scispace - formally typeset
Search or ask a question

Showing papers on "Phase noise published in 1997"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a completely integrated 1.8 GHz low-phase-noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) has been realized in a standard silicon digital CMOS process.
Abstract: A completely integrated 1.8-GHz low-phase-noise voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) has been realized in a standard silicon digital CMOS process. The design relies heavily on the integrated spiral inductors which have been realized with only two metal layers and without etching. The effects of high-frequency magnetic fields and losses in the heavily doped substrate have been simulated and modeled with finite-element analysis. The achieved phase noise is as low as -116 dBc/Hz at an offset frequency of 600 kHz, at a power consumption of only 6 mW. The VCO is tuned with standard available junction capacitances, resulting in a 250-MHz tuning range.

550 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A major contribution is the identification of a design figure of merit /spl kappa/, which is independent of the number of stages in the ring, used to relate fundamental circuit-level noise sources (such as thermal and shot noise) to system-level jitter performance.
Abstract: Jitter in ring oscillators is theoretically described, and predictions are experimentally verified. A design procedure is developed in the context of time domain measures of oscillator jitter in a phase-locked loop (PLL). A major contribution is the identification of a design figure of merit /spl kappa/, which is independent of the number of stages in the ring. This figure of merit is used to relate fundamental circuit-level noise sources (such as thermal and shot noise) to system-level jitter performance. The procedure is applied to a ring oscillator composed of bipolar differential pair delay stages. The theoretical predictions are tested on 155 and 622 MHz clock-recovery PLL's which have been fabricated in a dielectrically isolated, complementary bipolar process. The measured closed-loop jitter is within 10% of the design procedure prediction.

328 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the phase noise in mutually synchronized oscillator systems is analyzed for arbitrary coupling and injection-locking topologies, neglecting amplitude noise, and amplitude modulation to phase modulation (PM) conversion.
Abstract: Phase noise in mutually synchronized oscillator systems is analyzed for arbitrary coupling and injection-locking topologies, neglecting amplitude noise, and amplitude modulation (AM) to phase modulation (PM) conversion. When the coupling phase is chosen properly (depending on the oscillator model), the near-carrier phase noise is reduced to 1/N that of a single oscillator, provided the coupling network is reciprocal. This is proved In general, and illustrated with specific cases of globally coupled and nearest-neighbor coupled oscillator chains. A slight noise degradation is found for unilaterally coupled (nonreciprocal) chains. The 1/N reduction for reciprocal coupling applies over nearly the entire range of free-running frequency distributions required for beam-scanning, and is verified experimentally using a linear chain of coupled GaAs MESFET voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs) operating at X-band. The effect of a nonoptimum coupling phase on the phase noise of the system is also studied. As the coupling phase deviates from the optimum value, the phase noise increases significantly near the locking range edge for noise offset frequency near the carrier.

