Showing papers on "Photovoltaic thermal hybrid solar collector published in 1985"
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an active and passive building heating system for solar thermal power systems, where the active system is designed by f--chart and the passive one by Utilizability Methods.
Abstract: FUNDAMENTALS. Solar Radiation. Available Solar Radiation. Selected Heat Transfer Topics. Radiation Characteristics of Opaque Materials. Radiation Transmission Through Glazing: Absorbed Radiation. Flat--Plate Collectors. Concentrating Collectors. Energy Storage. Solar Process Loads. System Thermal Calculations. Solar Process Economics. APPLICATIONS. Solar Water Heating----Active and Passive. Building Heating----Active. Building Heating: Passive and Hybrid Methods. Cooling. Industrial Process Heat. Solar Thermal Power Systems. Solar Ponds: Evaporative Processes. THERMAL DESIGN METHODS. Simulations in Solar Process Design. Design of Active Systems by f--Chart. Design of Active Systems by Utilizability Methods. Design of Passive and Hybrid Heating Systems. Design of Photovoltaic Systems. Appendices. Author Index. Subject Index.
7,831 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a survey of solar equipment and applications is presented, including solar geometry, solar geometries and applications, collector efficiency and collector testing, and the basic physics of Optics for solar collectors.
Abstract: 1: Survey of Solar Equipment and Applications 2: Solar Geometry 3: Insolation Data and Models 4: Collector Efficiency and Collector Testing 5: Fundamentals of Optics for Solar Collectors 6: Optics of Nontracking Collectors 7: Tracking Concentrator Types 8: Optical Analysis and Optimization of Parabolic Reflectors 9: Heat Transfer in Solar Collectors 10: Heat Transfer Factors 11: System Models 12: Applications 13: Practical Considerations 14: Economic Analysis 15: System Optimization Appendix A. Nomenclature Appendix B. Units Appendix C. Properties of Materials Appendix D. Meteorological Data Appendix E. Circumsolar Data Index
534 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer simulation of flat-plate photovoltaic/thermal (PV/T) collectors was performed to determine the effectiveness and interaction of different features in the design of PV/T collectors.
196 citations
TL;DR: A survey of surface coatings for energy efficiency and solar applications can be found in this article, where the authors give a brief overview of recent work on surface coating for solar and passive cooling devices.
Abstract: This paper gives a brief survey over some recent work on surface coatings for energy efficiency and solar applications. Specifically, it covers coatings for - selective absorption of solar energy (for solar collectors), - selective emission of infrared radiation in the 8-13 μm range (for passive cooling devices), - visible transmission combined with near-infrared reflectance (for windows with decreased inlet of solar energy), - solar transmission combined with thermal-infrared reflectance (for windows with decreased outlet of thermal radiation), - variable transmission of solar or visible radiation (for "smart windows" with dynamic control of radiant energy). One general conclusion from the survey is that the research field embodying these types of coatings remains, with a few exceptions, in a state of rapid progress.
99 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a semi-empirical expression for open-circuit voltage, shortcircuit current, fill factor, and conversion efficiency of silicon solar cells as explicit functions of optical concentration (C) and temperature (T) is presented.
76 citations
Patent•
19 Aug 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a hybrid solar energy generating system for effectively utilizing the total solar spectrum gathered by a solar ray concentrator is presented. But the system is not suitable for high-temperature heat generation.
Abstract: A hybrid solar energy generating system for effectively utilizing the total solar spectrum gathered by a solar ray concentrator. The system includes a first solar ray receiver having fluid-cooled photovoltaic solar cells for generating electricity and low-temperature heat. A second solar ray receiver is provided for generating high-temperature heat. A lens focuses the solar rays on the first receiver. A selective transmitting heat-mirror is positioned between the lens and the first solar ray receiver for reflecting selected portions of the solar ray spectrum to the second solar ray receiver and passing essentially the remaining solar ray spectrum to the first solar ray receiver. The heat-mirror reflects all solar rays having wavelengths longer than the long-wave spectral response cut-off of the photovoltaic solar cells and a selected part of the solar rays having wavelengths shorter than the long-wave spectral response cut-off. The heat-mirror spectral profile shape is modified to maximize the conversion of solar energy to high-temperature heat while causing only a minimal decrease in the generation of photovoltaic electricity.
