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Phase (waves)
About: Phase (waves) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 48256 publications have been published within this topic receiving 526394 citations.
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TL;DR: The phase modulation in an interferometer can be induced by moving a mirror, tilting a glass plate, moving a grating, rotating a half-wave plate or analyzer, using an acoustooptic or electro-optic modulator, or using a Zeeman laser as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: Publisher Summary This chapter describes the phase-measurement interferometry techniques. For all techniques, a temporal phase modulation is introduced to perform the measurement. By measuring the interferogram intensity as the phase is shifted, the phase of the wavefront can be determined with the aid of electronics or a computer. Phase modulation in an interferometer can be induced by moving a mirror, tilting a glass plate, moving a grating, rotating a half-wave plate or analyzer, using an acousto-optic or electro-optic modulator, or using a Zeeman laser. Phase-measurement techniques using analytical means to determine phase all have some common denominators. There are different equations for calculating the phase of a wavefront from interference fringe intensity measurements. The precision of a phase-measuring interferometer system can be determined by taking two measurements, subtracting them, and looking at the root-meansquare of the difference wavefront. The chapter discusses the simulation results. The elimination of the errors that reduce the measurement accuracy depends on the type of measurement being performed. Phase-measurement interferometry (PMI) can be applied to any two-beam interferometer, including holographic interferometers. Applications can be divided into: surface figure, surface roughness, and metrology.
1,340 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the propagation of phase and irradiance are derived, and a Green's function solution for the phase in terms of irradiance and perimeter phase values is given A measurement scheme is discussed, and the results of a numerical simulation are given Both circular and slit pupils are considered.
Abstract: Equations for the propagation of phase and irradiance are derived, and a Green’s function solution for the phase in terms of irradiance and perimeter phase values is given A measurement scheme is discussed, and the results of a numerical simulation are given Both circular and slit pupils are considered An appendix discusses the local validity of the parabolic-wave equation based on the factorized Helmholtz equation approach to the Rayleigh–Sommerfeld and Fresnel diffraction theories Expressions for the diffracted-wave field in the near-field region are given
1,310 citations
TL;DR: Ni et al. as discussed by the authors presented ultra-thin plasmonic holograms that control amplitude and phase in the visible region and are just 30 nm thick, which is comparable to the light wavelength used.
Abstract: Holographic techniques provide phase and amplitude information for images of objects, but normally the hologram thickness is comparable to the light wavelength used. Ni et al. present ultra-thin plasmonic holograms that control amplitude and phase in the visible region and are just 30 nm thick.
1,243 citations
TL;DR: Measurements of the birefringence of a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical resonator are reported, with nonlinear phase shifts observed for an intracavity photon number much less than one.
Abstract: Measurements of the birefringence of a single atom strongly coupled to a high-finesse optical resonator are reported, with nonlinear phase shifts observed for an intracavity photon number much less than one. A proposal to utilize the measured conditional phase shifts for implementing quantum logic via a quantum-phase gate (QPG) is considered. Within the context of a simple model for the field transformation, the parameters of the "truth table" for the QPG are determined.
1,189 citations
TL;DR: Off-axis holograms recorded with a magnified image of microscopic objects are numerically reconstructed in amplitude and phase by calculation of scalar diffraction in the Fresnel approximation to show that the transverse resolution is equal to the diffraction limit of the imaging system.
Abstract: We present a digital method for holographic microscopy involving a CCD camera as a recording device. Off-axis holograms recorded with a magnified image of microscopic objects are numerically reconstructed in amplitude and phase by calculation of scalar diffraction in the Fresnel approximation. For phase-contrast imaging the reconstruction method involves the computation of a digital replica of the reference wave. A digital method for the correction of the phase aberrations is presented. We present a detailed description of the reconstruction procedure and show that the transverse resolution is equal to the diffraction limit of the imaging system.
1,174 citations