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Showing papers on "Photovoltaic system published in 2016"


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the state-of-the-art hydrogen production technologies using renewable and sustainable energy resources are presented, including supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass is the most cost effective thermochemical process.
Abstract: Fossil fuel consumption in transportation system and energy-intensive sectors as the principal pillar of civilization is associated with progressive release of greenhouse gases. Hydrogen as a promising energy carrier is a perfect candidate to supply the energy demand of the world and concomitantly reduce toxic emissions. This article gives an overview of the state-of-the-art hydrogen production technologies using renewable and sustainable energy resources. Hydrogen from supercritical water gasification (SCWG) of biomass is the most cost effective thermochemical process. Highly moisturized biomass is utilized directly in SCWG without any high cost drying process. In SCWG, hydrogen is produced at high pressure and small amount of energy is required to pressurize hydrogen in the storage tank. Tar and char formation decreases drastically in biomass SCWG. The low efficiency of solar to hydrogen system as well as expensive photovoltaic cell are the most important barriers for the widespread commercial development of solar-based hydrogen production. Since electricity costs play a crucial role on the final hydrogen price, to generate carbon free hydrogen from solar and wind energy at a competitive price with fossil fuels, the electrical energy cost should be four times less than commercial electricity prices.

1,359 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This Account critically review the recent progress in understanding the fundamental science on ion migration in OTP based solar cells and raises some questions that need to be understood and addressed in the future.
Abstract: ConspectusOrganometal trihalide perovskites (OTPs) are emerging as very promising photovoltaic materials because the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of OTP solar cells quickly rises and now rivals with that of single crystal silicon solar cells after only five-years research. Their prospects to replace silicon photovoltaics to reduce the cost of renewable clean energy are boosted by the low-temperature solution processing as well as the very low-cost raw materials and relative insensitivity to defects. The flexibility, semitransparency, and vivid colors of perovskite solar cells are attractive for niche applications such as built-in photovoltaics and portable lightweight chargers. However, the low stability of current hybrid perovskite solar cells remains a serious issue to be solved before their broad application. Among all those factors that affect the stability of perovskite solar cells, ion migration in OTPs may be intrinsic and cannot be taken away by device encapsulation.The presence of ion migrat...

1,237 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the highest reported efficiency cesium lead halide perovskite solar cells are realized by tuning the bandgap and stabilizing the black perovsite phase at lower temperatures.
Abstract: Highest reported efficiency cesium lead halide perovskite solar cells are realized by tuning the bandgap and stabilizing the black perovskite phase at lower temperatures. CsPbI2Br is employed in a planar architecture device resulting in 9.8% power conversion efficiency and over 5% stabilized power output. Offering substantially enhanced thermal stability over their organic based counterparts, these results show that all-inorganic perovskites can represent a promising next step for photovoltaic materials.

1,209 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The detailed balance limit for solar cells presented by Shockley and Queisser in 1961 describes the ultimate efficiency of an ideal p-n junction solar cell illuminated by a black body with a surface temperature of 6000 K as mentioned in this paper.

1,037 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper appears with the aim of compiling a large part of the knowledge about solar power forecasting, focusing on the latest advancements and future trends, and represents the most up-to-date compilation of solarPower forecasting studies.

829 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The adduct approach proposed in this Account is a very promising methodology to achieve high quality perovskite films with high photovoltaic performance and single crystal growth on the conductive substrate is expected to be possible if the authors kinetically control the elimination of Lewis base in the adduct.
Abstract: ConspectusSince the first report on the long-term durable 9.7% solid-state perovskite solar cell employing methylammonium lead iodide (CH3NH3PbI3), mesoporous TiO2, and 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis[N,N-di(4-methoxyphenyl)amino]-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-MeOTAD) in 2012, following the seed technologies on perovskite-sensitized liquid junction solar cells in 2009 and 2011, a surge of interest has been focused on perovskite solar cells due to superb photovoltaic performance and extremely facile fabrication processes. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of perovskite solar cells reached 21% in a very short period of time. Such an unprecedentedly high photovoltaic performance is due to the intrinsic optoelectronic property of organolead iodide perovskite material. Moreover, a high dielectric constant, sub-millimeter scale carrier diffusion length, an underlying ferroelectric property, and ion migration behavior can make organolead halide perovskites suitable for multifunctionality. Thus, besides solar cell applicati...