73 citations
Patent•
22 Nov 1985
TL;DR: In this article, an evacuated glass solar collector, a heat storage system, and a tubular heat pipe system are used to transfer heat from the solar collector directly to the heat source system.
Abstract: The solar thermal collector system of this invention consists of an evacuated glass solar collector, a heat storage system, and a tubular heat pipe system to transfer heat from the evacuated glass solar collector directly to the heat source system. The evacuated glass solar collector has substantially parallel linear concentrating troughs with mirror surface in vacuum which concentrate, approximately ideally, solar radiation onto internal glass tubes coated with selective absorber. The selective absorber converts the concentrated solar radiation into heat. The tubular heat pipe system consists of a plurality heat pipes. The evaporating end of each tubular heat pipe receives heat from solar radiatiion and transfers it directly to the condensing end of the heat pipes. The condensing end of each metal heat pipe is in good thermal contact with the heat storage tank of the heat storage system. The heat storage system has means of limiting the maximum temperature of the stored heat and means of removal of the heat for use. The solar thermal collector system of this invention forms a simple, compact, integrated unit of low cost and high efficiency which can be combined with other units to form an array of larger area.
54 citations
TL;DR: In this article, a reverse osmosis desalination system using positive displacement energy recovery pumps and operating at lower than usual pressures on high rejection membranes can achieve specific energy consumptions below 4 kWh/m3 of product water converted from sea water, less than half the energy requirement without energy recovery.
53 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1985TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a broad overview of active and passive solar energy systems, including flat-plate solar collectors and swimming pool and spa-based solar energy system.
Abstract: SOLAR ENERGY: BASIC PRINCIPLES: Basic Physics Review Heat Energy and Heat Transfer Solar Radiation Building Heating Loads PASSIVE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS: Passive Solar Design Concepts Direct-Gain Passive Systems Indirect-Gain and Isolated-Gain Passive Systems Advanced Passive Methods - Selected Applications ACTIVE SOLAR ENERGY SYSTEMS: Introduction to Active Solar Energy Systems Flat-Plate Solar Collectors Performance of Flat-Plate Collectors Solar Heating of Domestic Hot Water Solar Heating of Swimming Pools and Spas Solar Energy System for Space Heating Summer Cooling of Solar Buildings Commercial and Industrial Applications of Solar Energy ELECTRICITY FROM THE SUN: Solar-Energized Electric Power Appendixes Selected References Glossary of Solar Energy Terms.
50 citations
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a methodology is presented for calibrating reference cells and calculating spectral mismatch factors, and then using these to obtain the corrected short-circuit current with respect to standard test conditions.
Abstract: The accurate measurement of the photovoltaic conversion efficiency under standard test conditions is essential for meaningful comparisons of the device performance of different types of solar cells. A methodology is presented for calibrating reference cells and calculating spectral mismatch factors, and then using these to obtain the corrected short-circuit current with respect to standard test conditions.
48 citations
Patent•
03 Jul 1985
TL;DR: In this article, an automobile cooling system where electrical energy derived from solar cells are used to drive the pump and fan of a vehicle mounted evaporative cooling system is provided by a thermostatic switch located within the vehicle.
Abstract: An automobile cooling system where electrical energy derived from solar cells are used to drive the pump and fan of a vehicle mounted evaporative cooling system. Automatic control of the system is provided by a thermostatic switch located within the vehicle.
Patent•
11 Jun 1985
TL;DR: In this article, fluorescent solar collectors are utilized as external surfaces for building units and are used as wall units or wall elements, as well as roof units or roof elements, to obtain a high degree of efficiency.
Abstract: Conventional fluorescent solar collectors are utilized as external surfaces for building units. Since fluorescent solar collectors need not be aligned with the sun to obtain a high degree of efficiency, they are utilized as wall units or wall elements, as well as roof units or roof elements.
