Showing papers on "Phrase published in 1981"

The phrase phonology of English and French

Abstract: Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Foreign Literatures and Linguistics. Thesis. 1972. Ph.D.

Harmonic structure as a determinant of melodic organization

Abstract: Musicians and nonmusicians indicated whether a two-note probe following a tonally structured melody occurred in the melody. The critical probes were taken from one of three locations in the melody: the two notes (1) ending the first phrase, (2) straddling the phrase boundary, and (3) beginning the second phrase. As predicted, the probe that straddled the phrase boundary was more difficult to recognize than either of the within-phrase probes. These findings suggest that knowledge of harmonic structure influences perceptual organization of melodies in ways analogous to the influence of clause relations on the perceptual organization of sentences. They also provide evidence that training plays an important role in refining listeners’ sensitivity to harmonic variables.

A Password Extension for Improved Human Factors.

Abstract: To maximize both the difficulty of guessing passwords and also the ease of remembering passwords, we use a fairly large keyspace (64 bits) and a very long “passphrase” (up to 80 characters) The phrase is hashed into the key, which is then stored in encrypted form The hashing necessarily includes one-way encryption Since the phrase is long, one would expect a large keyspace for the actual phrase as well as for the hashed phrase Since the phrase is meaningful to the owner it should be easier to remember

Power and Satisfaction in an Ideologically Divided Voting Body

Abstract: In a voting body making dichotomous (for or against) decisions under a specified decision rule, there are two questions which are important to an individual member concerned with evaluating his or her position in the body. We will phrase these questions in probabilistic terms.

Telephone switching network for digital speech transmission

Abstract: A telephone switching network for digital speech transmission is characterized in that a dialing information input by an originating subscriber into an originating switching center is employed to complete a virtual connection departing from the originating switching center and proceeding over one or more tandem switching centers, as required, and extending up to a destination switching center to which an appertaining destination subscriber is connected. A speech information to be transmitted is subdivided into speech segments or phrases and a respective phrase, in the form of an information block having a preceding destination identifier sequence which contains data concerning virtual partial connections to be respectively traversed and an end identifier at the end of the phrase and indicating the end of the phrase, is transmitted in proper time between the subscribers via real partial connections respectively built-up for an appertaining, current phrase between two switching centers. The virtual connection is disconnected after termination of the call.

Composition and editing of text

Abstract: Sixteen subjects, familiar with computer-based word processing, were asked to compose and edit letters while the response latency for each of their keystrokes was recorded. For the major composition periods, the response latency data were analysed at the character, word, phrase, and entire letter levels. In addition to character and line erasures during the composition period, major edits and patterns of re-reading the text were examined. There were several interesting findings. For example, the first character in words had a longer latency than other characters. Moreover, the latencies of characters in the first word of a phrase were longer than for other words. Furthermore, the finding that clear latency results could be isolated suggests that at least some of the processes involved in composition occur serially.

Subject-object concord in coahuilteco

Abstract: clausal arguments, show person agreement with the subject NP of their clause. Coahuilteco is typologically SOV, with modifiers and determiners/relators following the noun in that order. Subject concord is marked by personal suffixes on the determiner/relator, or alternatively by person-marked particles or auxiliaries. The system serves to bracket constructions and permit tracking of subject scope (or verb dependency relations), fulfilling some of the same functions as switch-reference. An unusual and possibly unique syntactic feature found in Coahuilteco, an extinct Indian language of southern Texas,' is the marking of OBJECT NOUN PHRASES (and other oblique NP's) for agreement with SUBJECT NOUN PHRASES of sentences. In a recent survey of agreement phenomena in the languages of the world, Moravcsik (1978:363) listed fourteen pairs of constituents between which agreement might obtain, none of which was subject and object. The scope of agreement which a noun imposes on other constituents of the sentence ordinarily does not extend beyond the phrase of which it is the head, the verb with which it is associated, or certain nominal or adjectival predicatives (the only exceptions to this limitation of scope being anaphoric pronominalization, reflexivization, and deletion of identical NP arguments within the same clause or conjoined or subordinated clauses). So far as is known, then, the formal marking of subject agreement on object NP's has not been previously reported. Coahuilteco first gained prominence in American Indian linguistics when Sapir 1920, building on Swanton 1915 and on Dixon & Kroeber 1919, linked it (and other languages of southern Texas) with the Hokan languages of California in a Hokan-Coahuiltecan grouping, which Sapir subsequently (1929) made part of his Hokan-Siouan phylum. The latter is no longer generally accepted as a valid grouping by linguists, and the Hokan-Coahuiltecan grouping must be considered questionable (see Bright 1956 for an early critique). The unity of the respective components themselves has even been questioned; and Coahuilteco is now considered an isolate (Goddard 1979), making it one of the few low-level groupings of American Indian languages which has been revised since Powell 1891.

Automatic translating system between natural languages

Abstract: PURPOSE: To exactly translate a complicated sentence, by completing the processing for recognizing a train of a part of speech, in the pre-stage of a sentence structure analysis, and after cutting a sentence by a unit of a phrase element, newly forming a train of a part of speech of a phrase, converting it to a train of a sentence structural descriptor. CONSTITUTION: To a word and a compound word of an input text sentence described by a natural language, a part of speech is provided, respectively, by retrieving dictionary memories 301, 302 storing translated word information and part of speech information. The input text sentence converted to the form of a part of speech train is divided into phrase elements being the minmum unit having semantics as a language, by a phase element outting pattern 304, and a part of speech is provided to each phrase element. Also, to each phrase element, word and compound word, a sentence structural descriptor displaying a sentence structural part is provided, and from an array of the sentence structural descriptor, patterns displaying a sentence, a clause and a quasi clause are recognized by a sentence form recognizing pattern 305, the input text sentence is converted to output a result of translation by a translation processor 200. COPYRIGHT: (C)1983,JPO&Japio

