Showing papers on "Phrase published in 1969"

A study of Korean syntax.

Abstract: The aim of this thesis is to describe the basic syntactic structure of standard Korean in formal terms. The thesis opens with an introduction, Chapter I, to the general background of the Korean language, its alphabet, the dialect chosen for analysis, followed by a discussion of the scope of analysis. In Chapter II, Phonology, a brief summary of the Korean phonological system and a phonetic description of the Korean phonemes are given. Then there follows a discussion of the intonation system and the type of transcription employed in the thesis. This is followed by Chapter III, Word classes, in which six main word classes and their sub-classes necessary for the subsequent syntactic description are set up by formal criteria. Chapter IV, Verb structure, is entirely devoted to a discussion of the internal structure of the verb with special emphasis on inflection, by virtue of which the verb can function at every level in the grammatical hierarchy. In Chapter V, Phrase, three different types of phrase are distinguished and their syntactic functions in other structures, according to which they are distinguished, are described. This is followed by Chapter VI, Clause, where two main clause types are distinguished by syntactic and/or morphological criteria: Final clause and Non-final clause. Final clauses are further divided into six sub-types according to the type of predicate and the elements found in them. On the other hand, non-final clauses are subdivided into (a) Nominal, (b) Adjectival, and (c) Adverbial clauses on the basis of their syntactic functions. The thesis ends with Chapter VIII, Sentence, where Major and Minor sentence types are distinguished according to the presence and absence of a final clause. The Major type sentences are classified into four sentence categories according to the mood suffixes found with the verb and/or the intonation time employed.

The Syntax of Noun Modification in Japanese.

Abstract: This paper is concerned with the syntactic-semantic relationships that hold between the modifying phrase and the modified noun within a modified nominal construction I shall not attempt an analysis of the various structural patterns of the modifying phrases themselves, but will limit myself to those instances in which the modifying phrase ends with the predicate-final forms of an adjective or a verb, or those of auxiliaries The form 'Noun-phrase + no' is included only in so far as it is considered to be a transform of a predicate with the form 'Noun-phrase + Copula, ' just as the 'na form' of so-called 'na-adjectives' is included for the same reason

Sentence Analysis in Modern Malay

Abstract: Preface List of symbols and abbreviations used 1. Introduction 2. The units of Malay syntax 3. The word 4. Phrases and groups 5. Clauses 6. Sentences 7. Further examples of the included clause 8. Further examples of transformation 9. A pivot-noun phrase? 10. Short analyses of consecutive sentences from the texts, with tabulated results Appendices The texts List of works cited Glossary for the texts Index to footnotes List of sentences analysed or discussed.

Word Frequency Estimation as a Measure of Degree of Bilingualism

Abstract: headings: rating scales, tests of verbal fluency, tests of flexibility and tests of dominance.1 The rating scales most frequently used are language background questionnaires and self ratings of language use. On the other hand, tests of verbal fluency are usually either measures of speed of response to verbal stimuli or of the number of responses produced within time limits. Ervin,2 for example, compared the speed with which bilinguals were able to name pictures in each language and Johnson' and Macnamara4 contrasted the number of different words produced in each language within equal time limits. An example of a flexibility measure is Macnamara's richness of vocabulary tests in which subjects (Ss) are presented with a series of phrases in each language, of the type "he is drunk", and are asked to write as many words or expressions as possible that are synonymous with the word underlined in the phrase. In dominance tests the bilingual is confronted with an ambiguous stimulus and is asked to pronounce or interpret it. It is assumed that his behavior indicates the language which he controls most fully. Recently, the possibility of using word frequency estimation as a measure of bilingual proficiency has been suggested by the finding that individuals can accurately estimate the frequencies with which words appear in print. Thus CarrollP reported that rankings of printed word frequencies obtained from monolingual Ss had substantial correlations with the rankings found in the Thorndike-Lorge frequency counts.

Evidence for Deep Structure Constraints in Syntax

Abstract: In Aspects of the Theory of Syntax, Chomsky proposed the introduction of contextual (strict subcategorizational and selectional) features into linguistic theory to specify the types of deep structures into which particular lexical items could be inserted. He also introduced into theory generalized phrase markers generated by recursive phrase structure rules of the base component capable of reintroducing the symbol S in deep structures any number of times. Each S would then be expanded further by the rewrite rules of the base. Lexical items would then be inserted into the generalized phrase markers produced in this way.

Confidence level and significance level: semantic confusion or logical fallacy

Abstract: Despite repeated warnings against its usage, researchers and textbook authors continue to employ the phrase “level of confidence” as a synonym for the phrase “level of significance.” Three possible sources of this incorrect usage are noted: (a) imitation; (b) the related but different concepts of fiducial inference and confidence interval estimation; and (c) the myriad of terms associated with confidence. It is recommended that the magnitude of level of confidence be restricted to that of the complement of the level of significance and also that the term level of confidence should be used only in connection with interval estimation.

A grammatical study of Ekpeye.