TL;DR: In this paper, an assessment of hydrogen production using a dedicated central solar receiver system concept coupled with a Mark 13-V2 hybrid thermochemical process was presented at the conceptual level.
TL;DR: In this article, the exergy delivery of flat-plate solar collectors is investigated in terms of exergy deliver of the collector and various exergy efficiencies are defined and output exergy efficiency is used to determine the optimum flow rate of a typical collector allowing for the pressure drop in tubes.
TL;DR: In this paper, an analytical and numerical study of the exergy that can be delivered by a solar collector installation with temporary energy storage capability is carried out, and the main conclusion is that the daily regime of operation of the collection/storage installation can be selected by design in order to maximize the harvesting of solar exergy per unit of collector area.
Abstract: This is an analytical and numerical study of the exergy that can be delivered by a solar collector installation with temporary energy storage capability. In the first part of the study, the method of variational calculus is used to show that under conditions of time-dependent inlet and outlet flow rates, the total exergy delivered by the installation is maximum when the collector temperature is maintained at an optimum constant level throughout the insolation period. More realistic models of solar collectors with storage capability are analyzed in the second and third parts of the study. In each of the models considered, the analysis shows that the relative timing of the filling and discharge processes has a significant effect on the total exergy delivered by the installation. The main conclusion of the study is that the daily regime of operation of the collection/storage installation can be selected by design in order to maximize the harvesting of solar exergy per unit of collector area. 20 references.
Patent•
28 Nov 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, a solar energy converter for simultaneously converting radiant energy into electrical and into thermal energy from an absorber which is combined with photovolteic solar cells is described.
Abstract: The invention relates to a solar energy converter for simultaneously converting radiant energy into electrical and into thermal energy from an absorber which is combined with photovolteic solar cells. The invention consists in the fact that the solar cells, which transmit thermal radiation, are mounted on a carrier plate which is separated from the absorber in such a way that there is no thermal conduction, or only extremely slight thermal conduction, between the solar cells and the absorber.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors considered the addition of solar heat at the mean temperature level and the operation of a reversed absorption NH 3 H 2 O cycle splitting the solar heat into two parts.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present practical experience and experimental results of a 100 W system consisting of a polycrystalline Si photovoltaic generator, a SPE electrolyser and a power-conditioning unit.
02 Dec 1985
TL;DR: In this article, a new type of concentrating photovoltaic-photothermal solar conversion system with output cogeneration is presented, called Total Solar Cogeneration (TSC), which converts the total solar spectrum directly and cogenerates the output into three energy components.
Abstract: A new type of concentrating photovoltaic-photothermal solar conversion system with output cogeneration is presented. This technique, called total solar cogeneration (TSC), converts the total solar spectrum directly and cogenerates the output into three energy components: high-temperature heat (HT), photovoltaic electricity (PV), and low-temperature heat (LT). A specially designed heat-mirror with a beam-splitting technique is used to direct a selected portion of the solar spectrum to a HT evacuated-tube receiver. This high-grade heat transfer is optimized, while effectively maintaining the integrity of the photovoltaic conversion efficiency. High-current A.S.E.C. silicon solar cells (nominally 18.3% efficient at 28°C and 35x) are used. An analysis of heat-mirror transmittance profiles has led to an optimized theoretical parametric model profile, that in a TSC system is capable of delivering HT heat with 39% efficiency, while reducing PV efficiency by only 3.4%. In an experimental TSC concentrating module using a dielectric-Au-dielectric multilayer heat-mirror with optical losses, the projected output is HT heat (150°-250°C) at 17.8% efficiency, 12 V d.c. PV electricity at 9.5%, and LT heat (50°-70°C) at 41.9%, with a total cogenerated output efficiency of 69%.
TL;DR: In this paper, a very high temperature solar energy conversion technique which offers the potential of increasing the throughput and decreasing the cost of solar thermal coal gasification is described, where feedgas (CO2 or steam) is heated to very high temperatures in a direct-contact droplet heat exchanger using slag droplets melted in a solar central receiver.