279 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Philip C. D. Hobbs1
TL;DR: Several easily implemented devices for doing ultrasensitive optical measurements with noisy lasers are presented, all-electronic noise cancellation circuits that largely eliminate excess laser intensity noise as a source of measurement error and are widely applicable.
Abstract: Several easily implemented devices for doing ultrasensitive optical measurements with noisy lasers are presented. They are all-electronic noise cancellation circuits that largely eliminate excess laser intensity noise as a source of measurement error and are widely applicable. Shot-noise-limited optical measurements can now easily be made at baseband with noisy lasers. These circuits are especially useful in situations where strong intermodulation effects exist, such as current-tuned diode laser spectroscopy. These inexpensive devices ~parts cost ’$10! can be optimized for particular applications such as wideband or differential measurements. Although they cannot eliminate phase noise effects, they can reduce amplitude noise by 55‐70 dB or more, even in unattended operation, and usually achieve the shot-noise limit. With 1-Hz signal-to-noise ratios of 150‐160 dB, they allow performance equal or superior to a complex heterodyne system in many cases, while using much simpler dual-beam or homodyne approaches. Although these devices are related to earlier differential and ratiometric techniques, their noise cancellation performance is much better. They work well at modulation frequencies from dc to several megahertz and should be extensible to ’100 MHz. The circuits work by subtracting photocurrents directly, with feedback applied outside the signal path to continuously adjust the subtraction for perfect balance; thus the excess noise and spurious modulation ideally cancel at all frequencies, leaving only the shot noise. The noise cancellation bandwidth is independent of the feedback bandwidth; it depends only on the speeds of the photodiodes and of the bipolar junction transistors used. Two noise-canceled outputs are available; one is a high-pass filtered voltage proportional to the signal photocurrent and the other is a low-pass filtered voltage related to the log ratio of the signal and comparison photocurrents. For reasonable current densities, the noise floors of the outputs depend only on the shot noise of the signal beam. Four variations on the basic circuit are presented: low noise floor, high cancellation, differential high power, and ratio-only. Emphasis is placed on the detailed operation and design considerations, especially performance extension by compensation of the nonideal character of system components. Experience has shown that some applications advice is required by most users, so that is provided as well. © 1997 Optical Society of America

248 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A two-dimensional regularized phase-tracking technique that is capable of demodulating a single fringe pattern with either open or closed fringes and gives the detected phase continuously so that no further unwrapping is needed over the detectedphase.
Abstract: We present a two-dimensional regularized phase-tracking technique that is capable of demodulating a single fringe pattern with either open or closed fringes. The proposed regularized phase-tracking system gives the detected phase continuously so that no further unwrapping is needed over the detected phase.

207 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
06 Feb 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the factors that limit the tuning range of monolithic LC voltage-controlled oscillators, especially at low supply voltages, and introduce circuit techniques that alleviate this problem.
Abstract: This paper describes the factors that limit the tuning range of monolithic LC voltage-controlled oscillators (VCOs), especially at low supply voltages, and introduces circuit techniques that alleviate this problem Incorporating such techniques, a 18 GHz CMOS oscillator achieves a tuning range of 120 MHz with a relatively constant gain while exhibiting a phase noise of -100 dBc/Hz at 500 kHz offset The actual implementation is a quadrature generator consisting of two coupled oscillators Since the two oscillators are identical, only one is considered here

129 citations


Patent
17 Apr 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a receiver or receiver system for high speed data communications having a radio frequency noise canceller (112) is disclosed, which removes radiofrequency noise from received signals over a transmission medium by adaptively estimating the radio-frequency noise during data transmission.
Abstract: A receiver or receiver system for high speed data communications having a radio frequency noise canceller (112) is disclosed. The radio frequency noise canceller (112) removes radio-frequency noise from received signals over a transmission medium by adaptively estimating the radio-frequency noise during data transmission. In one embodiment, the radio frequency noise canceller includes: an adaptive filter (208) for producing a noise cancellation signal by filtering a reference noise signal based on filter parameters, a subtractor (202) for subtracting the noise cancellation signal from the first signal to produce the second signal; and an update circuit (204) for enabling, at predetermined times, modification of the parameters of the adaptive filter based on the then existing second signal. A method for removing radio frequency noise is also disclosed.

115 citations


Proceedings ArticleDOI
05 May 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, a set of two VCOs is developed in a 0.4 /spl mu/m CMOS process, using a fully integrated spiral inductor with symmetrical octagonal shape in the resonance LC-tank.
Abstract: A set of two VCOs is developed in a 0.4 /spl mu/m CMOS process, using a fully integrated spiral inductor with symmetrical octagonal shape in the resonance LC-tank. One VCO operates at a 900 MHz center frequency, and the other at 1.8 GHz, both achieving the required phase noise spec and tuning range for the GSM and DCS-1800 system. The phase noise equals -108 dBc/Hz at 100 kHz offset for the 900 MHz version and -113 dBc/Hz at 200 kHz for the 1.8 GHz version. The power consumption is 9 and 11 mW. An eight-modulus prescaler operates together with both VCOs.

