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Showing papers on "Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector published in 1978"


Book
01 Jun 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce solar energy conversion, thermal energy storage and transport, and photovoltaics for capturing solar energy through biomass, and economic analysis.
Abstract: 1. Introduction to Solar Energy Conversion 2. Fundamentals of Solar Radiation 3. Methods of Solar Collection and Thermal Conversion 4. Thermal Energy Storage and Transport 5. Solar-Heating Systems 6. Solar Cooling and Dehumidification 7. Passive Methods for Heating, Cooling and Daylighting 8. Solar Thermal Power and Process Heat 9. Photovoltaics 10. Solar Photochemical Applications 11. Capturing Solar Energy through Biomass 12. Introduction to Economic Analysis

960 citations



01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a system analysis indicates that hybrid collector systems are attractive in small buildings that have substantial heating loads and are best suited for structures located in regions where year-round air conditioning and small, low-grade, thermal energy demands predominate.
Abstract: Solar energy collectors that produce both electric and thermal energy are an attractive alternative to individual thermal and photovoltaic collectors for certain applications and climates Economic results from a system analysis indicate that hybrid collector systems are attractive in small buildings that have substantial heating loads Passively cooled photovoltaic panels are best suited for structures located in regions where year-round air conditioning and small, low-grade, thermal energy demands predominate Hybrid collectors are to be tested according to ASHRAE standards and a full-system experiment incorporating a photovoltaic array installed at the Solar Energy Research Facility of the University of Texas will be conducted by Lincoln Laboratory

293 citations



Patent
06 Mar 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a conic section reflective surface is used to redirect the energy which would otherwise miss the receiver element to improve overall efficiency, and three conic sections reflective surfaces are used to focus in front of a receiver element and off the axis of the structure.
Abstract: Modular structures for the collection, concentration and conversion of solar energy to another usable form such as electrical energy. The structures feature three conic section reflective surfaces, two of which focus in front of a receiver element and off the axis of the structure. The third reflective surface is utilized to redirect that energy which would otherwise miss the receiver element to improve overall efficiency.

122 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
01 Jul 1978-Nature
Abstract: A MAJOR improvement of solar cell efficiency is described here which uses a fluorescent plane glass to convert and concentrate the ultraviolet (UV) and blue part of the solar spectrum, thus increasing the possibilities of photovoltaic solar energy conversion. An advantage of our device is that the heat energy coming directly from the Sun will be dissipated over the large area of the glass and only the energy in the visible part of the spectrum will reach the solar cell. Moreover, the excess between the absorbed and band-gap energy which is evolved as heat in the solar cell will be diminished by decreasing the difference in wavelength between the useful and excess energy, and thus the solar cell will be heated to a much lesser extent.

79 citations


Patent
27 Apr 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose a system including at least a pair of mounting spars supported in a spaced-apart parallel relationship by modular sections constructed of standardized hardware for mounting one or more solar collector panels in predetermined positions on stationary surfaces.
Abstract: A system including at least a pair of mounting spars supported in a spaced-apart parallel relationship by modular sections constructed of standardized hardware for mounting one or more solar collector panels in predetermined positions on stationary surfaces. The system includes provisions for accommodating expansion and contraction of the collector panels and insulating the manifold pipes employed in a solar installation for preventing radiation heat losses.

78 citations


Patent
18 Sep 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a process and system for economic utilization of solar energy is provided for solar energy by means of at least two systems, operating in different temperature ranges, for circulating a primary fluid heat transfer medium through separate collector sections of a solar receiver to recover solar heat and through separate output heat exchangers to supply heat to a second medium functioning as a working medium, with heat storage associated with each system for the purpose of satisfying the heat requirements of the working fluid and also to prevent cooling down of the collector during the time that little or no solar radiation is available.
Abstract: A process and system are provided for economic utilization of solar energy. Solar energy is absorbed and converted to thermal energy by means of at least two systems, operating in different temperature ranges, for circulating a primary fluid heat transfer medium through separate collector sections of a solar receiver to recover solar heat and through separate output heat exchangers to supply heat to a second heat transfer medium functioning as a working medium, with heat storage means being associated with each system for the purpose of satisfying the heat requirements of the working fluid and also to prevent cooling down of the collector during the time that little or no solar radiation is available.

