Showing papers on "Phosphorus published in 1985"
TL;DR: Freshwater wetland ecosystems do not effectively conserve phosphorus in the way that terrestrial ecosystems do, and wetlands tested as wastewater filtration systems became phosphorus-saturated in a few years, with the export of excessive quantities of phosphate.
Abstract: Freshwater wetland ecosystems do not effectively conserve phosphorus in the way that terrestrial ecosystems do. The phosphorus retention capacity varies greatly among bogs, fens, and swamps and is concomitant with the amorphous acid oxalate-extractable aluminum and iron content in the soil. However, the phosphorus adsorption potential in wetland ecosystems may be predicted solely from the extractable aluminum content of the soil. Wetlands tested as wastewater filtration systems became phosphorus-saturated in a few years, with the export of excessive quantities of phosphate.
663 citations
370 citations
359 citations
TL;DR: It is concluded that zinc is essential for normal eye development in juvenile chinook Salmon and zinc deficiency could not be induced in chinook salmon fed diets with high ratios of calcium (or phosphorus) to zinc alone.
Abstract: To determine the influence of wide variations in dietary levels of calcium, zinc and phytic acid (as sodium phytate) on growth and cataract incidence, juvenile chinook salmon held at 10-11 degrees C were fed daily to satiation for 105 d one of nine purified diets containing one of three levels (grams/kilogram) of calcium (averaged 48, 177, 502), zinc (averaged 005, 015, 039) and phytic acid (162, 646, 258) Diets were formulated to have a calcium-phosphorus ratio of close to unity when considering phosphorus sources other than sodium phytate High dietary phytic acid concentration (258 g/kg) depressed chinook salmon growth, food and protein conversion [protein efficiency ratio (PER)] and thyroid function, increased mortality, promoted cataract formation (zinc at 005 g/kg) and induced anomalies in pyloric cecal structure Calcium at 51 g/kg (or phosphorus) exacerbated the effects of high dietary phytate and low dietary zinc on cataract incidence Moreover, high dietary levels of calcium (48-51 g/kg) coupled with phosphorus significantly impaired the growth and appetite of low phytic acid (162 g/kg) groups and led to nephrocalcinosis in low and high phytic acid groups Plasma zinc levels were directly related to dietary zinc concentration and inversely related to dietary phytic acid level Calcium (51 g/kg) and/or phosphorus reduced zinc bioavailability when the diet concurrently contained 005 g zinc and 258 g of phytic acid per kilogram It is concluded that zinc is essential for normal eye development in juvenile chinook salmon Further, zinc deficiency could not be induced in chinook salmon fed diets with high ratios of calcium (or phosphorus) to zinc alone This required the simultaneous presence of a strong mineral (zinc)-binding agent
308 citations
TL;DR: The results indicate that the greatest increase in Sw (and consequently in S) in Walker Branch occurs in late autumn or winter after storms reduce the abundance of CPOM in the lower portions of the stream bed.
Abstract: Four radiotracer releases were performed over an annual period in 1981-1982 to de? termine seasonal variation in indices and pathways of phosphorus spiralling in Walker Branch, a small woodland stream in eastern Tennessee, USA. Each release consisted of an addition of ^370 MBq each of carrier-free 32P04 and 3H20 over a 1 -h period during baseflow. Concentrations of 32P and 3H dissolved in stream water were measured intensively at several stations downstream from the radio? tracer input during and immediately following each release. Activity of 32P in coarse particulate organic matter (CPOM), fine particulate organic matter (FPOM), and aufwuchs was measured 2-3 h after each release and at various intervals for 7 wk. Total biomass of CPOM, FPOM, and aufwuchs at the time of each release was also measured. Uptake of 32P04 from the water was greatest in November and lowest in August. Uptake length {Sw) of phosphorus, defined as the average distance travelled by a P04 ion dissolved in water, varied from 22 m in November to 97 m in August. Uptake of 32P04 by CPOM was generally greatest, with ~50% of total uptake, while that by aufwuchs was lowest, with < 15% ofthe total. CPOM abundance was the major determinant of whole-stream P04 uptake rate and Sw. Turnover length {Sp) of phos? phorus, defined as the average distance traveled by an atom of P taken up by particulate material, was short compared to Sw, varying from 1 m in November to 3 m in January. Consequently total spiralling length {S) of P varied from 23 m in November, just after peak autumn leaf fall, to 99 m in August, and reflected primarily the travel of P in the dissolved form. Our results indicate that the greatest increase in Sw (and consequently in S) in Walker Branch occurs in late autumn or winter after storms reduce the abundance of CPOM in the lower portions of the stream bed. Although we calculate that Sp may increase by one to two orders of magnitude for short periods during storms, the greatest effect of storms on P spiralling over the long term is their impact on the quality and quantity of CPOM and FPOM in the stream bed after the return to baseflow. For most of the year, detrital organic carbon probably influences phosphorus spiralling more than phosphorus spiralling influences the processing of organic carbon in Walker Branch. Only during the fall and early winter periods, when CPOM abundance is high and Sw is short, does phosphorus spiralling exert strong control over biotic processes downstream.