108 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of phase noise introduced by externally injected signals were investigated for arbitrarily coupled arrays and an arbitrary collection of coherent injected signals, and it was shown that the general behavior is qualitatively similar to a single injection-locked oscillator, with the output noise tracking the injected noise near the carrier, and returning to the free-running array noise far from the carrier.
Abstract: Previous investigations of noise in mutually synchronized coupled-oscillator systems are extended to include the effects of phase noise introduced by externally injected signals. The analysis is developed for arbitrarily coupled arrays and an arbitrary collection of coherent injected signals, and is illustrated with the specific case of linear chains of nearest neighbor coupled oscillators either globally locked (locking signal applied to each array element) or with the locking signal applied to a single-array element. It is shown that the general behavior is qualitatively similar to a single injection-locked oscillator, with the output noise tracking the injected noise near the carrier, and returning to the free-running array noise far from the carrier, with intermediate behavior significantly influenced by the number of array elements and injection strength. The theory is validated using a five-element GaAs MESFET oscillator array operating at S-band.

104 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
Z.Q. Bo1, R.K. Aggarwal, A.T. Johns1, H.Y. Li1, Y.H. Song1 
TL;DR: In this article, the authors proposed a novel phase selector using artificial neural networks (ANNs), which can map complex and highly nonlinear input/output patterns, providing an attractive potential solution to the long-standing problems of accurate and fast phase selection.
Abstract: Single-pole autoreclosure is quite extensively used in long-line applications and involves tripping only the faulted phase for single-phase earth faults. Reliable and fast phase selection is thus imperative in order to avoid potential problems of system insecurity and instability. Conventional phase selectors, primarily based on power frequency measurands, can suffer some impairment in performance because of their heavy dependency on varying system and fault conditions. However, the advent of artificial neural networks (ANNs), with their ability to map complex and highly nonlinear input/output patterns, provides an attractive potential solution to the long-standing problems of accurate and fast phase selection. This paper describes the design of a novel phase selector using ANNs. The technique is based on utilising fault generated high frequency noise (captured through the high voltage coupling capacitor of a conventional capacitor voltage transformer) to essentially recognise the various patterns generated within the frequency spectra of the fault generated noise signals on the three phases, for the purposes of accurately deducing the faulted phase. The paper demonstrates a new concept and methodology in phase selection which will facilitate single-pole autoreclosure applications in power systems.

95 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of internal noise in signal enhancement has been investigated in aperiodic stochastic resonance in parallel arrays of nondynamical elements with internal noise, and the model is applied to two-state ion channels.
Abstract: While many examples of noise-induced signal enhancement have been reported, the role of internal noise has received little attention. Here we study aperiodic stochastic resonance in parallel arrays of nondynamical elements with internal noise. Ensembles of both threshold and threshold-free elements are studied, and the model is applied to two-state ion channels. In finite systems where the input signal controls the probability of discrete events, we demonstrate that the internal noise is modulated by both the applied signal and the external noise. We also show that the internal noise plays a constructive role in information transfer through such systems via an increase in external noise.