TL;DR: In this paper, an economic analysis of a G.I. sheet multi-wick solar distillation plant is presented taking into account the various factors, viz. the lifetime of the system, salvage values, interest rate and maintenance cost.
15 Jan 1985
TL;DR: An organic Rankine-cycle (ORC) power module was developed for use in a multimodule solar power plant to be built and operated in a small community as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: An organic Rankine-cycle (ORC) power module was developed for use in a multimodule solar power plant to be built and operated in a small community. Many successful components and subsystems, including the reciever, power conversion subsystem, energy transport subsystem, and control subsystem, were tested. Tests were performed on a complete power module using a test bed concentrator in place of the proposed concentrator. All major single-module program functional objectives were met and the multimodule operation presented no apparent problems. The hermetically sealed, self-contained, ORC power conversion unit subsequently successfully completed a 300-hour endurance run with no evidence of wear or operating problems.
01 Jan 1985
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present the papers given at a conference on solar energy, which included solar thermal power plants, central receivers, heliostat flux measurement, ocean thermal Power plants, solar ponds, photovoltaic power supplies, silicon solar cells, solar concentrators, heat storage, wind turbines, hybrid systems, economics, energy policy, hydroelectric power plants and meteorology.
Abstract: This book presents the papers given at a conference on solar energy. Topics considered at the conference included solar thermal power plants, central receivers, heliostat flux measurement, ocean thermal power plants, solar ponds, photovoltaic power supplies, silicon solar cells, solar concentrators, heat storage, wind turbines, hybrid systems, economics, energy policy, hydroelectric power plants, meteorology, the measurement of solar insolation, financing, solar architecture, and photosynthesis.
01 Oct 1985
TL;DR: The flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) array technologies required for large-scale terrestrial use late in the 1980s and in the 1990s were developed as discussed by the authors, and the technologies required to convert thin-film PV research results into viable module and array technology.
Abstract: The objectives were to develop the flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) array technologies required for large-scale terrestrial use late in the 1980s and in the 1990s; advance crystalline silicon PV technologies; develop the technologies required to convert thin-film PV research results into viable module and array technology; and to stimulate transfer of knowledge of advanced PV materials, solar cells, modules, and arrays to the PV community Progress reached on attaining these goals, along with future recommendations are discussed
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors focus on containment techniques (including materials corrosion, internal insulation, and storage medium for high-temperature molten salts) and direct-contact heat exchange (including cost-effective heat exchanger design and heat transfer of various materials).
Abstract: The mislocation of solar energy production facilities and points of demand and the temporal mismatch of solar energy availability and energy demand make transport and storage of solar energy essential. Research at the Solar Energy Research Institute has focused on high-temperature, diurnal storage because of the frequency of use and the potential for conservation of premium fossil fuels. Also, high-temperature thermal energy storage can reduce the cost of hydrogen production, electricity and heat produced by cogeneration, and methane reforming. SERI research is concentrating on containment techniques (including materials corrosion, internal insulation, and storage medium for high-temperature molten salts) and direct-contact heat exchange (including cost-effective heat exchanger design and heat transfer of various materials). After initial screening tests we selected carbonates for further study. We are now constructing test equipment that will allow heat transfer experiments with molten carbonate to 700°C
15 May 1985
TL;DR: The high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells research forum as discussed by the authors addressed high efficiency concepts, surface-interface effects, bulk effects, modeling and device processing, which was arranged into six interactive sessions, which focused on the state-of-the-art of device structures, identification of barriers to achieve high efficiency cells and potential ways to overcome these barriers.
Abstract: The high-efficiency crystalline silicon solar cells research forum addressed high-efficiency concepts, surface-interface effects, bulk effects, modeling and device processing. The topics were arranged into six interactive sessions, which focused on the state-of-the-art of device structures, identification of barriers to achieve high-efficiency cells and potential ways to overcome these barriers.
TL;DR: An integrated system which utilizes three types of solar energy subsystems for the purpose of air-conditioning (i.e., heating and cooling) in residential buildings has been designed, installed and tested in the KISR solar house, Kuwait.