260 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a sequential extraction procedure followed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the soil phosphorus (P) forms present was used to determine 80% of the total organic P (as determined by ignition) was removed from the soil.
Abstract: SUMMARY
Soil samples from long-term plots annually fertilized with superphosphate since 1952 and also unfertilized (control) plots of an irrigated and intensively grazed pasture in Canterbury, New Zealand, were subjected to a sequential extraction procedure followed by 31P nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) analysis of the soil phosphorus (P) forms present.
Overall, 80% of the total organic P (as determined by ignition) was removed from the soil by the sequential extraction procedure. Most of the organic P (90%) detected by NMR was in the monoester fraction. Small quantities of diester and pyrophosphate were also found. Choline phosphate constituted a significant proportion (18–25%) of the monoester P in the acetylacetone and 0.5 M NaOH extracts. Long-term superphosphate additions resulted in almost all of the P accumulated in the monoester P fraction (up to 99%).
257 citations
01 Feb 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the Redfield argument was used to link organism N:P values with NO3:PO4 values in oceanic nutrient pools, showing the ubiquitous occurrence of slowly degradable, "inert" dissolved organic components.
Abstract: Dissolved organic nitrogen (DON) and dissolved organic phosphorus (DOP) are large and important fractions of oceanic nutrient pools, especially in euphotic zones. Their inclusion with nitrate (NO3) and phosphate (PO4) to form total dissolved nitrogen and total dissolved phosphate improves the Redfield argument linking organism N:P values with NO3:PO4 values. DON and dissolved organic carbon have minimum concentrations of about 1.3 and 30 μM, respectively, suggesting the ubiquitous occurrence of a slowly degradable, ‘inert’ dissolved organic component. The labile fractions of DON could be important nutrient sources in oligotrophic waters, even at degradation rates calculated to be
237 citations
TL;DR: Initial results indicate even greater 5-nucleotidase activity in fresh water (Lake Hodges, California) and brackish water (Baltic), and release and uptake of orthophosphate were tightly coupled.
Abstract: Zooplankton excretion and algal alkaline phosphatase are presumed to be responsible for phosphorus recycling in aquatic ecosystems; the role of bacteria has been unclear. High levels of bacterial cell-surface 5-nucleotidase were discovered in samples of picoplankton from California coastal waters. 5-Nucleotidase rapidly generated orthophosphate from 5-nucleotide added in nanomolar amounts and could supply half the orthophosphate required by plankton. Unlike alkaline phosphatase, 5-nucleotidase was not inhibited by orthophosphate at any concentration found in aquatic environments. Initial results indicate even greater 5-nucleotidase activity in fresh water (Lake Hodges, California) and brackish water (Baltic). Release and uptake of orthophosphate were tightly coupled.
226 citations
TL;DR: Rates of nutrient and organic matter input from grunts are comparable to or greater than rates observed in other naturally or artificially enriched ecosystems.
