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Showing papers on "Phrase published in 1971"


Patent
Coker C H1, Noriko Umeda1
19 Mar 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a system was described for converting printed text into speech sounds by converting text into alpha-numeric signal data, for example, by a scanner and dictionary lookup, which is then analyzed to determine the proper phrase category, e.g., subject, verb, object, etc., of word intervals, and assign pause, stress, duration, pitch and intensity values to the words.
Abstract: A system is disclosed for converting printed text into speech sounds. Text is converted to alpha-numeric signal data, for example, by a scanner and dictionary lookup. Syntax of the input information is then analyzed to determine the proper phrase category, e.g., subject, verb, object, etc., of word intervals, and to assign pause, stress, duration, pitch and intensity values to the words. From these data a phonetic description of each word is found in a stored dictionary, modified by the accumulated data, and used to prepare synthesizer control signals.

265 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that the quality of early reading progress is related to the organization of the sequential decoding activity, and implies a processing advantage for linguistic over visual cues, whereas the behavior of the poor readers was dominated by part-word and word cues.

114 citations


Book
01 Jan 1971

64 citations


Patent
03 Aug 1971
TL;DR: In this paper, a computer system is disclosed for preparing a complete set of architectural specifications for constructing a building, including, if desired, sets of instructions that will be used by personnel during preparation of construction drawings and during construction.
Abstract: A computer system is disclosed for preparing a complete set of architectural specifications for constructing a building, including, if desired, sets of instructions that will be used by personnel during preparation of construction drawings and during construction. A specifier uses brief symbolic characters representative of individual phrases from a large information repository called a Master Phrase Catalog, to mark decisions and phrase selections in code on an order form designed to facilitate the specifier's task. The information in the Master Phrase Catalog includes construction materials, techniques, reference information, testing and industry standards which are correlated with instructional information and work assignments for various groups of people. The specifier uses only a limited number of commands to completely specify a project. The code is fed into a computer which has all the information in the Master Phrase Catalog stored on permanent record file, called the specification data file, with an index file correlating the specifier's code with the phrases that will eventually make up the specification. The computer is programmed to edit the input code for errors, prepare a listing of the input specifier's code and prepare an architectural specification from the specification data file together with a table of contents and listing of errors, if any. If called for by the specifier, sets of instructions, correlated to the particular phrases selected from the Master Phrase Catalog and stored in permanent memory will be printed out as separate booklets.

63 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
S. Das1, W. Mohn2
TL;DR: Experiments investigating adaptive pattern recognition in automatic speaker verification are reported, indicating that the utterances used for training purposes should preferably be collected over a relatively long period of time.
Abstract: Experiments investigating adaptive pattern recognition in automatic speaker verification are reported. A binary decision confirming or rejecting a speaker's purported identity is required. The experiments involve 7000 phrase length utterances of 118 speakers. An average misclassification rate of one percent with a "no decision" rate of ten percent is obtained. Other experiments indicate that the utterances used for training purposes should preferably be collected over a relatively long period of time.

41 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper showed that reading is a very elaborate procedure, involving a weighing of each of many elements in a sentence, their organization in the proper relations one to another, the selection of certain of their connotations and the rejection of others, and the cooperation of many forces to determine final response.
Abstract: It seems to be a common opinion that reading (understanding the meaning of printed words) is a rather simple compounding of habits. Each word or phrase is supposed, if known to the reader, to call up its sound and meaning and the series of word or phrase meanings is supposed to be, or be easily transmuted into, the total thought. It is perhaps more exact to say that little attention has been paid to the dynamics whereby a series of words whose meanings are known singly produces knowledge of the meaning of a sentence or paragraph. It will be the aim of this article to show that reading is a very elaborate procedure, involving a weighing of each of many elements in a sentence, their organization in the proper relations one to another, the selection of certain of their connotations and the rejection of others, and the cooperation of many forces to determine final response. In fact we shall find that the act of answering simple questions about a simple paragraph like the one shown below includes all the features characteristic of typical reasonings.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Contrary to some other researches, the relative peak of amplitude of the words good and flies was found to be the major determinant of both sentence break and stress judgments.
Abstract: A set of sentences containing the phrase good flies quickly in each of two constituent structurings (e.g., the good flies quickly past v. the good flies quickly passed) was read by five trained readers. The recorded readings of this phrase were then excised from the full sentences and presented to two groups of listeners—one group being asked to judge the location of the " sentence break " in each reading, the other group being asked whether good or flies was " most stressed " in each reading. These judgments were then compared with acoustic analyses of the stimuli in order to determine the acoustic cues for these judgments. Contrary to some other researches, the relative peak of amplitude of the words good and flies was found to be the major determinant of both sentence break and stress judgments. Pause durations or pitch contours account for about one-third of the judgments, whereas relative amplitude accounts for 90% of all judgments.

