and addressing ethical issues.
Abstract: In this article, we provide a nuanced perspective on the benefits and costs of covert research. In particular, we illustrate the value of such an approach by focusing on covert participant observation. We posit that all observational studies sit along a continuum of consent, with few research projects being either fully overt or fully covert due to practical constraints and the ambiguous nature of consent itself. With reference to illustrative examples, we demonstrate that the study of deviant behaviors, secretive organizations and socially important topics is often only possible through substantially covert participant observation. To support further consideration of this method, we discuss different ethical perspectives and explore techniques to address the practical challenges of covert participant observation, including; gaining access, collecting data surreptitiously, reducing harm to participants, leaving the site of study and addressing ethical issues.
TL;DR: The authors combine psychology and policy studies to produce a three-step strategy: do not bombard people with evidence, synthesise and frame evidence to help you tailor it to the ways in which policymakers demand and understand information, and find the right time to act.
Abstract: To communicate effectively in policymaking systems, actors need to understand how policymakers process evidence and the environment in which they operate. Therefore, we combine psychology and policy studies to produce a three-step strategy. First, do not bombard people with evidence. Human beings have too much information to process, and they use heuristics to filter information to make decisions quickly. Synthesise and frame evidence to help you tailor it to the ways in which policymakers demand and understand information. Second, find the right time to act. Timing matters during key individuals’ patterns of thinking and the alignment of conditions in political systems. Third, engage with real world policymaking rather than waiting for a ‘rational’ and orderly process to appear. To present evidence during mythical stages of a ‘policy cycle’ is misguided, and to ‘speak truth to power’ without establishing legitimacy and building trust may be counterproductive. Our overall message is pragmatic, not Machiavellian: effective communication requires the suppliers of evidence to see the world from the perspective of their audience and understand the policy process in which they engage.
02 May 2017
TL;DR: This paper draws upon publicly available videos of autonomous and assisted driving to explore how their drivers and the drivers of other cars interact with, and make sense of, the actions of these cars.
Abstract: As self-driving cars have grown in sophistication and ability, they have been deployed on the road in both localised tests and as regular private vehicles. In this paper we draw upon publicly available videos of autonomous and assisted driving (specifically the Tesla autopilot and Google self-driving car) to explore how their drivers and the drivers of other cars interact with, and make sense of, the actions of these cars. Our findings provide an early perspective on human interaction with new forms of driving involving assisted-car drivers, autonomous vehicles and other road users. The focus is on social interaction on the road, and how drivers communicate through, and interpret, the movement of cars. We provide suggestions toward increasing the transparency of autopilots' actions for both their driver and other drivers.
Book•
10 Apr 2017TL;DR: In this article, the first foundational introduction to the practice of analysing multimodality, covering the full breadth of media and situations in which multimodal needs to be a concern.
Abstract: This textbook provides the first foundational introduction to the practice of analysing multimodality, covering the full breadth of media and situations in which multimodality needs to be a concern. Readers learn via use cases how to approach any multimodal situation and to derive their own specifically tailored sets of methods for conducting and evaluating analyses. Extensive references and critical discussion of existing approaches from many disciplines and in each of the multimodal domains addressed are provided. The authors adopt a problem-oriented perspective throughout, showing how an appropriate foundation for understanding multimodality as a phenomenon can be used to derive strong methodological guidance for analysis as well as supporting the adoption and combination of appropriate theoretical tools. Theoretical positions found in the literature are consequently always related back to the purposes of analysis rather than being promoted as valuable in their own right. By these means the book establishes the necessary theoretical foundations to engage productively with today's increasingly complex combinations of multimodal artefacts and performances of all kinds.
TL;DR: This article summarizes what is known about the legality and prevalence of school corporal punishment, about the outcomes linked to it, and about interventions to reduce and eliminate school corporals punishment around the world.
Abstract: School corporal punishment continues to be a legal means of disciplining children in a third of the world's countries. Although much is known about parents' use of corporal punishment, there is less research about school corporal punishment. This article summarizes what is known about the legality and prevalence of school corporal punishment, about the outcomes linked to it, and about interventions to reduce and eliminate school corporal punishment around the world.
TL;DR: The authors review the available data and its quality and conclude that the evidence does not indicate that the benefits outweigh the harms of PSA screening.
Abstract: Controversy continues to roil around the role of PSA screening in prostate cancer. The authors review the available data and its quality and conclude that the evidence does not indicate that the benefits outweigh the harms.
TL;DR: Despite a growing body of literature on diversity and firm performance, a review of research across fields, theoretical traditions, and levels of analysis suggests that the relationship is not a... as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Despite a growing body of literature on diversity and firm performance, our review of research across fields, theoretical traditions, and levels of analysis suggests that the relationship is not a ...
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on the perspective of the students who take part in international student mobility, and this has tended to focus on a small subset of the international students taking part in this mobility.
Abstract: Of late there has been considerable interest in understanding international student mobility, and this has tended to focus on the perspective of the students who take part in this mobility. However...
TL;DR: In this article, a critical review of theory, empirical research, and practical applications regarding generational differences in leadership phenomena is presented, and a formal call for a moratorium to be placed upon the application of the ideas of generations and generational differences to leadership theory, research and practice is made.
Abstract: We present a critical review of theory, empirical research, and practical applications regarding generational differences in leadership phenomena. First, we consider the concept of generations both historically and through contemporary arguments related to leadership. Second, we outline and refute various myths surrounding the idea of generational differences in general, and critique leadership theories that have been influenced by these myths. Third, we describe the results of a literature review of primary empirical studies that have invoked the notion of generational differences to understand leadership phenomena. Finally, we argue that the lifespan developmental perspective represents a useful alternative to generational representations, as it better captures age-related dynamics that are relevant to leadership, followership, and leadership development. Ultimately, our work serves as a formal call for a moratorium to be placed upon the application of the ideas of generations and generational differences to leadership theory, research, and practice.