Showing papers on "Phosphorus published in 1976"
01 Jan 1976
1,089 citations
TL;DR: Freedom from interferences under the chosen experimental conditions as well as the good results obtained for recovery and precision indicate that the methods are suitable for monitoring inorganic, organic and total phosphorus in sediments.
Abstract: A simple, rapid and semi-automated method for the determination of inorganic, organic and total phosphorus in lake and river sediments is described. Total phosphorus is extracted from sediments with 1 N hydrochloric acid after ignition at a high temperature (550 °C) or by digestion with sulphuric acid-potassium persulphate at 135 °C in a sealed PTFE-lined Parr bomb. Organic phosphorus is determined by the difference in phosphorus content of the 1 N hydrochloric acid extract measured before and after ignition of the dry sediments at 550 °C. In all instances the orthophosphate is determined by using standard Technicon AutoAnalyzer II techniques. The interferences caused by silica and variable acid concentrations on the determination of phosphorus have been studied. Freedom from interferences under the chosen experimental conditions as well as the good results obtained for recovery and precision indicate that the methods are suitable for monitoring inorganic, organic and total phosphorus in sediments.
871 citations
TL;DR: The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus.
Abstract: The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The a...
320 citations
TL;DR: During a 20 day period of high fiber consumption in the form of bread made partly from wheaten wholemeal, two men developed negative balances of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus due to increased fecal excretion of each element.
Abstract: During a 20 day period of high fiber consumption in the form of bread made partly from wheaten wholemeal, two men developed negative balances of calcium, magnesium, zinc and phosphorus due to increased fecal excretion of each element. The fecal losses correlated closely with fecal dry matter and phosphorus. Fecal dry matter, in turn, was directly proportional to fecal fiber excretion. Balances of nitrogen remained positive. Mineral elements were well-utilized by the same subjects during a 20-day period of white bread consumption.
263 citations
TL;DR: Eppley et al. as mentioned in this paper showed that the rate of phosphate uptake at a saturating concentration of phosphate by phosphorus-limited cultures of T. pseudonana exceeded the rates of uptake by non-phosphorus limited cultures by an order of magnitude; the K, for phosphate uptake was not a function of phosphorus deficiency.
Abstract: Thalassiosira pseudonana from the oligotrophic waters of the central North Pacific Ocean was grown in phosphorus-limited chemostat culture. When the chemical composition of the cells, expressed as ratios, was compared with that of nitrogen-limited cultures, several of these ratios varied in excess of a factor of five between the two systems. Among these, which emerged as diagnostic indicators of phosphorus-starvation vs. nitrogen-deficiency, were the C : P, N : P, P : Chl a and Chl a : ATP ratios. The physiological responses of a population were determined by its preconditioning history. The minimum cellular phosphorus content, go, varied with the degree of phosphorus starvation. The rate of phosphate uptake at a saturating concentration of phosphate by phosphorus-limited cultures of T. pseudonana exceeded the rates of uptake by nonphosphorus-limited cultures by an order of magnitude; the K, for phosphate uptake was not a function of phosphorus deficiency. Phytoplankton in phosphorus-starved chemostat cultures on medium made with central North Pacific Ocean water did not USC naturally occurring dissolved organic phosphorus despite the presence of cell-surface alkaline phosphatase. Phosphate uptake by natural phytoplankton assemblages in the central North Pacific was measured with JaP. Uptake rates in the field were not significantly affected by light intensity. No circadian periodicity in uptake rates was detected in natural phytoplankton or algae cultured on a light/dark cycle. In the midninetcenth century von Licbig formulated the principle that the maximum population size or maximum yield of plant material was controlled by a single factor, such as “a” limiting nutrient. Brandt (cite&! in Gran 1912) observed that this principle also applied to the regulation of phytoplankton organic production by soluble nutrients. Under specified conditions in a batch culture in the laboratory, which can be considered as analogous to the agronomist’s cxpcrimcntal plot, a maximum population density of algae can easily be reached. 