13 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the other languages used by the Security Council (except Chinese), that phrase is framed as follows: “Retrait des forces armees israeliennes des territoires occupes lors du recent conflit.”.
Abstract: Security Council resolution 242 (1967), adopted on November 22, 1967, contains the following phrase: “Withdrawal of Israeli armed forces from territories occupied in the recent conflict.” In the other languages used by the Security Council (except Chinese), that phrase is framed as follows: “Retrait des forces armees israeliennes des territoires occupes lors du recent conflit.” “Vyvod izrailskikh voruzhennykh sil s territorii, okkupirovannykh vo vremya n’edavn’ego konflikta.” “Retiro de las fuerzas armadas israelis de los territorios que ocuparon durante el reciente conflicto.” That phrase has produced considerable controversy inside Israel, but within that controversy a secondary issue has arisen, of some juridical interest, since some of the protagonists of one point of view or another have purported to see a fundamental difference between one or other of these language versions of this phrase. We have no intention of taking sides in that particular controversy. The aim of this note is more limited, namely, to indicate certain factors relevant to the interpretation of a multi-lingual resolution of an organ of the United Nations.

12 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Eight normally hearing adult subjects were asked to identify a word spoken in a phrase when part of the word was deleted using an electronic gating device, and the percentage of correct responses to these three words increased progressively with increase in the amount of the vowel presented.
Abstract: Eight normally hearing adult subjects were asked to identify a word spoken in a phrase when part of the word was deleted using an electronic gating device. The four words cap, cat, cab and cash were used with the carrier phrase, " Point to .... " Each phrase was uttered 50 times by one male and one female adult speaker. The 50 utterances of each phrase were gated electronically at five different intervals through the /ae/ sound. Thus there were ten repetitions at each gating interval for each speaker for each phrase. All utterances were presented to the subjects in random order. The following results were found: (1) The subjects were able to identify the words cat, cap and cab correctly at a greater than chance level half way through the vowel. (2) The percentage of correct responses to these three words increased progressively with increase in the amount of the vowel presented. (3) The word cash differed from the other words in that it appeared that some of the final consonant had to be presented before t...

10 citations


Proceedings Article
01 Sep 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the semantics of the object language are described as mappings of the internal states of this device by compounding the sequence of mappings corresponding to the translation of a source phrase, which can be derived as a complex mapping.
Abstract: Some familiar programming language constructs are described and an implementation for a hypothetical computing device is given The semantics of the object language are described as mappings of the internal states of this device By compounding the sequence of mappings corresponding to the translation of a source phrase, the semantics of the source phrase can be derived as a complex mapping The recursive nature of the syntax of the source language requires an inductive approach to this derivation If the derived semantics are acceptable then the implementation can be regarded as correct in an informal sense

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: This paper investigated the effect of grammatical structure on short-term memory in two experiments using active, passive, and manner adverbial sentences and found no evidence of base structure effects on retention.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: General principles for prosodic rules for English are implemented in a computer program, and a paragraph redundancy rule, promoting first occurrences of content words and demoting subsequent repetitions, is found to improve naturalness and reduce monotony of the synthetic speech.
Abstract: General principles for prosodic rules for English, reported previously [C. Coker and N. Umeda, “Acoustical Properties of Word Boundaries in English; On the Vowel Duration and Pitch Prominence,” J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 47, 94 (1969)] are now implemented in a computer program. Surprisingly, the rules depend mainly on the surface structure of the sentence and on properties of the words. To provide better prosidic features for automatic synthesis, however, additional rules have been added. A good measure of the difficulty of speech material is found to be the proportion of content words to function words. According to this ratio, stress and pause assignment should be different. A paragraph redundancy rule, promoting first occurrences of content words and demoting subsequent repetitions, is found to improve naturalness and reduce monotony of the synthetic speech. Several special verb classes are assumed for assignment of clause, phrase, and word boundaries. These verbs, although different from auxiliary verbs, behave like auxiliaries in the sense that the main idea is conveyed by the remainder of the predicate. Stress and boundary assignment are altered according to verb class. Local phonetic interactions require adjustments in durations of phonemes according to specific contexts. Details of these rules and examples from synthesis are presented.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The meaning of the phrase "essence of Christianity" is ambiguous as discussed by the authors and it has a more natural, though by no means uncomplicated, reference to substances, whether in philosophical or pharmacological discussion.
Abstract: The phrase ‘essence of Christianity’ is ambiguous. The basic reason for this is that the word ‘essence’ has a more natural, though by no means uncomplicated, reference to substances, whether in philosophical or pharmacological discussion. Outside such contexts the use of phrases like ‘the heart of the matter’, or ‘the essence of happiness’ sound like earnest, but rhetorical devices to commend the depth or fundamental character of a specific investigation.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors used a total of about 7000 utterances of the phrase "Check available terminals" from 118 speakers and reported an average misclassification rate of 1% with a no decision rate of 10%.
Abstract: Speaker verification is defined as confirming a speaker's purported identity. The method of confirmation is to compare a speech sample of the person against his speech profile, which is based on previous utterances of the same phrase. Experiments have demonstrated the feasibility of an automated scheme of speaker verification under certain restrictions. Important among these restrictions are the use of only male speakers, wide‐band (180–8000 Hz) audio channel, and noise‐free environment. The experiments used a total of about 7000 utterances of the phrase “Check available terminals” from 118 speakers. An average misclassification rate of 1% with a “no decision” rate of 10% was obtained. Further work is directed toward removing some of the restrictions, such as reducing the bandwidth and including female utterances. The strategy for improving the system performance is to reduce the “no decision” rate without increasing the misclassification rate.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: The authors found that the Yngve grammar is deficient as a psycholinguistic model for noun phrase recall and that the apparent relationship is accounted for not by depth of individual words, but in terms primarily of superior noun retention and its interaction with serial position effects.
Abstract: Memory for orally presented noun phrases and sentences was investigated in two experiments. Syntactic depth (D) of the phrases and sentences was varied with D approaching the values of 7 ± 2. Consistent with recent investigations, these studies found D not to be generally related to recall of sentences, phrases, or individual words within sentences. However, recall of individual words from an adverbial noun phrase apparently was related to D. The apparent relationship is accounted for not by depth of individual words, but in terms primarily of superior noun retention and its interaction with serial position effects. In addition, conditional recall probabilities for another type of phrase, a noun phrase with prenominal adjectives, indicate stronger relationships between adjectives and the noun than between successive adjectives. It is concluded that the Yngve grammar is deficient as a psycholinguistic model. Present address: York University, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.