822 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Petrozza and Ball as mentioned in this paper described the state of the art in the understanding of the origin and nature of defects in perovskite-halide light absorbers and their impact on carrier recombination, charge-transport, band alignment, and electrical instability.
Abstract: Solar cells based on perovskite-halide light absorbers have a unique set of characteristics that could help alleviate the global dependence on fossil fuels for energy generation They efficiently convert sunlight into electricity using Earth-abundant raw materials processed from solution at low temperature Thus, they offer potential for cost reductions compared with or in combination with other photovoltaic technologies Nevertheless, to fully exploit the potential of perovskite-halides, several important challenges must be overcome Given the nature of the materials — relatively soft ionic solids — one of these challenges is the understanding and control of their defect structures Currently, such understanding is limited, restricting the power conversion efficiencies of these solar cells from reaching their thermodynamic limit This Review describes the state of the art in the understanding of the origin and nature of defects in perovskite-halides and their impact on carrier recombination, charge-transport, band alignment, and electrical instability, and provides a perspective on how to make further progress Understanding of defect physics in perovskite-halide semiconductors is essential to control the effects of structural and chemical defects on the performance of perovskite solar cells Petrozza and Ball review the current knowledge of defects in these materials

817 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors review the dynamic field of crystalline silicon photovoltaics from a device-engineering perspective and give an up-to-date summary of promising recent pathways for further efficiency improvements and cost reduction employing novel carrierselective passivating contact schemes, as well as tandem multi-junction architectures, in particular those that combine silicon absorbers with organic-inorganic perovskite materials.
Abstract: With a global market share of about 90%, crystalline silicon is by far the most important photovoltaic technology today. This article reviews the dynamic field of crystalline silicon photovoltaics from a device-engineering perspective. First, it discusses key factors responsible for the success of the classic dopant-diffused silicon homojunction solar cell. Next it analyzes two archetypal high-efficiency device architectures – the interdigitated back-contact silicon cell and the silicon heterojunction cell – both of which have demonstrated power conversion efficiencies greater than 25%. Last, it gives an up-to-date summary of promising recent pathways for further efficiency improvements and cost reduction employing novel carrier-selective passivating contact schemes, as well as tandem multi-junction architectures, in particular those that combine silicon absorbers with organic–inorganic perovskite materials.

751 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that the Li-doped TiO2 electrodes exhibit superior electronic properties, by reducing electronic trap states enabling faster electron transport, and n-doping of mesoporousTiO2 is accomplished by facile post treatment of the films with lithium salts.
Abstract: Perovskite solar cells are one of the most promising photovoltaic technologies with their extraordinary progress in efficiency and the simple processes required to produce them. However, the frequent presence of a pronounced hysteresis in the current voltage characteristic of these devices arises concerns on the intrinsic stability of organo-metal halides, challenging the reliability of technology itself. Here, we show that n-doping of mesoporous TiO2 is accomplished by facile post treatment of the films with lithium salts. We demonstrate that the Li-doped TiO2 electrodes exhibit superior electronic properties, by reducing electronic trap states enabling faster electron transport. Perovskite solar cells prepared using the Li-doped films as scaffold to host the CH3NH3PbI3 light harvester produce substantially higher performances compared with undoped electrodes, improving the power conversion efficiency from 17 to over 19% with negligible hysteretic behaviour (lower than 0.3%).

714 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors discuss various forms of perovskite materials produced via various deposition procedures and discuss current challenges and possible solutions, with the aim of stimulating potential new applications.
Abstract: Exploring prospective materials for energy production and storage is one of the biggest challenges of this century. Solar energy is one of the most important renewable energy resources, due to its wide availability and low environmental impact. Metal halide perovskites have emerged as a class of semiconductor materials with unique properties, including tunable bandgap, high absorption coefficient, broad absorption spectrum, high charge carrier mobility and long charge diffusion lengths, which enable a broad range of photovoltaic and optoelectronic applications. Since the first embodiment of perovskite solar cells showing a power conversion efficiency of 3.8%, the device performance has been boosted up to a certified 22.1% within a few years. In this Perspective, we discuss differing forms of perovskite materials produced via various deposition procedures. We focus on their energy-related applications and discuss current challenges and possible solutions, with the aim of stimulating potential new applications.