1 This research was supported by National Science Foundation grant GA-31167X, R. W. Eppley, Principal Investigator. Portions of this research were also supported by a National Science Foundation graduate fellowship and by the Women’s International Fishing Association. Ship time was supported by the National Science Foundation block-funded ship-time grant to the Scripps Institution of Oceanography for “Biological work at sea” and the National Scicnco Foundation Alpha Helix program. Contribution from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. ’ Present address : Department of Oceanography, University of Washington, Seattle 98195. Howcvcr, in the ocean maximal phytoplankton biomass or numbers of cells are generally not observed, because factors such as grazing (McAllister et al. 1960) and mixing ( Riley 1942) constantly remove a portion of the po,pulation. Consequently the rates at which the phytoplankton grow become important, as does a knowledge of the mechanisms controlling these rates. A more recent interpretation of Liebig’s law of the minimum cxtcnds this classi& concept to include the regulation or control of phytoplankton growth rate by “the” limiting nutrient (see O’Brien 1972). In the ocean nitrogen has been considcrcd to limit phytoplankton growth rate. However, in the central gyre of the North Pacific, studies of the physiology of the phytoplankton suggested that two nutrients might potentially limit phytoplankton growth rate: phosphate and nitrogen. Conccntrations of both were extremely low in these waters; inorganic phosphate was often undctcc table ( Armstrong 1972). Alkaline phosphatase localized outside the cell membrane is indicative of phosphorus deficiency LIMNOLOGY AND OCEANOGRAPIIY 88 JANUARY 1976, V. 21( 1) Phosphate utilization 89 (Torriani 1960); this enzyme was occasionally detected associated with the phytoplankton of the mixed layer in the central North Pacific, suggesting that these phytoplankton wcrc at times phosphorus-starved (Perry 1972). 0 ne nutrient enrichment expcriment in these waters, based on the 14C incorporation tcchniquc of Goldman (1960), required the addition of both phosphorus and nitrogen to obtain a growth response above that of the unenriched controls (Epplcy ct al. 1973). The experiments rcportcd here were dcsigned primarily to find trends useful for diagnosing the nutritional status of phytoplankton in the field-specifically the phytoplankton of the central gyre of the North Pacific Ocean. The chemostat proved to be well suited to the study of phosphorus limitation of marine phytoplankton at several levels of P starvation. Field experiments on phosphate utilization by natural phytoplankton in the central North Pacific were done with 33P as a tracer . I wish to thank R. W. Eppley for the use of his chemostat facilities and for advice and discussions. I wish also to thank M. M. Mullin for reading the manuscript and for assistance at sea, J, Beers and E. Renger are acknowledged for their shipboard assistance, J. Jordan for purifying clone 66-A of Thalassiosira pseudonana, J, Sharp for access to unpublished particulate carbon and nitrogen data, E. Vcnrick for USC of unpublished chlorophyll a data, and F. Azam for many discussions.
248 citations
189 citations
TL;DR: A graph of vs. Rp is proposed to illustrate the relationship between, , and Rp, and, if lake P concentrations are used as measures of trophic state, this graph is useful for predicting troPHic state and changes in trophics state caused by altering and/or changing water supply.
Abstract: Mean annual lake phosphorus concentrations in a steady state system can be described as a function of two variables, the mean annual influent P concentration and the net annual P sedimentation: (se
180 citations
TL;DR: The ability of low phosphorus diets to stimulate the activity of the 25-hydroxyvitamin D3-1alpha-hydroxylase was tested in the chick and resulted in a marked increase in enzyme activity relative to chicks fed a normal phosphorus diet.
170 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the effects of long-term enrichment with nitrate, phosphate, and nitrate+phosphate on the first 5 weeks of leaf detritus processing in laboratory stream microecosystems were investigated.
Abstract: Summary
We investigated the effects of long-term enrichment with nitrate, phosphate, and nitrate+phosphate on the first 5 weeks of leaf detritus processing in laboratory stream microecosystems. Enrichment with nitrate+phosphate accelerated leaf weight loss and increased rates of respiration associated with the leaves. However, whole-system respiration was little changed from that observed in the control stream since respiration in the water was greatly reduced. Enrichment with phosphate alone had little effect except to lower respiration associated with leaf discs. Enrichment with nitrate alone also decreased leaf-disc respiration but resulted in a greatly increased rate of respiration in the water. Net leaching and fragmentation of carbon from the leaves was also increased by nitrate enrichment.
Nitrogen and phosphorus levels in leaf material were little affected by enrichment with nitrate or phosphorus alone. Leaves in those streams and in the control stream released nitrogen and phosphorus to the water. In contrast, percent nitrogen and phosphorus increased greatly in the leaves in the stream enriched with both nitrate and phosphate. The leaves in this system immobilized both nitrogen and phosphorus from the water.
We also studied the importance of nitrogen fixation as a vector for nitrogen incorporation associated with leaf decomposition in streams. Somewhat surprisingly, fixation by microbes associated with the leaves and by microbes suspended in the water occurred under all three experimental enrichment treatments as well as in the control, casting doubt on the effectiveness of nitrate in inhibiting nitrogenase synthesis in nature. However, N2-fixation is only a minor source of nitrogen for leaves decaying under the conditions studied.