Book ChapterDOI
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: The phrase "the ordinary (i.e. stock) use of the expression "…" is often so spoken that the stress is made to fall on the word "expression" or else on the words "ordinary" and "use" is slurred over as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: The phrase ‘the ordinary (i.e. stock) use of the expression “…”’ is often so spoken that the stress is made to fall on the word ‘expression’ or else on the word ‘ordinary’ and the word ‘use’ is slurred over. The reverse ought to be the case. The operative word is ‘use’.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In the last stage of the prosody generation, each phoneme is assigned duration, pitch, and intensity controls, compatible with the articulatory model program.
Abstract: A fully automatic system for conversion of printed text into speech sounds is described. The system is divided into two parts: one part generates prosodic information from programmed rules, and the second part synthesizes the sounds. The sound synthesizer is realized by a programmed articulatory model of the vocal tract [C. H. Coker, J. Acoust. Soc. Amer. 47, 49 (1969)]. This paper focuses mainly on details of prosodic‐feature assignment. This part of the system contains a syntax analyzer and a dictionary. Using information from the dictionary, the syntax analyzer assigns a phrase category to each word (subject, verb, object, etc.) and a potential for a pause at every phrase boundary. Each word is then assigned a stress and pitch contour using the pause potentials obtained from the syntax analyzer. In the last stage of the prosody generation, each phoneme is assigned duration, pitch, and intensity controls, compatible with the articulatory model program. In the articulatory model, coarticulation which dep...


DissertationDOI
01 Jan 1971
TL;DR: In this article, the authors describe Zombo sentences as consisting of one or more pitch phrases, and describe patterns of phrase-initial nominals occupying an entire phrase in terms of two initial realization rules, or modifications, each applying to a specific variant.
Abstract: Zombo sentences are described as consisting of one or more 'pitch phrases'. The arrangement of items in phrases is correlatable with their syntactic status. Syntactic units are characterized by phrase-initial or non-initial position. Pitches are interpreted in terms of a tonal system of high and low tones. Nominals examined in contexts of maximum differentiation show up to two tono-morphological variants, the occurrence of which is determined by the syntactic slot the nominal fills. Patterns of phrase-initial nominals occupying an entire phrase are described in terms of two initial realization rules, or modifications, each applying to a specific variant. Under modification, the high tones of the basic structure may not be fully realized. Patterns of phrase-initial nominal groups are further described in terms of three initial sequences : concatenate, composite and compound, regarded as exponents of syntactic relationship between components of the sequence. Compound sequences form a special syntactic category requiring phrase-initial exponence, which may over-ride the phrasing otherwise characteristic of the unit. These techniques are sufficient for the description of particles, verbals and mixed category sequences also; compounds, however, always have a nominal head. The terra 'syntactic tone-phrasing' is given to the system as a whole, Despite superficial resemblances to intonational languages, Zombo is best described as tonal. The main contributions of the thesis are regarded as i) the isolation of phrasing ii) the description of all items in terms of a maximum of two basic tonal variants, rather than a larger number based on tonetic description only iii) the demonstration of the part played by syntax in the tonal system.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In 1642, there was published in London A Discourse concerning the True Notion of the Lord's Supper, by Ralph Cudworth (1617-88), the Cambridge Platonist as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: In 1642, there was published in London A Discourse concerning the True Notion of the Lord's Supper, by Ralph Cudworth (1617–88), the Cambridge Platonist. It was with Cudworth that the phrase ‘a feast upon a sacrifice’ originated. Moreover, through his distinction as a scholar, the concept which lay behind the phrase gained acceptance with other theologians, and the phrase itself is to be found in use not only in England, but also in Scotland long after Cudworth's demise.