Phased array

About: Phased array is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 19428 publications have been published within this topic receiving 229231 citations. The topic is also known as: Phased Array Radar, PAR.

Phased Array Antennas : Floquet Analysis, Synthesis, BFNs and Active Array Systems

Abstract: Preface. 1 Phased Array Fundamentals: Pattern Analysis and Synthesis. 1.1 Introduction. 1.2 Array Fundamentals. 1.3 Pencil Beam Array. 1.4 Linear Array Synthesis. 1.5 Planar Aperture Synthesis. 1.6 Discretization of Continuous Sources. 1.7 Summary. References. Bibliography. Problems. 2 Introduction to Floquet Modes in Infinite Arrays. 2.1 Introduction. 2.2 Fourier Spectrum and Floquet Series. 2.3 Floquet Excitations and Floquet Modes. 2.4 Two-Dimensional Floquet Excitation. 2.5 Grating Beams from Geometrical Optics. 2.6 Floquet Mode and Guided Mode. 2.7 Summary. References. Problems. 3 Floquet Modal Functions. 3.1 Introduction. 3.2 TEz and TMz Floquet Vector Modal Functions. 3.3 Infinite Array of Electric Surface Current on Dielectric-Coated Ground Plane. 3.4 Determination of Blind Angles. 3.5 Active Element Pattern. 3.6 Array of Rectangular Horn Apertures. References. Bibliography. Problems. 4 Finite Array Analysis Using Infinite Array Results: Mutual Coupling Formulation. 4.1 Introduction. 4.2 Symmetry Property of Floquet Impedance. 4.3 Mutual Coupling. 4.4 Array of Multimodal Sources. 4.5 Mutual Coupling in Two-Dimensional Arrays. 4.6 Active Input Impedance of Finite Array. 4.7 Active Return Loss of Open-Ended Waveguide Array. 4.8 Radiation Patterns of Finite Array. 4.9 Radiation Patterns of Open-Ended Waveguide Array. 4.10 Array with Nonuniform Spacing. 4.11 Finite Array Analysis Using Convolution. References. Bibliography. Problems. 5 Array of Subarrays. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Subarray Analysis. 5.3 Subarray with Arbitrary Number of Elements. 5.4 Subarrays with Arbitrary Grids. 5.5 Subarray and Grating Lobes. 5.6 Active Subarray Patterns. 5.7 Four-Element Subarray Fed by Power Divider. 5.8 Subarray Blindness. 5.9 Concluding Remarks. References. Bibliography. Problems. 6 GSM Approach for Multilayer Array Structures. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 GSM Approach. 6.3 GSM Cascading Rule. 6.4 Transmission Matrix Representation. 6.5 Building Blocks for GSM Analysis. 6.6 Equivalent Impedance Matrix of Patch Layer. 6.7 Stationary Character of MoM Solutions. 6.8 Convergence of MoM Solutions. 6.9 Advantages of GSM Approach. 6.10 Other Numerical Methods. References. Bibliography. Problems. 7 Analysis of Microstrip Patch Arrays. 7.1 Introduction. 7.2 Probe-Fed Patch Array. 7.3 EMC Patch Array. 7.4 Slot-Fed Patch Array. 7.5 Stripline-Fed Slot-Coupled Array. 7.6 Finite Patch Array. References. Bibliography. Problems. 8 Array of Waveguide Horns. 8.1 Introduction. 8.2 Linearly Flared Horn Array. 8.3 Grazing Lobes and Pattern Nulls. 8.4 Surface and Leaky Waves in an Array. 8.4.1 Surface Wave. 8.5 Wide-Angle Impedance Matching. 8.6 Multimodal Rectangular/Square Horn Elements. 8.7 Multimodal Circular Horn Elements. References. Bibliography. Problems. 9 Frequency-Selective Surface, Polarizer, and Reflect-Array Analysis. 9.1 Introduction. 9.2 Frequency-Selective Surface. 9.3 Screen Polarizer. 9.4 Printed Reflect Array. References. Bibliography. Problems. 10 Multilayer Array Analysis with Different Periodicities and Cell Orientations. 10.1 Introduction. 10.2 Layers with Different Periodicities: Rectangular Lattice. 10.3 Nonparallel Cell Orientations: Rectangular Lattice. 10.4 Layers with Arbitrary Lattice Structures. 10.5 Summary. References. Bibliography. Problems. 11 Shaped-Beam Array Design: Optimization Algorithms. 11.1 Introduction. 11.2 Array Size: Linear Array. 11.3 Element Size. 11.4 Pattern Synthesis Using Superposition (Woodward's Method). 11.5 Gradient Search Algorithm. 11.6 Conjugate Match Algorithm. 11.7 Successive Projection Algorithm. 11.8 Other Optimization Algorithms. 11.9 Design Guidelines of a Shaped Beam Array. References. Bibliography. Problems. 12 Beam Forming Networks in Multiple-Beam Arrays. 12.1 Introduction. 12.2 BFN Using Power Dividers. 12.3 Butler Matrix Beam Former. 12.4 Blass Matrix BFN. 12.5 Rotman Lens. 12.6 Digital Beam Former. 12.7 Optical Beam Formers. References. Bibliography. Problems. 13 Active Phased Array Antenna. 13.1 Introduction. 13.2 Active Array Block Diagrams. 13.3 Aperture Design of Array. 13.4 Solid State Power Amplifier. 13.5 Phase Shifter. 13.6 Intermodulation Product. 13.7 Noise Temperature and Noise Figure of Antenna Subsystems. 13.8 Active Array System Analysis. 13.9 Active Array Calibration. 13.10 Concluding Remarks. References. Bibliography. Problems. 14 Statistical Analysis of Phased Array Antenna. 14.1 Introduction. 14.2 Array Pattern. 14.3 Statistics of R and I. 14.4 Probability Density Function. 14.5 Confidence Limits. 14.6 Element Failure Analysis. 14.7 Concluding Remarks. References. Bibliography. Problems. Appendix. Index.