Journal ArticleDOI
Behzad Razavi1
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a 2 GHz 1.6 mW phase-locked loop (PLL) fabricated in an 18 GHz 0.6 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology.
Abstract: This paper describes the design of a 2 GHz 1.6 mW phase-locked loop (PLL) fabricated in an 18 GHz 0.6 /spl mu/m BiCMOS technology. Employing cross-coupled delay elements and inductive peaking, the circuit merges the oscillator and the mixer into one stage to lower the power dissipation. An experimental prototype exhibits an r.m.s. jitter of 2.8 ps, a tracking range of 100 MHz, and a capture range of 70 MHz while operating from a 3 V supply. The phase noise in the locked condition is -115 dBc/Hz at 400 kHz offset.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
05 May 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, an aluminum micromachined variable capacitor was used for frequency tuning in a voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) and achieved a 16% tuning range with a nominal capacitance value of 2 pF and a quality factor above 60 at 1 GHz.
Abstract: A voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO) employs an aluminum micromachined variable capacitor for frequency tuning. Unlike conventional varactor diodes, the capacitor is fabricated on a silicon substrate and thus amenable to monolithic integration with a standard IC process. Experimental capacitors achieve a 16% tuning range with a nominal capacitance value of 2 pF and a quality factor above 60 at 1 GHz. A prototype VCO exhibits -107 dBc/Hz phase-noise at 100 kHz offset frequency from the carrier. The center frequency of 714 MHz and 14 MHz tuning range are limited by the test setup.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
09 Jun 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, micromachined vibrating resonators are proposed as IC-compatible tanks for use in the low phase noise oscillators and highly selective filters of communications systems, and the performance of fabricated two and three-resonator filters with center frequencies ranging from 300 kHz to 10 MHz and filter Q's from 100 to 2400 are reported.
Abstract: With Q's in the tens to hundreds of thousands, micromachined vibrating resonators are proposed as IC-compatible tanks for use in the low phase noise oscillators and highly selective filters of communications systems. To date, LF oscillators have been fully integrated using merged CMOS+microstructure technologies, and bandpass filters consisting of coupled resonators have been demonstrated in the HF range. The performance of fabricated two- and three-resonator filters with center frequencies ranging from 300 kHz to 10 MHz and filter Q's from 100 to 2400 are reported. Evidence suggests that the ultimate frequency range of this high-Q tank technology depends upon material limitations, as well as design constraints-in particular, to the degree of electromechanical coupling achievable in micro-scale resonators.

Journal Article
01 Jul 1997-Acustica
TL;DR: In this article, the role of envelope fluctuations in simultaneous masking conditions was investigated with a running-noise presentation of 500-ms maskers, where the sinusoidal signal was spectrally and temporally centered in the masker.
Abstract: This paper investigates the role of envelope fluctuations in simultaneous masking conditions. Thresholds for tones in noise with a flat temporal envelope (low-noise noise, LNN) were compared with those in Gaussian noise. All measurements were performed with a running-noise presentation of 500-ms maskers. The sinusoidal signal was spectrally and temporally centered in the masker. The main findings were: (a) The 5.5-dB threshold difference between 100-Hz-wide Gaussian and LNN maskers at 1 kHz that was previously observed using frozen noise (cf. Hartmann and Pumplin [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 83. 2277-2289 (1988)]) is also apparant for running noise, although thresholds are generally higher in the latter condition. (b) The threshold difference between Gaussian and LNN maskers at 1 kHz reaches a maximum of 9.4 dB at a masker bandwidth of 25 Hz, while at 10 kHz, the difference reaches a maximum of 15 dB at bandwidths of 50 and 100 Hz. For a 100-Hz-wide masker presented at different center frequencies, there is no advantage for LNN maskers below 1 kHz. Towards higher frequencies, the difference between the two noises increases and reaches about 15 dB at 10 kHz. (c) At 1 kHz with a 100-Hz bandwidth, decreasing the signal duration from 500 to 20 ms increases the threshold difference to 7.6 dB. (d) Thresholds in a dichotic condition, in which the masker is in phase and the signal is out of phase, lie within 2 dB for the two noise types, and are nearly constant for masker bandwidths between 5 and 100 Hz. It is argued that the primary detection cue in LNN is not an increase in energy, but rather an increase in envelope fluctuations due to the addition of the signal. This hypotheses is supported by simulations with an auditory-filterbank model. The simulations further suggest that, for a large LNN advantage, it is not sufficient that the LNN envelope is flat at the output of the on-frequency filter. In addition, it is crucial that off-frequency filters also yield a flat temporal envelope.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The proposed linearized MOSFET model allows the accurate prediction of the operating frequency while the phase noise evaluation technique makes it possible to determine, through simulation, the relative phase-noise performance of different oscillator architectures.
Abstract: CMOS inductorless voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) design is discussed with the emphasis on low-noise, low-power, gigahertz-range circuits suitable for portable wireless equipment. The paper considers three VCO structures-one simple ring oscillator and two differential circuits. The design methodology followed optimization for high-speed and low-power consumption. The proposed linearized MOSFET model allows the accurate prediction of the operating frequency while the phase noise evaluation technique makes it possible to determine, through simulation, the relative phase-noise performance of different oscillator architectures. The measurement results of three VCO's implemented in 1.2-/spl mu/m CMOS technology confirm with the simulation predictions. The prototype VCO's exhibits 926-MHz operation with -83 dBc/Hz phase noise (@ 100 kHz carrier offset) and 5 mW (5 V) power consumption.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
03 Aug 1997
TL;DR: This paper addresses the noise filtering problem for SAR interferogram phase images with a filtering algorithm developed by filtering noise along fringes by adapting the amount of filtering according to the coherence.
Abstract: This paper addresses the noise filtering problem for SAR interferogram phase images. The phase noise is characterized by an additive noise model, and a filtering algorithm based on this noise model was developed by filtering noise along fringes. In addition, this filter adaptively adjusts the amount of filtering according to the coherence. The effectiveness of this filter is demonstrated using SIR-C/X-SAR multi-pass generated interferograms.