Abstract: Juvenile french and white grunts (Haemulon jlavolineatum and Haemulon plumierl) rest over coral colonies during the day and feed only at night in surrounding seagrass beds. We examined the amount of nitrogen, phosphorus, particulate organic carbon, and calories which these fishes deposited over the coral colonies that were their resting sites. Weight-specific rates of nitrogen excretion by grunts decreased with increasing fish size. Rates of phosphorus excretion were not related to fish size. Excretory products were rich in nitrogen (molar N:P = 48), primarily ammonium, whereas fecal material was richer in phosphorus (N:P = 8). Feces leached over half of their phosphorus content within the first day. Half of the daily excretion and defecation occurred during the first 4 h after grunts returned to the reef, in which time they doubled the amount of NH.,+ available to corals under calm conditions. Seasonal patterns of nutrient and particulate organic carbon (caloric) input to coral colonies varied with grunt biomass on the colony. The maximum input to colonies of Porites jiircata from grunts occurred during August, which coincided with the time of highest coral growth rate. Grunts deposited an average of 164 and 251 mg m-2 d-’ of particulate organic carbon (feces) on the P. furcata and Acropora palmata colonies over which they rested, an energy supplement to the colonies of 0.8 and 1.2 kcal m-2 d-l. Rates of nutrient and organic matter input from grunts are comparable to or greater than rates observed in other naturally or artificially enriched ecosystems.
205 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a growing season (March-October) for three Alabama ponds used for culture of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus was estimated over the growing season, where water, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (organic matter), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated.
Abstract: Budgets for water, nitrogen, phosphorus, chemical oxygen demand (organic matter), and dissolved oxygen (DO) were estimated over a growing season (March-October) for three Alabama ponds used for culture of channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus. In addition to rainfall and runoff, 190 cm of water were applied from a pipe line to offset seepage and evaporation. Production of each kilogram of live fish required 1.32 kg of feed and released to the water in metabolic wastes 51.1 g nitrogen, 7.2 g phosphorus, and 1.1 kg chemical oxygen demand (COD). Metabolic wastes resulting from production of 1 kg of fish led to the synthesis of an additional 2.59 kg of COD in photosynthesis. Thus, 1 kg of live fish resulted in 3.69 kg COD. Fish harvest accounted for only 26.8% of nitrogen, 30.1% of phosphorus, and 25.5% of organic matter (COD) applied in feed. The remainder of the nitrogen and organic matter was apparently lost from ponds for no accumulation of these substances was detected in muds. Denitrification and...
204 citations
TL;DR: Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed casein–gelatin diets supplemented with calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) to produce dietary calcium and phosphorus levels of 1,2, or 4% and 0.9,1.5, o...
Abstract: Groups of rainbow trout (Salmo gairdneri) were fed casein–gelatin diets supplemented with calcium phosphate (Ca3(PO4)2) to produce dietary calcium and phosphorus levels of 1,2, or 4% and 0.9,1.5, o...
TL;DR: In this paper, C4 graminoids were obtained from the Serengeti National Park of Tanzania to evaluate potential limiting interactions between energy and nutrient flows in grazing ecosystems, and plants were grown hydroponically at solution phosphorus concentrations of 10 and 100 μmol/L and were either unclipped or clipped weekly to a height of 3 cm for 5 weeks.
Abstract: Kyllinga nervosa (Cyperaceae) and Digitaria macroblephara (Poaceae), C4 graminoids, were obtained from the Serengeti National Park of Tanzania. Kyllinga is most abundant on high pH, high calcium, low phosphorous, carbonatitic ash—derived soils, and Digitaria is more abundant on neutral, lower calcium, higher P soils. Both species come from intensely grazed grasslands. Plant responses to different nutritional levels and defoliation were measured to evaluate potential limiting interactions between energy and nutrient flows in grazing ecosystems. Plants were grown hydroponically at solution phosphorus concentrations of 10 and 100 μmol/L and were either unclipped or clipped weekly to a height of 3 cm for 5 wk. At that time, the kinetics of P uptake were measured with 32P, plants were harvested, and dry masses and the tissue concentrations of P and N were determined. Clipping and P concentration of the growth medium both had major effects upon yields of all plant components. Total yield of Kyllinga was highest...