A 77-GHz Phased-Array Transceiver With On-Chip Antennas in Silicon: Transmitter and Local LO-Path Phase Shifting

Abstract: Integration of mm-wave multiple-antenna systems on silicon-based processes enables complex, low-cost systems for high-frequency communication and sensing applications. In this paper, the transmitter and LO-path phase-shifting sections of the first fully integrated 77-GHz phased-array transceiver are presented. The SiGe transceiver utilizes a local LO-path phase-shifting architecture to achieve beam steering and includes four transmit and receive elements, along with the LO frequency generation and distribution circuitry. The local LO-path phase-shifting scheme enables a robust distribution network that scales well with increasing frequency and/or number of elements while providing high-resolution phase shifts. Each element of the heterodyne transmitter generates +12.5 dBm of output power at 77 GHz with a bandwidth of 2.5 GHz leading to a 4-element effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 24.5 dBm. Each on-chip PA has a maximum saturated power of +17.5 dBm at 77 GHz. The phased-array performance is measured using an internal test option and achieves 12-dB peak-to-null ratio with two transmit and receive elements active

Array and Phased Array Antenna Basics

Abstract: Preface. References. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. 1 Radiation. 1.1 The Early History of Electricity and Magnetism. 1.2 James Clerk Maxwell, The Union of Electricity and Magnetism. 1.3 Radiation by Accelerated Charge. 1.4 Reactive and Radiating Electromagnetic Fields. 2 Antennas. 2.1 The Early History of Antennas. 2.2 Antenna Developments During the First World War. 2.3 Antenna Developments in Between the Wars. 2.4 Antenna Developments During the Second World War. 2.5 Post-War Antenna Developments. 3 Antenna Parameters. 3.1 Radiation Pattern. 3.2 Antenna Impedance and Bandwidth. 3.3 Polarisation. 3.4 Antenna Effective Area and Vector Effective Length. 3.5 Radio Equation. 3.6 Radar Equation. 4 The Linear Broadside Array Antenna. 4.1 A Linear Array of Non-Isotropic Point-Source Radiators. 4.2 Plane Waves. 4.3 Received Signal. 4.4 Array Factor. 4.5 Side Lobes and Grating Lobes. 4.6 Amplitude Taper. 5 Design of a 4-Element, Linear, Broadside, Microstrip Patch Array Antenna. 5.1 Introduction. 5.2 Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna. 5.3 Split-T Power Divider. 5.4 Transmission and Reflection Coefficients for a Corporate Fed Array Antenna. 5.5 Simulation, Realisation and Measurement. 6 The Linear Endfire Array Antenna. 6.1 Introduction. 6.2 Phase Differences. 6.3 Hansen-Woodyard Endfire Array Antenna. 6.4 Mutual Coupling. 6.5 Yagi-Uda Array Antenna. 7 The Linear Phased Array Antenna. 7.1 Linear Phase Taper. 7.2 Beam Broadening. 7.3 Grating Lobes and Visible Space. 7.4 Means of Phase Shifting. 8 A Frequency Scanned Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna. 8.1 Slotted Waveguide Array Antenna. 8.2 Antenna Design. 8.3 Validation. 9 The Planar Array and Phased Array Antenna. 9.1 Geometry. 9.2 Planar Array Antenna. 9.3 Planar Phased Array Antenna. 10 Special Array Antenna Configurations. 10.1 Conformal Array and Phased Array Antennas. 10.2 Volume Array and Phased Array Antennas. 10.3 Sequential Rotation and Phasing. 10.4 Reactive Loading. 11 Array and Phased Array Antenna Measurement. 11.1 Input Impedance, Self-Coupling and Mutual Coupling. 11.2 Radiation Pattern Measurement. 11.3 Scan Element Pattern. 11.4 Waveguide Simulator. Appendix A: Complex Analysis. A.1 Complex Numbers. A.2 Use of Complex Variables. Appendix B: Vector Analysis. B.1 Notation. B.2 Addition and Subtraction. B.3 Products. B.4 Derivatives. Appendix C: Effective Aperture and Directivity. Appendix D: Transmission Line Theory. D.1 Distributed Parameters. D.2 Guided Waves. D.3 Input Impedance of a Transmission Line. D.4 Terminated Lossless Transmission Lines. D.5 Quarter Wavelength Impedance Transformer. Appendix E: Scattering Matrix. E.1 Normalised Scattering Matrix. E.2 Unnormalised Scattering Matrix. Appendix F: Voltage Incident at a Transmission Line. Appendix :G Cascaded Scattering Matrices. Index.