Proceedings Article
01 Jan 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a low power tuning system that reduces the phase noise of integrated VCO's is described, which enables use of noisy integrated VOC's for reception of satellite digital signals.
Abstract: The building blocks for a low power tuning system that reduces the phase noise of integrated VCO's are described. The multi-modulus prescaler, the phase frequency detector and the wide band charge pump were integrated in a standard bipolar technology with 9 GHz npn-transistors and 200 MHz pnp-transistors. The maximum input frequency of the multi-modulus prescaler is 3 GHz, the maximum reference frequency of the phase frequency detector is 380 MHz and the -3 dB bandwidth of the charge pump is 41 MHz at a reference frequency of 300 MHz. The achieved performance enables use of noisy integrated VCO's for reception of satellite digital signals.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The bit-error rate (BER) performance of a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) signal, operating over a multipath Rayleigh fading channel, is investigated when corrupted by phase noise as well as additive white Gaussian noise.
Abstract: The bit-error rate (BER) performance of a direct sequence spread spectrum (DS-SS) signal, operating over a multipath Rayleigh fading channel, is investigated when corrupted by phase noise as well as additive white Gaussian noise (AWGN). The phase noise arises from phase locked loop (PLL) dynamics and results in imperfect receiver phase estimates whereby the phase errors assume Tikhonov densities. The phase estimates are used by a multipath-combining RAKE receiver for demodulation. Approximate upper-bounds on the bit error probability are obtained and evaluated for different combinations of channel parameters and for various values of the average loop signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). Results indicate that for a PLL with loop SNR 10 dB above the system E/sub b///spl eta//sub 0/, the degradation is less than 3 dB, and for a loop SNR of 20 dB above E/sub b///spl eta//sub 0/, the degradation is less than 1 dB.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate ultrahigh repetition rate beat signal generation by filtering two modes from the optical spectrum of a 110 GHz pulse train produced by a 1.56 μm wavelength, subharmonic hybrid mode locked monolithic semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector laser.
Abstract: We demonstrate ultrahigh repetition rate beat signal generation by filtering two modes from the optical spectrum of a 110 GHz pulse train produced by a 1.56 μm wavelength, subharmonic hybrid mode locked monolithic semiconductor distributed Bragg reflector laser. The beat signal repetition rate can be tuned to any higher harmonic of the 110 GHz frequency up to 1.34 THz. Furthermore, the filtering technique facilitates low phase noise and synchronization with these signals.