TL;DR: In this article, diagnostic criteria for assessing surplus and limiting levels of phosphorus in Lake Josephine were proposed. But they demonstrate severe phosphorus starvation in late summer and autumn, when applied to seasonal changes in phosphorus status.
Abstract: SUMMARY. Total alkaline phosphatase activity is inversely related to cellular phosphorus in the particulate organic matter of waters above and below the thermocline in nine Minnesota lakes. Diagnostic criteria for assessing surplus and limiting levels of phosphorus are proposed. When applied to seasonal changes in phosphorus status in Lake Josephine, they demonstrate severe phosphorus starvation in late summer and autumn.
TL;DR: In this article, the Acinetobacter strain 210A has been grown in batch and continuous cultures in an acetate medium and the P content of the cells varied from 6-10% of the dry matter and phosphate uptake continued for months as long as carbon and nitrogen source, inorganic salts and oxygen were present.
TL;DR: Budgets for nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon in Toolik Lake, Alaska, were assembled from data collected during 1977-81 as discussed by the authors, and the annual total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total...
Abstract: Budgets for nitrogen, phosphorus, and organic carbon in Toolik Lake, Alaska, were assembled from data collected during 1977–81. The annual total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), and total...
TL;DR: Growth of Acinetobacter isolates on a variety of carbon sources showed that not only growth but also polyphosphate accumulation is stimulated by short chain carbon compounds, such as acetate and butyrate, which are products of bacterial fermentation.
TL;DR: Uptake and release of phosphate by a pure culture of Acinetobacter calcoaceticus were investigated under aerobic and anaerobic conditions and 31P NMR spectra suggested that a portion of polyphosphates was likely bonded to some sort of structural components of the cell.
TL;DR: High phosphorus increased leaf sucrose and glucose concentration in both acclimated and nonacclimated plants, but had little effect on osmotic adjustment or the relationship between turgor and water potential.
Abstract: Cotton ( Gossypium hirsutum ) (L.) was grown in a sand and nutrient solution system at two levels of phosphorus (0.5 and 5.0 millimolar). Within each phosphorus treatment, plants were either watered daily or acclimated to water stress by subjection to several water stress cycles. Stress acclimation increased leaf starch at the low phosphorus level, but not at the high phosphorus level. High phosphorus increased leaf sucrose and glucose concentration in both acclimated and nonacclimated plants, but had little effect on osmotic adjustment or the relationship between turgor and water potential. In nonacclimated plants, high phosphorus increased both leaf conductance and photosynthesis at high water potentials. In acclimated plants, high phosphorus increased photosynthesis but decreased conductance, thus increasing water use efficiency at the single leaf level.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the discharge-concentration relationship and the behaviour of the concentrations during storm events in two basins of the southwest of France: the Garonne (52,000 km2) and one of its tributaries, the Girou (520 km2).
TL;DR: The seagrass Syringodium filiforme was examined in an ecological analysis of plant nutrient requirements and nutrient resource availability as discussed by the authors, which indicated that phosphorus was not readily accessible to the plants.
Abstract: The seagrass Syringodium filiforme was examined in an ecological analysis of plant nutrient requirements and nutrient resource availability. Assessment of the sediment geochemistry in a San Salvador Island seagrass bed indicated that phosphorus was not readily accessible to the plants. Ammonium regeneration in the fine-grained carbonate sediments was high, and interstitial concentrations averaged ca. 100 μM while phosphate replenishment to interstitial water was low, and concentrations were generally less than 2 μM. Analysis of the seagrass leaf tissue content (C : N : P = 1390 : 47 : 1, atomic wt) suggested that nitrogen and phosphorus were both depleted relative to carbon. However, this high N : P for S. filiforme and the low concentration of phosphate available in the interstitial water established the likelihood that plant acquisition of phosphorus was limited. The finding of high root biomass relative to leaf biomass in these seagrass beds corroborates this evidence by depicting a method of plant adaptation that increases nutrient absorptive root surface area.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors examined the accumulation rates of organic carbon, total phosphorus and reduced sulfur over the past 7000 yr. from modern abyssal Black Sea sediments as geochemical monitors of variations in biologic productivity and the development of deep-water masses.