164 citations
TL;DR: Flows of particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll a, crude fiber, carbohydrate, and adenosine tri-phosphate are measured between a marsh and the Patuxent estuary.
Abstract: Flows of particulate carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, chlorophyll a, crude fiber, carbohydrate, and adenosine tri-phosphate; and of dissolved nitrogen and phosphorus between a marsh and the Patuxent estuary, Maryland, USA, were measured over a 2-year period. Virtually no carbon was exchanged, while net flows of nitrogen and phosphorus were from the marsh to the estuary, principally in dissolved forms.
TL;DR: Ambient concentrations of potassium ion can be toxic to a variety of species of Dinobrzpn and thus can limit both their geographical and seasonal occurrcncc, an observation supported by both field and laboratory data.
Abstract: Although field studies show inverse correlations between concentrations of dissolved phosphate and abundances of Dinobryon, phosphorus is not toxic even at high concentrations. Species abundance in water of low phosphate concentration may be traced instead to effective mechanisms for phosphate uptake which allow the cells to thrive at low ambient levels of PO.+-P. Half-saturation constants of less than 0.5 ,LLM P04-I? can be demonstratcd both in laboratory cultures and in situ in lakes. Ambient concentrations of potassium ion can be toxic to a variety of species of Dinobrzpn and thus can limit both their geographical and seasonal occurrcncc. Ammonium serves as a better nitrogen source than does nitrate, an observation supported by both field and laboratory data. At least one species, Dinobqon sertularia, is physiologically limited to water temperatures below 20°C.
TL;DR: In this paper, the effect of added inorganic nitrogen and phosphate on yield and nutrient uptake of Spartina alterniflora in a salt marsh in Barataria Bay, Louisiana was studied.
TL;DR: Carp were fed on diets containing different levels of calcium and phosphorus, resulting in reduced growth, low feed efficiency and deformity of the head, and radiography of the fish receiving a low-phosphorus diet showed an insufficient development of the bones.
Abstract: Carp were fed on diets containing different levels of calcium and phosphorus. The rearing water contained 20ppm calcium and 0.002ppm phosphorus. The growth rate correlated positively with dietary phosphorus levels but not with calcium levels. Feeding with a low-phosphorus diet resulted in reduced growth, low feed efficiency and deformity of the head. Dietary phosphorus levels affected greatly the ash, calcium and phosphorus contents of the vertebrae. Radiography of the fish receiving a low-phosphorus diet showed an insufficient development of the bones. The available phosphorus level in a diet producing the maximal growth was found to be 0.6 to 0.7%.
TL;DR: Rates of uptake and release of phosphorus compounds by four species of freshwater algae grown in axenic culture at phosphorus concentrations similar to lake water showed that an exchange of phosphate between the cells and the medium was the principal phosphorus flux.
Abstract: Rates of uptake and release of phosphorus compounds by four species of freshwater algae grown in axenic culture at phosphorus concentrations similar to lake water showed that an exchange of phosphate between the cells and the medium was the principal phosphorus flux. Algal-P showed turnover times as short as 69 min but no regular growth phase–turnover time relationship was found. During growth of the cultures, phosphate in the medium became depleted and turnover times as short as 2.7 min were measured. Significant amounts of dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) were excreted. Some appeared to be of colloidal size.
TL;DR: It is concluded that moderate phosphorus depletion can induce reversible changes in skeletal muscle composition and transmembrane potential in the dog, and it apparently occurs independently of profound hypophosphatemia.
Abstract: Both animal and human studies suggest that either phosphorus depletion or hypophosphatemia might have an adverse effect on muscle function and composition. Recently a possible deleterious effect was noted in patients with chronic alcoholism. In this unexplained disease, a variety of toxic and nutritional disturbances could affect the muscle cell, thus obscuring the precise role of phosphorus. Accordingly, we examined eight conditioned dogs for the possibility that phosphorus deficiency per se might induce an abnormally low resting transmembrane electrical potential difference (Em) and alter the composition of the muscle cell. Eight conditioned dogs were fed a synthetic phosphorus-deficient but otherwise nutritionally adequate diet plus aluminum carbonate gel for a 28-day period followed by the same diet with phosphorus supplementation for an additional 28 days. Sequential measurements of Em and muscle composition were made at 0 and 28 days during depletion and again after phosphorus repletion. Serum inorganic phosphorus concentration (mg/100 ml) fell from 4.2 +/- 0.6 on day 0 t0 1.7 +/- 0.1 on day 28. Total muscle phosphorus content (mmol/100 g fat-free dry wt [FFDW]) fell from 28.5 +/- 1.8 on day 0 to 22.4 +/- 2.1 on day 28. During phosphorus depletion, average Em (-mV) fell from 92.6 +/- 4.2 to 77.9 +/- 4.1 mV (P less than 0.001). Muscle Na+ and Cl- content (meq/100 g FFDW) rose respectively from 11.8 +/- 3.2 to 17.2 +/- 2.8 (P less than 0.01) and from 8.4 +/- 1.4 to 12.7 +/- 2.0 (P less than 0.001). Total muscle water content rose from 331 +/- 12 to 353 +/- 20 g/100 FFDW (P less than 0.05). A slight, but nevertheless, significant drop in muscle potassium content, 43.7 +/- 2.0-39.7 +/- 2.2 meq/100 g FFDW (P less than 0.05) was also noted. After 4 wk of phosphorus repletion, all of these measurements returned toward control values. We conclude that moderate phosphorus depletion can induce reversible changes in skeletal muscle composition and transmembrane potential in the dog, and it apparently occurs independently of profound hypophosphatemia.