Patent
18 Jun 1997
TL;DR: In this article, an improved DBS receiver front end architecture with a tuner chip and a demodulator/decoder chip is presented, which allows the incorporation of an on-chip voltage regulator.
Abstract: An improved DBS receiver front end architecture having a tuner chip and a demodulator/decoder chip. The tuner chip has reduced-power features which allow the incorporation of an on-chip voltage regulator. The tuner chip is a direct conversion tuner with on-chip tuning frequency generation and reduced power interface signals. The on-chip voltage regulator provides a constant power supply for nonlinear components of the tuner and frequency generation circuitry to minimize phase noise. Broadly speaking, the present invention concerns a DBS receiver front end which includes a tuner chip and a demodulator/decoder chip. The tuner chip includes an on-chip voltage regulator, in addition to a tuning oscillator, a charge pump, a downconverter, and a lowpass filter. The on-chip voltage regulator is operable to provide a stable power supply to the tuning oscillator and the charge pump. The tuning oscillator is coupled to a tank circuit having an adjustable resonance frequency, and the charge pump is coupled to the tank circuit to control the resonance frequency. The downconverter receives a tuning frequency provided by the tuning oscillator, receives a receive signal, and combines the tuning frequency signal with the receive signal to produce a product signal. The lowpass filter acts to convert the product signal into a baseband signal, which may then be provided as a differential output signal.

Patent
15 Sep 1997
TL;DR: In this article, a radar transmitter is configured in a normal operating mode to operate with three noise cancellation loops; i.e., an automatic level control loop, an amplitude modulation noise cancellation loop, and a phase modulation noise (PM) cancellation loop.
Abstract: A radar transmitter for producing a radar signal in response to a radar trigger signal fed thereto. The transmitter includes a radio frequency oscillator for producing a signal having a radio frequency carrier to be used in each transmitted radar signal. The signal produced by the oscillator is amplified by a radio frequency amplifier. In response to the system trigger signal, the transmitter is configured in a normal operating mode to operate with three noise cancellation loops; i.e., an automatic level control loop (ALC); an amplitude modulation noise cancellation loop (AM noise cancellation loop); and a phase modulation noise (PM noise cancellation loop). In response to the system trigger signal, the normal operating mode is preceded with two calibration modes: an AM noise calibration mode used to determine a nominal operating point for the AM noise calibration mode; and a subsequent phase modulation (PM) noise calibration mode used to establish a nominal operating point for the PM noise calibration mode. During the AM noise calibration mode, a nominal operating level is determined which places the TWT amplifier slightly below saturation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of speckle integration implicit in digitization by pixels of finite size is considered using computer-generated specckle patterns, and it is shown that the phase errors decrease monotonically with decreasing speckles diameter.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
09 Jun 1997
TL;DR: Communication circuits include the demonstration of a 20 /spl mu/A supply current, 860 MHz, low phase noise CMOS local oscillator and RF communication circuits.
Abstract: Low power wireless sensor networks provide a new monitoring and control capability for civil and military applications in transportation, manufacturing, biomedical technology, environmental management, and safety and security systems. Low power integrated CMOS systems are being developed for microsensors, signal processors, microcontrollers, communication transceivers and network access control. This paper covers recent advances in CMOS-based microsensor systems, low power signal processing and RF communication circuits. Communication circuits include the demonstration of a 20 /spl mu/A supply current, 860 MHz, low phase noise CMOS local oscillator.

Patent
Takayuki Okada1
08 Jul 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, a fan noise cancellation system includes a rotation information detecting device for detecting noise information of a fan, a band-pass filter for extracting the blade passing frequency from the noise information, an output control device for controlling the amplitude and phase of the bearing passing frequency signal, and a cancelling loud-speaker for converting the output of the output controller into a sound signal.
Abstract: A fan noise canceller includes a rotation information detecting device for detecting noise information of a fan, a band-pass filter for extracting the blade passing frequency from the noise information, an output control device for controlling the amplitude and phase of the blade passing frequency signal of the extracted noise information, and a cancelling loud-speaker for converting the output of the output control device into a sound signal.