676 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This work created a dataset of solar PV arrays to initiate and develop the process of automatically identifying solar PV locations using remote sensing imagery, and contains the geospatial coordinates and border vertices for over 19,000 solar panels across 601 high-resolution images from four cities in California.
Abstract: Earth-observing remote sensing data, including aerial photography and satellite imagery, offer a snapshot of the world from which we can learn about the state of natural resources and the built environment. The components of energy systems that are visible from above can be automatically assessed with these remote sensing data when processed with machine learning methods. Here, we focus on the information gap in distributed solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays, of which there is limited public data on solar PV deployments at small geographic scales. We created a dataset of solar PV arrays to initiate and develop the process of automatically identifying solar PV locations using remote sensing imagery. This dataset contains the geospatial coordinates and border vertices for over 19,000 solar panels across 601 high-resolution images from four cities in California. Dataset applications include training object detection and other machine learning algorithms that use remote sensing imagery, developing specific algorithms for predictive detection of distributed PV systems, estimating installed PV capacity, and analysis of the socioeconomic correlates of PV deployment. Machine-accessible metadata file describing the reported data (ISA-Tab format)

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors review and evaluate key contributions to the understanding, performance effects, and mitigation of power loss due to soiling on a solar panel, and present a few cleaning method to prevent from dust accumulation on the surface of solar arrays.
Abstract: The power output delivered from a photovoltaic module highly depends on the amount of irradiance, which reaches the solar cells. Many factors determine the ideal output or optimum yield in a photovoltaic module. However, the environment is one of the contributing parameters which directly affect the photovoltaic performance. The authors review and evaluate key contributions to the understanding, performance effects, and mitigation of power loss due to soiling on a solar panel. Electrical characteristics of PV (Voltage and current) are discussed with respect to shading due to soiling. Shading due to soiling is divided in two categories, namely, soft shading such as air pollution, and hard shading which occurs when a solid such as accumulated dust blocks the sunlight. The result shows that soft shading affects the current provided by the PV module, but the voltage remains the same. In hard shading, the performance of the PV module depends on whether some cells are shaded or all cells of the PV module are shaded. If some cells are shaded, then as long as the unshaded cells receive solar irradiance, there will be some output although there will be a decrease in the voltage output of the PV module. This study also present a few cleaning method to prevent from dust accumulation on the surface of solar arrays.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: A photovoltaic-electrolysis system with the highest STH efficiency for any water splitting technology to date, to the best of the knowledge, is reported.
Abstract: Hydrogen production via electrochemical water splitting is a promising approach for storing solar energy For this technology to be economically competitive, it is critical to develop water splitting systems with high solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiencies Here we report a photovoltaic-electrolysis system with the highest STH efficiency for any water splitting technology to date, to the best of our knowledge Our system consists of two polymer electrolyte membrane electrolysers in series with one InGaP/GaAs/GaInNAsSb triple-junction solar cell, which produces a large-enough voltage to drive both electrolysers with no additional energy input The solar concentration is adjusted such that the maximum power point of the photovoltaic is well matched to the operating capacity of the electrolysers to optimize the system efficiency The system achieves a 48-h average STH efficiency of 30% These results demonstrate the potential of photovoltaic-electrolysis systems for cost-effective solar energy storage

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Wu et al. as mentioned in this paper reported an inverted perovskite-fullerene graded heterojunction (GHJ), in which the electron-accepting material is distributed in the perov-skite layer with a gradient.
Abstract: Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) are promising low-cost photovoltaic technologies with high solar-to-electric power conversion efficiency (PCE). The heterojunction structure between perovskite and charge extraction layers is crucial to the photovoltaic performance of PSCs. Here, we report efficient inverted-structured PSCs with a perovskite–fullerene graded heterojunction (GHJ), in which the electron-accepting material is distributed in the perovskite layer with a gradient. This structure can enhance the PCE as it improves the photoelectron collection and reduces recombination loss, especially for the formamidinium cation-based perovskite. The conformal fullerene coating on perovskite during the GHJ deposition achieves a full coverage with reduced layer thickness, thus minimizing the resistive loss in larger sized devices. Our strategy enables the fabrication of centimetre-scale PSCs showing high efficiency with small hysteresis and good stability. A PCE of 18.21% was certified by an independent institution for cells with an aperture area of 1.022 cm2. The performance of inverted perovskite solar cells has so far lagged behind that of their normal-structure counterparts. Wu et al. fabricate an inverted perovskite–fullerene solar cell with a graded heterojunction that achieves a certified efficiency of over 18% for a cell area of 1 cm2.