TL;DR: Plants acclimatized to a warm, anaerobic, nitrogenrich soil had a higher capacity for phosphate absorption but a lower affinity for phosphate than did control plants growing in cold soil, suggesting that tundra plants routinely absorb phosphate from cold soil and do not depend upon daily or seasonal increases in soil temperature for phosphate acquisition.
Abstract: Seasonal changes in phosphate absorption rate were examined in three tundra graminoids growing under natural field conditions and in experimentally heated soils in the field at Barrow, Alaska. Although tundra plants exhibited a high optimum temperature for phosphate absorption similar to that of temperate plants, rates were relatively insensitive to short-term temperature change, suggesting that tundra plants routinely absorb phosphate from cold soil and do not depend upon daily or seasonal increases in soil temperature for phosphate acquisition. Variation in the calculated seasonal course of phosphate absorption resulted more from change in phosphate availability and phosphate status than from temperature acclimation. Absorption capacity was highest early in the growing season when root growth began and then decreased to a level which was maintained well into September, long after aboveground plant parts had senesced. Nearly half of the phosphate acquired by the plants investigated was probably acquired after shoots had begun a net translocation of nutrients belowground for winter storage. Plants acclimatized to a warm, anaerobic, nitrogenrich soil had a higher capacity for phosphate absorption but a lower affinity for phosphate than did control plants growing in cold soil. The applicability of laboratory-derived concepts of nutrient absorption to the seasonal dynamics of these processes in the field is discussed.
Journal Article•
01 Jan 1976-Science reports of the Research Institutes, Tohoku University. Ser. A, Physics, chemistry and metallurgy
Book•
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: In this paper, the versatility of phosphorus and its compounds is discussed and personal anecdotes and experiences of the authors are described. But the use of phosphorus in matches and warfare is not discussed.
Abstract: This book brings to life the versatility of phosphorus and its compounds and is filled with personal anecdotes and experiences of the authors. Covers the uses of phosphorus in matches and warfare; phosphates and food, fertilizers, cleaners, and detergents; organic phosphorus nerve gases and insecticides. Also discusses phosphoric acids, organic phosphorus polymers, deoxyribonucleic and ribonucleic acids and adenosine triphosphate.
01 Jan 1976
TL;DR: The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The phosphorus in 48 surficial Lake Erie sediment samples was present in three major forms: phosphorus associated with apatite, nonapatite inorganic phosphorus (NAIP), and organic phosphorus. The apatite was of natural, detrital origin. It existed as particles ranging from fine sand to clay in size but mostly as silt-sized particles and was concentrated in nearshore sediments. Both NAIP and organic phosphorus was concentrated in fine-grained sediments accumulating in offshore depositional areas. NAIP was associated with amorphous hydrated ferric oxide in the oxidized microzone but was present as vivianite (Fe3(PO4)2∙8H2O) and possibly other forms also in the reduced zone. The organic phosphorus content of the sediment was closely related to organic carbon content. The phyllosilicate, organic matter, and reactive iron and manganese components of the sediments existed in intimate association.
TL;DR: Auger analysis of the fracture surface of ribbon samples heated at 325 °C and 350 °C showed phosphorus concentrations on the fracture surfaces greater than twice that of the expected bulk composition as discussed by the authors.
TL;DR: The results indicate that the renal phosphaturic responses to PTH and cyclic AMP are impaired during dietary phosphorus deprivation, which would contribute to phosphorus conservation and to the replenishment of inorganic phosphate stores after phosphorus depletion.