TL;DR: It is concluded that hyperphosphatemia is common in diabetic ketoacidosis before therapy, and the increase in serum phosphorus is likely to be due to a transcellular shift.
TL;DR: Empirical relationships for freshwater lakes, based on spring or summer total phosphorus (TP) or total nitrogen (TN), overestimated Chl a in all the study lakes, but in saline lakes with similar ionic composition and TN to TP ratios greater than 12 (by weight), there was a significant positive relationship between TP and ChlA.
Abstract: We collected data from 20 saline lakes (total dissolved solids from 1000 to 91 000 mg∙L−1) in southeastern Alberta to compare relationships between phosphorus, nitrogen, and phytoplankton standing crop with those in freshwater lakes. In 18 lakes, Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, and HCO3−-CO32− were the dominant ions. In these lakes there was a significant positive correlation between Ca2+ and chlorophyll a (Chl a), and there were significant negative correlations between Chl a and conductivity, pH, Na+, Mg2+, SO42−, HCO3−, and CO32−. When all 20 lakes were considered there were no significant relationships between Chl a and phosphorus or nitrogen. Empirical relationships for freshwater lakes, based on spring or summer total phosphorus (TP) or total nitrogen (TN), overestimated Chl a in all the study lakes. However, in saline lakes with similar ionic composition and TN to TP ratios greater than 12 (by weight), there was a significant positive relationship between TP and Chl a. For the saline lakes with TN to TP ratios g...
TL;DR: In this article, five different methods commonly used for the extraction and determination of iron hydroxides and/or the associated phosphorus held in marine seston or in sediments have been tested on single-phase minerals (goethite and apatite), on reference minerals (SO1 and SO2), and on suspended-matter samples from the St. Lawrence Estuary and from the estuary of the Eastmain River, a major James Bay affluent in northern Quebec, Canada.
TL;DR: Field and laboratory nutrient enrichment experiments were performed using natural phytoplankton and microphytobenthic assemblages from the brackish water Oresund, Sweden and suggest that by producing oxygen microbenthic algae keep the sediment surface oxygenated thereby decreasing phosphorus transport from the sediment to the overlying water.
TL;DR: The warm monomictic coastal lakes in British Columbia respond predictably to nitrogen and phosphorus additions and are generally phosphorus limited, as shown by the significant positive relationships between average summer chlorophyll and total phosphorus at spring overturn.
Abstract: Seventeen warm monomictic coastal lakes in British Columbia were studied from 1980 to 1983. Inorganic nitrogen and phosphorus were applied to 13 of the lakes in some or all years of the study. In t...
TL;DR: In this article, a sequential extraction procedure was used to determine phosphorus fractions (resin, bicarbonate, hydroxide, sonicated hydroxides, acid and acid peroxide digest with separate organic and inorganic P determinations) in surface and subsurface horizons taken from the upper, mid and lower slope positions of four catenas (representing Brown, Dark Brown and Black Chernozemic soils, and a Luvisolic soil) which encompass a narrow environmental gradient of climate (annual precipitation: 300-475 mm) and vegetation.
Abstract: A sequential extraction procedure was used to determine phosphorus fractions (resin, bicarbonate, hydroxide, sonicated hydroxide, acid and acid-peroxide digest with separate organic and inorganic P determinations) in surface and subsurface horizons taken from the upper, mid- and lower slope positions of four catenas (representing Brown, Dark Brown and Black Chernozemic soils, and a Luvisolic soil) which encompass a narrow environmental gradient of climate (annual precipitation: 300–475 mm) and vegetation. Trends in the local distribution of organic and inorganic soil P between upper and lower slope positions in any one catena were similar to the regional distribution patterns across all soil zones. Concentration of organic P, in both the surface and subsurface horizons, increased from the upper to the lower slope positions and from the Brown to the Black soils, while inorganic P decreased. The largest single organic fraction (hydroxide extractable) accounted for up to 22 and 17% of the total P (surface an...