Petrography

About: Petrography is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 7449 publications have been published within this topic receiving 102018 citations.

Deep burial diagenesis and reservoir quality evolution of high-temperature, high-pressure sandstones: Examples from Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike Formation in Keshen area, Kuqa depression, Tarim basin of China

Abstract: The deep high-temperature, high-pressure Lower Cretaceous Bashijiqike sandstone (buried to depths as great as 6.5-7.1km) is an important natural gas reservoir in Keshen gas field, Kuqa depression of the Tarim Basin. Reservoir quality is a critical risk factor in the development of these ultradeep reservoirs. Integrated approaches incorporating routine core analyses, mineralogical, petrographic, and geochemical analyses have been used to investigate the diagenetic history of these rocks and their impact on reservoir quality with the aim to unravel the mechanisms for maintaining anomalously high porosities in sandstones that are buried to such a great depth. These sandstones are dominantly fine to medium-grained, moderately to good sorted lithic arkoses and feldspathic litharenite. Most primary pores have been lost by mechanical compaction or carbonate cementation, and the reduction of porosity by mechanical compaction was more significant than by cementation. Dissolution of framework grains contributed to the enhancement of reservoir quality. Eogenetic diagenetic alterations mainly include mechanical compaction, precipitation of calcite cements and grain-coating clays; mesogenetic diagenesis is characterized by dissolution of framework grain by organic acids and subsequent precipitation of clay minerals and quartz; infiltration of meteoric water related to teleodiagenesis would result in dissolution of the framework grains. The meteoric leaching events during teleodiagenesis are of great importance for the Bashijiqike sandstones. Grain-coating clay minerals (mixed-layer illite/smectite clays) help to preserve porosity at depth by retarding quartz cementation and pressure solution. The unique burial regime as early-stage shallow burial with late-stage rapid deep burial contributes to porosity preservation in eodiagenesis. Fluid overpressure caused by intense structural compression in the middle Himalayan movement retarded compaction and helped preserve porosity in the late rapid deep burial stage. Anomalously high porosities are mainly found in medium-grained, good sorted sandstones with grain-coating clays, but with low clay and carbonate cement content, of which the porosity is preserved primarily and enhanced secondarily. The lowest porosities are associated with sandstones that are tightly compacted or cemented with carbonates or rich in detrital matrix. Porosity-depth trends may vary significantly with lithofacies due to its differences in textural and compositional attributes. Five lithofacies are defined in terms of detrital composition and texture, type and degree of diagenesis. The reservoir quality prediction models of various lithofacies are constructed, and the results of this study provide insights into mechanisms for maintaining anomalously high porosity and permeability in high-temperature, high-pressure sandstone reservoirs, and may help explain hydrocarbon distribution.

XVIII.—The Geochemistry of the Charnockite Series of Madras, India

Abstract: Since the classical work of Sir Thomas Holland at the beginning of this century on the charnockite series in Peninsular India there have appeared numerous papers describing rocks from all over the world which have been claimed to belong to this series. The rocks from the type area around Madras have now been re-examined, with particular reference to their chemistry and chemical mineralogy, to provide further evidence for their mode of origin.Following petrographic descriptions, fifteen new analyses of these rocks are presented together with trace element determinations, and these are shown to produce smooth curves on a variation diagram. For several rocks all the constituent minerals have been analysed, and it has thus been possible to discuss the mineralogical location of the various major and trace elements in these rocks. Trace element determinations are presented for the 43 minerals analysed together with those for a further 35 minerals not chemically analysed, and their variation within the mineral species is discussed.The possible modes of origin of these rocks are considered, and from the evidence obtained they are held to represent a plutonic igneous rock series which has undergone recrystallization in the solid state on being subjected to plutonic metamorphism.