Abstract: Because previous studies have demonstrated that renal inorganic phosphate reabsorption is enhanced in rats after dietary phosphorus deprivation, we studied the effects of parathyroid hormone (PTH) upon inorganic phosphate reabsorption in acutely thyroparathyroidectomized rats stabilized on a low phosphorus diet to determine if the phosphaturic response to PTH is impaired during phosphorous depletion. Acutely thyroparathyroidectomized phosphorus-deprived rats responded only minimally to PTH, whereas similarly prepared animals stabilized on a high phosphorus diet exhibited a large phosphaturic response. Base-line urinary cyclic AMP values and PTH-induced increases in cyclic AMP excretion were similar in both groups. In other experiments, dibutyryl cyclic AMP elicited a greatly diminished phosphaturic response in phosphorus-deprived rats, as compared to their high phosphorus counterparts. These results indicate that the renal phosphaturic responses to PTH and cyclic AMP are impaired during dietary phosphorus deprivation. The impaired phosphaturia would contribute to phosphorus conservation and to the replenishment of inorganic phosphate stores after phosphorus depletion.
TL;DR: In this article, the rate of input and sedimentation of apatite phosphorus at a given locality has been estimated to be approximately 4.5 times the rate at a lake level.
Abstract: Six Lake Erie sediment cores from locations of widely different sedimentation rates show that rate of input and sedimentation of apatite phosphorus at a given locality has been approximately consta...
TL;DR: In this article, the authors found that during four periods of cropping with maize in the greenhouse was the factor which correlated best with P uptake from 21 surface and four subsoil samples from southern Nigeria.
Abstract: Phosphorus mineralized during four periods of cropping with maize in the greenhouse Was the factor which correlated best (r = 0.90) with P uptake from 21 surface and four subsoil samples from southern Nigeria. Over the cropping periods the organic P decreased an average of 27 percent and the
TL;DR: Growth of sclerophyll species on areas subject to disturbance will be determined in large part by the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen applied and the rate at which nutrients are leached from the rooting zone.
Abstract: Seedlings of Banksia serrata, Acacia suaveolens and Eucalyptus pilularis were grown in sand culture for 3-4 months at four levels of phosphorus (0, 5, 50, and 100 ppm) and three of nitrogen (0, 25 and 250 ppm) applied gradually in all combinations. B.serrata died at high phosphorus-high nitrogen levels, A.suaveolens died with high phosphorus irrespective of the nitrogen level, and E. pilularis did not survive high phosphorus or high nitrogen levels. There were differences between species in their growth responses to increasing levels of phosphorus and nitrogen. Dry weights of seedlings were greatest at P5N25 for B.serrata, at P5N250 for A.suaveolens, and at P5N250 for E.pilularis. Shoot phosphorus concentrations greater than 1% were directly associated with 'toxicity' and death of A.suaveolens seedlings only, and not of the other two species. The species differ in the weights and nutrient contents of their seeds, and this is discussed in relation to the different responses obtained. Growth of sclerophyll species on areas subject to disturbance (e.g. sand-mining) will be determined in large part by the levels of phosphorus and nitrogen applied and the rate at which nutrients are leached from the rooting zone.
TL;DR: Changing the level of dietary calcium and phosphorus had little or no effect on the retention of phosphorus thus suggesting a relatively constant and low requirement for this nutrient.
TL;DR: The kinetics of indigenous phosphorus release from the surface and subsoil of Thiokol silt loam, a typic calciorthid, was studied at 11°, 25°, and 40°C.
Abstract: The kinetics of indigenous phosphorus release from the surface and subsoil of Thiokol silt loam, a typic calciorthid, was studied at 11°, 25°, and 40°C. The anion-resin technique was used to obtain the P-release data. The P-release data from the two samples over a period of 5 days could be d
TL;DR: In this article, simple reproducible methods using a minimum of equipment are described for the routine analysis of soluble sugars, starch, total nitrogen and phosphorus in plant material, which are extracted with 62.5% methanol and the sugars estimated by the phenol-sulphuric acid technique.
Abstract: Simple reproducible methods using a minimum of equipment are described for the routine analysis of soluble sugars, starch, total nitrogen and phosphorus in plant material. Soluble sugars are extracted with 62.5% methanol and the sugars estimated by the phenol–sulphuric acid technique. Starch in the residual tissue is digested by an amyloglucosidase and glucose is determined by a glucose oxidase method. Both nitrogen and phosphorus are assayed after wet ashing the plant tissue—nitrogen by the phenol–hypochlorite reaction and phosphorus after reduction of the phosphomolybdic acid with ascorbic acid/antimony potassium tartrate.