Topic
Philophthalmus gralli
About: Philophthalmus gralli is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 54 publications have been published within this topic receiving 698 citations.
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TL;DR: The adult of the species Philophthalmus gralli occurs in the orbit of wild birds and has been obtained experimentally in chicks as discussed by the authors, where the miracidium penetrates the snail only far enough to release a single redia.
Abstract: The adult of Philophthalmus gralli occurs in the orbit of wild birds and has been obtained experimentally in chicks. Rodents were refractory to infection by the oral route. Goniobasis spp. and Pleurocera acuta serve as molluscan hosts. The miracidium penetrates the snail only far enough to release a single redia. It localizes in the heart and produces daughter rediae which migrate to the digestive gland and produce megalurous cercariae. Cercariae escape and encyst on the exoskeleton of arthropods which are eaten by the definitive host, in which the worms migrate to the eye by way of the nasolacrimal duct. Factors concerned with such migration are considered and all stages in the life history are described. The family Ommatobrephidae is reduced to synonymy with the Philophthalmidae and the species Philophthalmus nyrocae to synonymy with Philophthalmus gralli.
52 citations
TL;DR: An account of all the developmental stages of the parasite in the molluscan host as well as some information on the early migration of the parasites in the final host are given.
Abstract: Preliminary and partial information on the development of Philophthalmus sp. in the molluscan host in Hawaii was reported by Alicata and Noda in 1960. Recently this parasite was identified by Ching (1961) as P. gralli Mathis and Leger, 1910. The purpose of this paper is to give an account of all the developmental stages of the parasite in the molluscan host as well as some information on the early migration of the parasite in the final host. Measurements of some
52 citations
TL;DR: The ostrich is susceptible to microorganisms of bacterial, fungal and parasitic origin, and tick infestations of ostrich skin in Africa include Amblyomma spp.
Abstract: The ostrich is susceptible to microorganisms of bacterial, fungal and parasitic origin. Anthrax, caused by Bacillus anthracis, is dangerous to other livestock and humans. Salmonella is transmitted from rodents or wild bird reservoirs. Pausterellosis caused by Pasteurella multocida results in air sac infections in ostriches. Colibacillosis is caused by Escherichia coli. Tuberculosis caused by Mycobacterium avium, is very rare in ostriches. Aspergillosis principally afflicts chicks. Zygomycosis, a secondary fungal infection of the upper gastrointestinal tract, is caused by Basidia, Mucor and Rhizopus. Leucocytozoon struthionis and Plasmodium spp. are harmless protozoa transmitted from flying arthropods. The tapeworm, Houttuynia struthionis, is dangerous in young ostriches. The adult ratite fluke (Philophthalmus gralli) is transmitted to ostriches following ingestion of infected freshwater crustaceans. Tick infestations of ostrich skin in Africa include Amblyomma spp., Haemaphysalis punctata, Hyalomma spp., Rhipicephalus turanicus and Argus spp. The ostrich quillmite (Pterolichus bicaudatus) and louse (Struthioliperus struthionus) may lower skin and leather quality via pruritis and/or excessive preening and feather loss. Nemododa infections are rare.
46 citations
43 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The intermediate host, Melanoides tuberculata, was collected from freshwater rivulets in Aguasanta and Yaguracual, Sucre State, Venezuela, a new geographical record for P. gralli.
Abstract: Descriptions of the miracidium, mother redia, daughter redia, grandaughter redia, cercaria, metacercaria and adult stages of Philophthalmus gralli Mathis and Leger,1910 recovered from experimental infections are presented. The intermediate host, Melanoides tuberculata, was collected from freshwater rivulets in Aguasanta and Yaguracual, Sucre State, Venezuela. Chicken were orally infected with cercariae and metacercariae, and metacercariae were introduced directly into the eyes by pipette. Both processes of infection produced adult worms. This is a new geographical record for P. gralli.
35 citations