Journal ArticleDOI
Yicheng Zhao1, Jing Wei1, Heng Li1, Yan Yin1, Wenke Zhou1, Dapeng Yu1, Qing Zhao1 
TL;DR: Not only the film can self-heal in this case, but the corresponding devices can present power conversion efficiency recovery after the water vapour is removed, demonstrating the value of cheap, long chain and hygroscopic polymer scaffold in perovskite solar cells towards commercialization.
Abstract: Advancing of the lead halide perovskite solar cells towards photovoltaic market demands large-scale devices of high-power conversion efficiency, high reproducibility and stability via low-cost fabrication technology, and in particular resistance to humid environment for long-time operation. Here we achieve uniform perovskite film based on a novel polymer-scaffold architecture via a mild-temperature process. These solar cells exhibit efficiency of up to ∼16% with small variation. The unencapsulated devices retain high output for up to 300 h in highly humid environment (70% relative humidity). Moreover, they show strong humidity resistant and self-healing behaviour, recovering rapidly after removing from water vapour. Not only the film can self-heal in this case, but the corresponding devices can present power conversion efficiency recovery after the water vapour is removed. Our work demonstrates the value of cheap, long chain and hygroscopic polymer scaffold in perovskite solar cells towards commercialization. Perovskite solar cells exhibit large conversion efficiencies, but their stability still represents a bottleneck. Here, the authors integrate a hygroscopic polymer scaffold to the perovskite active layer and fabricate efficient and stable devices that recover after being exposed to a humid environment.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review summarizes typical structures of perovskite solar cells and comments on novel device structures, and the applications of perOVskiteSolar cells are discussed.
Abstract: Organolead halide perovskite materials possess a combination of remarkable optoelectronic properties, such as steep optical absorption edge and high absorption coefficients, long charge carrier diffusion lengths and lifetimes. Taken together with the ability for low temperature preparation, also from solution, perovskite-based devices, especially photovoltaic (PV) cells have been studied intensively, with remarkable progress in performance, over the past few years. The combination of high efficiency, low cost and additional (non-PV) applications provides great potential for commercialization. Performance and applications of perovskite solar cells often correlate with their device structures. Many innovative device structures were developed, aiming at large-scale fabrication, reducing fabrication cost, enhancing the power conversion efficiency and thus broadening potential future applications. This review summarizes typical structures of perovskite solar cells and comments on novel device structures. The applications of perovskite solar cells are discussed.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the authors give more insight about the Floating PV technology, its present status and various design options. But, they do not discuss the design of the floating PV panels.
Abstract: The noticeable rise in the electricity demand, fast depletion of fossil fuels, along with environmental concerns throughout the world has led to the requirement of commissioning Solar PV plants in large scale. Solar photovoltaic (PV) installation has the burden of intense land requirements which will always be a premium commodity. To conserve the valuable land & water, installing Solar PV system on water bodies like oceans, lakes, lagoons, reservoir, irrigation ponds, waste water treatment plants, wineries, fish farms, dams and canals can be an attractive option. Floating type solar photovoltaic panels have numerous advantages compared to overland installed solar panels, including fewer obstacles to block sunlight, convenient, energy efficiency, higher power generation efficiency owing to its lower temperature underneath the panels. Additionally, the aquatic environment profits by the solar installation because the shading of the plant prevents excessive water evaporation, limits algae growth and potentially improving water quality. This paper gives more insight about the Floating PV technology, its present status & various design options.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the existing research works on PV cell model parameter estimation problem are classified into three categories and the research works of those categories are reviewed based on the conducted review, some recommendations for future research are provided.
Abstract: The contribution of solar photovoltaics (PV׳s) in generation of electric power is continually increasing. PV cells are commonly modelled as circuits. Finding appropriate circuit model parameters of PV cells is crucial for performance evaluation, control, efficiency computations and maximum power point tracking of solar PV systems. The problem of finding circuit model parameters of solar PV cells is referred to as “PV cell model parameter estimation problem,” and is highly attracted by researchers. In this paper, the existing research works on PV cell model parameter estimation problem are classified into three categories and the research works of those categories are reviewed. Based on the conducted review, some recommendations for future research are provided.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a comprehensive overview on important issues affecting the distribution system as a result of PV penetration is presented, including voltage fluctuation, voltage rise, voltage balance, and harmonics and their effect on the system.
Abstract: The solar energy generation has grown significantly in the past years. The importance of PV penetration in power system as a major element of renewable energy source has seen it being widely used on a global scale. Despite its promising success, PV penetration presents various issues and its impact on the distribution system has to address for seamless integration in the power system. In this paper, a comprehensive overview on important issues affecting the distribution system as a result of PV penetration is presented. Pertinent issues such as voltage fluctuation, voltage rise, voltage balance, and harmonics and their effect on the system are discussed in details. The islanding issues, which are of critical importance to the stability and integrity of the system, are also thoroughly reviewed. Details on different islanding techniques – remote and local techniques and their advantage and disadvantages are shown. Therefore, this paper can provide useful information and serve as a reference for researchers and utility engineers on issues to be considered with regards to PV penetration.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a fault diagnostic technique for photovoltaic systems based on Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) is proposed for a given set of working conditions -i.e., solar irradiance and PV module's temperature -a number of attributes such as current, voltage, and number of peaks in the current voltage characteristics of the PV strings are calculated using a simulation model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrate fully vacuum deposited planar perovskite solar cells by depositing methylammonium lead iodide in between intrinsic and doped organic charge transport molecules.
Abstract: Methylammonium lead halide perovskites have emerged as high performance photovoltaic materials. Most of these solar cells are prepared via solution-processing and record efficiencies (>20%) have been obtained employing perovskites with mixed halides and organic cations on (mesoscopic) metal oxides. Here, we demonstrate fully vacuum deposited planar perovskite solar cells by depositing methylammonium lead iodide in between intrinsic and doped organic charge transport molecules. Two configurations, one inverted with respect to the other, p-i-n and n-i-p, are prepared and optimized leading to planar solar cells without hysteresis and very high efficiencies, 16.5% and 20%, respectively. It is the first time that a direct comparison between these two opposite device configurations has been reported. These fully vacuum deposited solar cells, employing doped organic charge transport layers, validate for the first time vacuum based processing as a real alternative for perovskite solar cell preparation.