A Low-Cost Scalable 32-Element 28-GHz Phased Array Transceiver for 5G Communication Links Based on a $2\times 2$ Beamformer Flip-Chip Unit Cell

Abstract: This paper presents a scalable 28-GHz phased-array architecture suitable for fifth-generation (5G) communication links based on four-channel ( $2\times 2$ ) transmit/receive (TRX) quad-core chips in SiGe BiCMOS with flip-chip packaging. Each channel of the quad-core beamformer chip has 4.6-dB noise figure (NF) in the receive (RX) mode and 10.5-dBm output 1-dB compression point (OP1dB) in the transmit (TX) mode with 6-bit phase control and 14-dB gain control. The phase change with gain control is only ±3°, allowing orthogonality between the variable gain amplifier and the phase shifter. The chip has high RX linearity (IP1dB = −22 dBm/channel) and consumes 130 mW in the RX mode and 200 mW in the TX mode at P1dB per channel. Advantages of the scalable all-RF beamforming architecture and circuit design techniques are discussed in detail. 4- and 32-element phased-arrays are demonstrated with detailed data link measurements using a single or eight of the four-channel TRX core chips on a low-cost printed circuit board with microstrip antennas. The 32-element array achieves an effective isotropic radiated power (EIRP) of 43 dBm at P1dB, a 45-dBm saturated EIRP, and a record-level system NF of 5.2 dB when the beamformer loss and transceiver NF are taken into account and can scan to ±50° in azimuth and ±25° in elevation with < −12-dB sidelobes and without any phase or amplitude calibration. A wireless link is demonstrated using two 32-element phased-arrays with a state-of-the-art data rate of 1.0–1.6 Gb/s in a single beam using 16-QAM waveforms over all scan angles at a link distance of 300 m.

A Review of Phased Array Steering for Narrow-Band Electrooptical Systems Rapid, accurate, non-mechanical techniques for steering optical beams can provide the kind of efficient random access pointing offered by microwave radars.

Abstract: Nonmechanical steering of optical beams will enable revolutionary systems with random access pointing, similar to microwave radar phased arrays. An early approach was birefringent liquid crystals writing a sawtooth phase profile in one polarization, using 2� resets. Liquid crystals were used because of high birefringence. Fringing fields associated with voltage control required to implement the 2� resets have limited the efficiency and steering angle of this beam steering approach. Because of steering angle limitations, this conventional liquid crystal steering approach is usually combined with a large angle step-steering approach. Volume holograms, birefringent prisms orsawtooth-profile birefringentphase gratings, andcircular-type polarizationgratingsarethelargeanglestepsteeringapproaches that will be reviewed in this paper. Alternate steering approaches to the combined liquid crystal and step-steering approach exist. Microelectromechanical system mirrors, lenslet arrays, electro- wetting, and a variable birefringent grating approach will be reviewed and compared against the conventional liquid crystal and step-steering approaches. Step-steering approaches can also be combined with these approaches. Multiple nonmechan- ical steering approaches are developing that will allow high- efficiency steering, excellent steering accuracy, and wide fields of view.