Abstract: This thesis describes the grammatical structure of Ekpeye, an unwritten language of Eastern Nigeria. In the first chapter, there is an introduction to the Ekpeye language and people, and to the linguistic theory underlying this description, together with an outline of the analysis. Chapter 2 provides details of the transcription used in the thesis, and other phonological points. Chapters 3 to 13 contain the main body of the grammatical description, with units described in descending order of rank. The Sentence is outlined in chapter 3, and the Clause with its four classes and five types, in chapter 4, Chapters 5 to 7 deal with Phrase rank, a separate Phrase class being considered in each chapter. Chapter 5 contains the Nominal Phrase class with its five types, chapter 6 the Verbal Phrase class with its five types, and chapter 7 the Adverbial Phrase class with its single type. Chapters 8 to 11 describe Word rank in terms of four hyperclasses. Chapter 8 handles the Nominal hyperclass with its nine classes, and chapter 9 the Verbal hyperclass with its three classes and the three types found within one of the classes. Chapter 10 treats the Adverbial hyperclass with its three classes, and chapter 11 the Particle hyperclass with its eight classes. Stem rank is described in chapter 12, and Morpheme rank, with its two hyperclasses, in chapter 13. Chapter 14 contains an Ekpeye text fully analysed in accordance with the preceding description, and the thesis closes with a short bibliography.

Robertson's Practical English-Thai Dictionary

Abstract: This is a new edition of this popular dictionary. The content has been thoroughly updated and expanded, and is now presented in a clear double-column layout. The rendering of each word and phrase in the familiar roman alphabet has been completely revised, and tones are clearly indicated throughout. Thai script is also shown in a font that can be read without difficulty both by learners and by Thai natives.

Segment‐Synchronization Problem in Speech Recognition

Abstract: Procedures for the segmentation of acoustic continuum of speech cannot usually guarantee that two utterances of the same phrase by the same speaker will always result in the same number of segments even under ideal conditions. To match the segmental parameters of an utterance against known parameters of the same phrase, one must determine correspondences between the segments of the two utterances. A solution to this synchronization problem that requires no time normalization can be based on the possibility labeling the segments at least in terms of phoneme groups. Segments of unvoiced fricatives and vowels can usually be more reliably detected than others. Therefore, the synchronization procedure first maps vowel to vowel and fricative to fricative. The few unmapped segments between any two pairs can then be mapped using segment labels such as nasal or stop, or on the basis of similarity of segmental parameters. This scheme is much faster than correlation‐based schemes and has been used successfully in a real time recognition program. It took 4 (15) sec/recognition for a 50‐(500)‐word vocabulary to achieve 98% correct recognition.

Apparatus for Teaching Languages

Abstract: 1,159,120. Teaching languages. M. HOCHBERG. 11 Aug., 1966 [30 Nov., 1965], No. 35966/66. Heading G5G. Apparatus for teaching languages comprises a support displaying phrases or sentences of equivalent meaning in two or more languages, corresponding words in the two or more phrases or sentences being picked out by the same colour, each word in a phrase or sentence being picked out by a different colour. The words in a phrase or sentence may be printed in different colours, surrounded by frames of different colours or underlined in different colours. The support may be a piece of paper with the phrases or sentences printed thereon, or a grooved board which may be used with detachable letters or words.

Phrase Dictionary Construction Methods for the R2 Information Retrieval System

Abstract: : The R2 Information Retrieval System, when complete, will be a question-answer information retrieval system in which a person, having questions over a pre-determined data base, will be able to receive answers to his questions. The paper concerns the initial processing of the data base for the R2 system and explores initially several simple strategies for retrieving relevant statements, rather than answers, for a given question over the data base. The paper is first concerned with the construction of a 'phase dictionary' from the data base, and, secondly, with the development of several initial attempts for information retrieval from the data base.

Real english: a translator to enable natural language man-machine conversation

Abstract: : This dissertation presents a pragmatic interpreter/translator called Real English to serve as a natural language man-machine communication interface in a multi-mode on-line information retrieval system. This multi-mode feature affords the user a library-like searching tool by giving him access to a dictionary, lexicon, thesaurus, synonym table, and classification tables expressing binary relations as well as the document file representing the field of discourse. The user is thereby allowed a greater freedom in search strategy. Real English will (1) syntactically analyze the user's message by means of a strong analysis grammar to produce a tree representing the interrelationships of the grammatical entities comprising the message, (2) use this tree together with a pragmatic grammar to establish the set of commands necessary to fulfill the request, and (3) form the proper syntax for each command. The strong linguistic foundation of the syntax analyzer endows the system with the power of flexibility. As experience shows that certain new structures occur and should therefore be a part of the system, they may be incorporated into the system by the grammarian without a major overhaul of the procedures to date. The user is permitted to phrase his requests in any convenient form (i.e. declarative, imperative, interrogative, or fragmented sentence referred to as conversationally dependent sentences). Thus, instead of placing the user in the difficult position of learning a new language, the system is given the responsibility of responding in and to the user's language, i.e. the man-machine conversation is carried out in a natural language.