Journal ArticleDOI
Sarat Kumar Sahoo1
TL;DR: In this article, the progress of current solar photovoltaic energy in India is discussed and the Indian government policies and initiatives to promote solar energy in the country are discussed. And the authors highlight the renewable energy trend in India with major achievements, state wise analysis of solar parks and industrial applications.
Abstract: The mitigation of global energy demands and climate change are the most important factors in the modern days. Development and application of solar energy have been regarded by the government of India and common people, and they thought that solar photo voltaic energy can provide more energy in future compare to other renewable energies. In the last decade, solar photovoltaic energy research and development has supported by the central government and state governments. This paper discusses the progress of current solar photovoltaic energy in India. It highlights the renewable energy trend in India with major achievements, state wise analysis of solar parks and industrial applications. Finally, it discusses the Indian government policies and initiatives to promote solar energy in India. This review on solar photovoltaic energy will help decision makers and various stakeholders to understand the current status, barriers and challenges for better planning and management in this field.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a comprehensive and systematic review of PV output power forecast models were provided, which covers the different factors affecting PV forecast, PV output output power profile and performance matrices to evaluate the forecast model.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, different solar power technologies have been reviewed which can be utilized for the global sustainable electric power generation, including solar photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies.
Abstract: Most of the energy generated globally utilize fossil fuels involving the emission of environmentally hazardous carbon dioxide and depletion of fossil fuel resources. The continuous variation in fuel prices has added a major concern on its sustainable use for future energy requirements. In order to minimize the environmental degradation during energy production process due to emissions of hazardous gases, the utilization of renewable energy resources can make the energy use clean as well as sustainable. Due to an ever increasing demand of clean energy, a sharp rise in the utilization of naturally available solar energy has been observed. Currently, there are several possible routes for solar energy technological developments. In order to effectively utilize the solar power system, one needs to know the technology and its suitability according to the requirements and nature of usage. In this article, different solar power technologies have been reviewed which can be utilized for the global sustainable electric power generation. Major emphasize has been on solar photovoltaic (PV) and concentrated solar power (CSP) technologies. Their types, mechanism, efficiency and cost factors have been discussed. It has been observed that solar PV being more commercially developed and mature technology is suited for both small and large scale applications while CSP technology despite being expensive yield higher economic returns and is suited for large scale applications. Every solar power technology has its own advantage and disadvantage and their preferred usage is basically dependent on the specific case and given conditions. It has also been observed that solar energy, which is a fairly stable and consistently available source of clean energy has the significant potential to cater ever increasing world electricity requirements.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated the possibility of charging battery electric vehicles at workplace in Netherlands using solar energy and proposed a priority mechanism to facilitate the charging of multiple EVs from a single EV-PV charger.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a 1 cm2 near-infrared transparent perovskite solar cell with 14.5% steady-state efficiency was presented, as compared to 16.4% on 0.25 cm2.
Abstract: Combining market-proven silicon solar cell technology with an efficient wide band gap top cell into a tandem device is an attractive approach to reduce the cost of photovoltaic systems. For this, perovskite solar cells are promising high-efficiency top cell candidates, but their typical device size (<0.2 cm2), is still far from standard industrial sizes. We present a 1 cm2 near-infrared transparent perovskite solar cell with 14.5% steady-state efficiency, as compared to 16.4% on 0.25 cm2. By mechanically stacking these cells with silicon heterojunction cells, we experimentally demonstrate a 4-terminal tandem measurement with a steady-state efficiency of 25.2%, with a 0.25 cm2 top cell. The developed top cell processing methods enable the fabrication of a 20.5% efficient and 1.43 cm2 large monolithic perovskite/silicon heterojunction tandem solar cell, featuring a rear-side textured bottom cell to increase its near-infrared spectral response. Finally, we compare both tandem configurations to identify effic...