65 citations


Patent
Norman L. Boling1
30 Nov 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a luminescent solar collector optically coupled to a photovoltaic cell and in confronting relationship with a diffusing layer of a particulate phosphorescent material deposited on and backed by a mirror is described.
Abstract: Disclosed is a luminescent solar collector optically coupled to a photovoltaic cell and in confronting relationship thereto a diffusing layer of a particulate phosphorescent material deposited on and backed by a mirror.

61 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The principles of solar water pumping are briefly described in this article, where the mechanical energy needed for pumping water may be produced by thermodynamic, or direct-conversion methods in thermodynamic conversion a fluid with high internal energy is produced in solar collectors or concentrators.

60 citations


Patent
01 Jun 1978
TL;DR: A water-borne tracking solar energy collecting and converting system employing booster and multiple mirror concentrator collectors for concentrating sunlight on either photovoltaic cells and/or flat plate collectors was proposed in this paper.
Abstract: A water-borne tracking solar energy collecting and converting system employing booster and multiple mirror concentrator collectors for concentrating sunlight on either photovoltaic cells and/or flat plate collectors.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a feasibility study of open cycle air conditioning systems that use solid desiccants and solar energy has been performed, and two configurations evaluated are the ventilation mode, in which ambient air is continually introduced into the room, and the recirculation mode in which room air is recirculated.

Patent
Norman L. Boling1
03 Jul 1978
TL;DR: Disclosed as discussed by the authors is a process and apparatus for concentrating sunlight optically and impinging the concentrated light on at least one luminescent solar collector coupled to a first photocell.
Abstract: Disclosed is a process and apparatus for concentrating sunlight optically and impinging the concentrated light on at least one luminescent solar collector coupled to a first photocell, passing residual concentrated sunlight to at least one other luminescent solar collector in one embodiment, coupled to a different photocell, and finally passing the remaining concentrated sunlight directly to a still different photocell.

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Nov 1978-Nature

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors studied the efficiency and cost aspects of the organic Rankine cycle and its interaction with the solar collector as a power system, and showed that the collector temperatures of 93°C (200°F), 150-200°c (300 −400°F) and 315°C(600 −F) are optimum operating conditions for flat plate, concentrators, and tracking concentrators respectively.

Patent
19 Jun 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe a structure which in one apparatus converts a part of incident solar energy to electrical energy by the use of photocells mounted on a luminescent solar collector of tubular design while another portion of such incident energy is converted to thermal energy.
Abstract: Disclosed is a structure which in one apparatus converts a part of incident solar energy to electrical energy by the use of photocells mounted on a luminescent solar collector of tubular design while another portion of such incident energy is converted to thermal energy.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a variety of solar conversion systems are studied in a dynamic economical model in which the real cost of energy inflates, and the payback times and dates of probable market entries are estimated.

Patent
06 Sep 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, an elongated solar collector that can be rotated about its longitudinal axis to vary the amount of sunlight that is permitted to enter the building is used to regulate the temperature and amount of daylight within the building during daylight hours.
Abstract: For use with a building having a transparent wall, a method, and a solar energy collection apparatus for performing the method, is provided by which the temperature and amount of sunlight within the building can be regulated during daylight hours, and the energy collected can be used for heating if required at nighttime. The apparatus includes an elongated solar collector that can be rotated about its longitudinal axis to vary the amount of sunlight that is permitted to enter the building.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the role of sunlight concentration in reducing the cost of electrical energy generated by terrestrial photovoltaic systems is defined, and the effect of wind dependent thermal conductances on performance of passively cooled systems is evaluated.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the physical behavior of silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight is described, guided and substantiated by exact numerical solutions of the basic differential equations governing the operation of solar cells.
Abstract: The physical behavior of silicon solar cells in concentrated sunlight is described. The development of this description is guided and substantiated by exact numerical solutions of the basic differential equations governing the operation of solar cells. From the understanding of the physical behavior, three distinct cell designs having much higher efficiencies than achieved previously are evolved. The designs involve no significant departures from basically conventional silicon solar cell structures. Theoretical performance projections for these designs, supported in part by experiment, predict conversion efficiencies of about 20% for illumination levels in the range 25–100 suns (AM1).