Patent
06 Oct 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical method for automatic tracing of a Doppler time-velocity waveform envelope was proposed, which is based on a theoretical noise amplitude distribution in the video spectral domain.
Abstract: An analytical method for automatic tracing of a Doppler time-velocity waveform envelope. At the core of this algorithm is a maximum frequency detection mechanism which is based on searching for the highest frequency bin whose spectral amplitude exceeds a certain noise threshold. The method is based on a theoretical noise amplitude distribution in the video spectral domain. In particular, the method uses a precise model of the statistical distribution of the video spectral power of white noise to establish a threshold for maximum frequency detection. Input to the noise model is the average white noise level in the video spectral display, which can be computed using either of two analytical methods.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
28 May 1997
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using carrier suppression techniques to measure PM and AM noise in oscillators, amplifiers, and components, and the advantages over the three-cornered-hat cross-correlation technique.
Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using carrier suppression techniques to measure PM and AM noise in oscillators, amplifiers, and components. Carrier suppression was first introduced by Klaus H. Sann in 1968 to measure noise in amplifiers. The major advantages of these configurations over conventional measurements is that the noise contribution of the phase or amplitude detector is reduced by the degree of carrier suppression until the thermal noise limit is reached. This typically results in an improvement of 10-60 dB in the noise floor. The advantages over the three-cornered-hat cross-correlation technique is that the same or better results can be obtained in real time instead of having to wait for a large number of averages. The disadvantage is that this approach does not work as well as conventional approaches for measuring AM noise in sources. Three-cornered-hat techniques used with conventional mixer-based system or carrier suppressed systems are required to obtain an unbiased estimate of the PM noise in state-of-the-art sources. Suppressed carrier techniques can also be used to reduce the contribution of the phase detector in some specialized oscillator configurations.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the existence of propagation phase noise or phase scintillations using a one-way only radio link is reported. But the effects of phase noise on the power spectral density were not investigated.
Abstract: Experimental evidence of the existence of propagation phase noise or phase scintillations is reported using a one-way only radio link. The noise has been found to exceed on occasions the downlink 40 GHz beacon phase noise of Italsat in what appear to be conditions of cumulus clouds and high turbulence. Experimental and theoretical values are given for the power spectral density and reference is made to past work and immediate applications to systems.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper describes a fully monolithic phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer circuit implemented in a standard 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS technology to be immune to noise, all the circuits in the synthesizer use differential schemes with the digital parts designed by static logic.
Abstract: This paper describes a fully monolithic phase-locked loop (PLL) frequency synthesizer circuit implemented in a standard 0.8-/spl mu/m CMOS technology. To be immune to noise, all the circuits in the synthesizer use differential schemes with the digital parts designed by static logic. The experimental voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) has a center frequency of 800 MHz and a tuning range of /spl plusmn/25%. The measured frequency synthesizer performance has a frequency range from 700 MHz to 1 GHz with -80 dBc/Hz phase noise at a 100 kHz carrier offset. With an active area of 0.34 mm/sup 2/, the test chip consumes 125 mW at maximum frequency from a 5 V supply. The only external components are the supply decoupling capacitors and a passive filter.

Proceedings ArticleDOI
13 Nov 1997
TL;DR: A new circuit noise analysis and modeling method that is significantly more efficient than traditional methods for noise computation at numerous frequency points and allows for a compact and cascadable modeling of noise that can be used in system level simulations.
Abstract: This paper introduces a new circuit noise analysis and modeling method. The noise analysis method computes an analytic expression of frequency, in rational form, which represents the Pad\'e approximation of the noise power spectral density. The approximation can be carried out efficiently, to the required accuracy, using a variant of the PVL~\cite{FelF95} or MPVL~\cite{FelF95b} algorithms. The new method is significantly more efficient than traditional methods for noise computation at numerous frequency points. In addition, it allows for a compact and cascadable modeling of noise that can be used in system level simulations.