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a swarm-based artificial bee colony (ABC) algorithm is applied for optimal sizing of components, and the results are compared with the results obtained from the standard software tool, hybrid optimization model for electric renewable (HOMER) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a state-of-the-art analysis of the available maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques and their comprehensive comparative analysis based on 110 standard research articles is presented.
Abstract: Unfilled gap of prolonged energy demand by conventional energy sources and consent of global warming as its vulnerable outcome provides a vent to search compatible option. Augmentation in use of solar energy reveled through last 3 decades portrays its heterogeneous rewards in the prevailing energy scenario. Nevertheless solar PV system arises as viable option in the critical power system era its low efficiency energy conversion attribute necessitates an efficient power conversion system. The nonlinearity of I–V (current–voltage) characteristic and its alteration for an assorted insolation and temperature values may enable the alteration in terminal voltage. This may deviates maximum power point due to which the available maximum power delivery to load can be differed. Literature of this field reiterated that the uniform insolation and partial shading condition demands undeniable need of maximum power point tracking. Nonetheless through investigation in this direction furnishes the availability of a bunch of such techniques; each of them posses its own pros and cones. This ubiquitous trait of available maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques unfolds the complexity in its precise selection. To diminish such complexity this paper offers a state of art of various MPPT technique and their comprehensive comparative analysis based on 110 standard research articles. The focus of this paper is to offer a better commencement and to furnish valued information for investigators of this field.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, an alternative cooling technique for photovoltaic (PV) panels that includes a water spray application over panel surfaces is presented, where both sides of the PV panel were cooled simultaneously, to investigate the total water spray cooling effect on the PV panels performance in circumstances of peak solar irradiation levels.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art progress on the design and fabrication of plasmonic solar cells and their enhancement mechanism, and proposes a few potentially useful approaches that can improve the performance of plAsmonic cells.
Abstract: Plasmonic effects have been proposed as a solution to overcome the limited light absorption in thin-film photovoltaic devices, and various types of plasmonic solar cells have been developed. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the state-of-the-art progress on the design and fabrication of plasmonic solar cells and their enhancement mechanism. The working principle is first addressed in terms of the combined effects of plasmon decay, scattering, near-field enhancement, and plasmonic energy transfer, including direct hot electron transfer and resonant energy transfer. Then, we summarize recent developments for various types of plasmonic solar cells based on silicon, dye-sensitized, organic photovoltaic, and other types of solar cells, including quantum dot and perovskite variants. We also address several issues regarding the limitations of plasmonic nanostructures, including their electrical, chemical, and physical stability, charge recombination, narrowband absorption, and high cost. Next, we ...