Patent
15 May 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy collector system with high energy collection efficiency simultaneously heats separate gas and liquid streams flowing through the collector, and the exposure times of both gases and liquids are regulated by separate thermostatic controls.
Abstract: A solar energy collector system having high energy collection efficiency simultaneously heats separate gas and liquid streams flowing through the collector. The gas flows in a tiered passage sunward of the liquid passage. Exposure times of gas and liquid are regulated by separate thermostatic controls. The heated gas and liquid may be used as energy imput for space heating, hot water, air conditioning, etc., separately or in combination.

Patent
06 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a heating system incorporating a conventional furnace, heat pump and solar energy subsystem is described, and a control unit coordinates operation of the components to increase the efficiency of the system.
Abstract: A heating system incorporating a conventional furnace, heat pump and solar energy subsystem is disclosed herein. A control unit coordinates operation of the components. In a solar assist mode, heat stored in the solar energy subsystem is transferred to the outside or evaporator coil of the heat pump to increase the efficiency thereof.


Patent
12 Dec 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a saturated nonconvective solar pond is employed as an unmixing device in conjunction with reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation.
Abstract: A saturated non-convective solar pond is employed as an unmixing device in conjunction with reverse electrodialysis or pressure-retarded osmosis for power generation.

Patent
10 Oct 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy system where the incident solar radiation evaporates a quantity of water in a distillation pond, the water vapor/air mixture rises buoyantly through a duct to a high elevation where it drives a wind turbine to produce electricity; the water is condensed out of the mixture and stored in a high- elevation reservoir, where it is used to drive hydroelectric turbines; spent water is stored at a low elevation and is used for drinking, irrigation or recycling to the distillation ponds.
Abstract: A solar energy system where the incident solar radiation evaporates a quantity of water in a distillation pond; the water vapor/air mixture rises buoyantly through a duct to a high elevation where it drives a wind turbine to produce electricity; the water is condensed out of the mixture and stored in a high elevation reservoir, where it is used to drive hydro-electric turbines; spent water is stored at a low elevation and is used for drinking, irrigation or recycling to the distillation pond.

Patent
Bellofatto Oreste1
08 Mar 1978
TL;DR: In this article, a method for converting solar energy into electric power is disclosed, in which air, preheated and precompressed is additionally heated in a solar heater and sent to work in a turbine unit connected to an electric power generator.
Abstract: A method for converting solar energy into electric power is disclosed, in which air, preheated and precompressed is additionally heated in a solar heater and sent to work in a turbine unit connected to an electric power generator.

01 Aug 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the IV curves of present day 2 x 2 cm silicon cells designed for concentration were modeled and the storage batteries, regulators and inverters were formalized in subroutines that are compatible with TRNSYS.
Abstract: Modelling of concentrating combined collectors (those that produce both electricity from solar cells as well as thermal energy from the sun's rays) is discussed Particular attention is devoted to accurately modelling the IV curves of present day 2 x 2 cm silicon cells designed for concentration Also discussed is modelling of storage batteries, regulators and inverters all of which are usually found in photovoltaic systems The models devised were formalized in subroutines that are compatible with TRNSYS Some preliminary systems studies for both constant collector inlet fluid temperature and floating temperature systems are reported

01 Dec 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the solar receiver performance of cavity receivers and external receivers used in dispersed solar power systems was evaluated for the temperature range 300-1300 C Several parameters of receiver and concentrator are examined and it was found that cavity receivers are generally more efficient than external receivers, especially at high temperatures which require a large heat transfer area.
Abstract: The solar receiver performance of cavity receivers and external receivers used in dispersed solar power systems was evaluated for the temperature range 300-1300 C Several parameters of receiver and concentrator are examined It was found that cavity receivers are generally more efficient than external receivers, especially at high temperatures which require a large heat transfer area The effects of variation in the ratio of receiver area to aperture area are considered

Patent
25 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar collector collects solar rays, and these rays are focused by a parabolic mirror before being conducted through a fresnel tube to a container which minimizes thermal exchange with the exterior environment.
Abstract: Solar and wind energy sources are combined into a unitary system for generating electrical energy. A solar collector collects solar rays, and these rays are focused by a parabolic mirror before being conducted through a fresnel tube to a container which minimizes thermal exchange with the exterior environment. The thermal energy of the rays within the container is converted to mechanical energy by a boiler and a steam-operated turbine. A wind collector converts air currents to mechanical energy which is selectively mechanically coupled to the mechanical energy derived from the solar collector prior to being converted to electrical energy.