Text display calibration system in machine translation system

Abstract: PURPOSE: To improve the efficiency of proofreading and to decrease the amount of transmission data in transmitting the text after correction to a central computer, by storing and processing a text as series of phrase element data comprising recognition signals and character trains. CONSTITUTION: A termianl device 1 consists of a processor 2, storage device 3, character generator 4, CRT 5, and a keyboard 6 and is connected to a central computer 9 via an MODEM 7 and a communication line 8. A text corrected at the terminal device 1 is transmitted to the central computer 9 and stored in a file. In the automatic translation processing in the central computer 9, English texts are analyzed and divided into elements having a prescribed role in sentence construction and significance. Translation is assigned to each phrase element and the phrase elements are arranged in the suitable order. The phrase elements are provided with recognizing symbols and transmitted to the terminal device 1. COPYRIGHT: (C)1983,JPO&Japio

Perceptual significance of the CID W-22 carrier phrase.

Abstract: This 2-part study provides evidence that the carrier phrase “You will say …” contains perceptual cues which can be used by the listener to help identify place of initial consonant articulation for many test words, and when these cues are removed, the test words in isolation constitute a more difficult word discrimination test. In the first experiment, test words beginning with voiceless stop consonants were truncated from their carrier phrases, and the phrases alone were presented to 10 normally hearing listeners. Results demonstrated above chance performance by listeners for identification of place of initial consonant articulation for the deleted test words solely on the basis of carrier phrase cues. In the second experiment, acoustically identical W-22 words with and without carrier phrases were presented to 10 normally hearing listeners at a 0 dB signal-to-noise ratio. A significant difference was observed in word discrimination scores for the 2 lists that can be attributed to deletion of carrier phrase cues.

Sound synthesizing apparatus

Abstract: In this speech synthesizer which announces the time, storage and complexity is minimized by switching selection of fixed data and variable data from corresponding memories, to compose the phrase "the time is five o'clock".

Phonological Phrase and Phonological Reduction

Abstract: The purpose of this paper is to substantiate the domain of the phonological phrase in a phonological theory with special attention to reduction in Japanese casual speech. We first define the phonological phrase, which will be evidenced from various aspects of grammar (sec. 1). He will then see many kinds of examples of reduction in the final position of phonological phrase (sec. 2.1). Reducible phrases are morphologically characterized within the domain of the phonological phrase. In other words, phonological phrases with this morphological characterization undergo reduction in final position (sec. 2.2). He will make an account based on syllable structure for reduction in phrase-final position, and introduce a few phonological rules operative within the domain of the phonological phrase (sec. 2.3). The final section is devoted to summary (sec. 3).

Introduction History and Overview

Abstract: When this work was originally conceived in the early 1970s, the concepts associated with the phrase “structured programming” were less clearly perceived than they are now, and the notion of “abstract data type” did not exist. While it was generally recognized that methodological approaches to the solution of software problems had enormous potential, there was neither agreement on the methodology nor much experience on which to base belief in the potential.

Retrieval system by japanese

Abstract: PURPOSE:To eliminate a difference in the representation of enquiry information and to perform desired retrieval effectively by obtaining the clear connection relation between independent words of enquiry information and performing conversion into names, and then retrieving information. CONSTITUTION:The word dividing device 7 of a retrieval name generating device 5 divides enquiry information 1 into words by using a Japanese dictionary 8 and an interword connection inspecting device 9, and those words are stored in a word buffer 10. While attention to independent words of respective words in the buffer 10 and their generation order is paid, phrases having added adjective are extracted and then given respective numbers before being stored in a phrase buffer 12. The contents of this bufer 12 are applied to a connection analyzing device 13, which utilizes a meaning connection inspecting device 15 and a grammatical connection inspecting device 14 to analyze connection relations between the number of the phrases. The results are set in a phrase connection table buffer 16, and a meaning symbol extracting device 17 while extracts words with meaning information from words in the phrases utilizes connection destination phrase information to extract and apply retrieval name information 6 to a retrieving device 2.

Identifying patterns of syntactic disorder in six-year-old children.

Abstract: SummaryThis study analyzes profiles of syntactic usage among six-year old language disordered children. By means of the LARSP categories, the syntactic structures of 30 language disordered and 15 normal children were grouped, by a Q-Factor analysis into clusters of mathematically similar profiles. Two groups with imbalanced syntactic development, in contrast to the normal pattern of balanced development were discerned. These appear to be similar to patterns found by Crystal. The first group (A) reveals normal clause development but inadequate phrase and word structures. The second group (B) exhibits a pattern of depressed word and phrase structure but even lower ability in the area of clause structure, with the added features of inconsistent performance and a wide gap between maximum and typical performance. The relationships between profiles found in this study and those found by Crystal, as well as implications of the research are discussed.

Data input processing system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To make data input efficient, by describing a corresponding phrase data to a specified field of an input record, adding a phrase input designation key for common use of an existing one character input key to a phrase data input. CONSTITUTION:When one character input keys 141-14n are in key operation during the period of phrase input designation mode, a phrase table of a file device 18 is retrieved, a phrase data assigned to one character input key is read out and the phrase data is written in a specified location of a specified field of an input record formed in a main memory 19. When the keys 141-14n are operated during the release period of the phrase input designation mode, the corresponding data for one character's share is written in the specified location of the specified field of the input record to form the input record. While one field is designated, according to the key input from the keys 141-14n, the phrase data or data for one character's is sequentially inputted to the designated field of the input record.

Method of decoding phrases and obtaining a readout of events in a text processing system

Abstract: Method of decoding stored phrases and obtaining a readout of events in a text processing system controlled by a processor (2) with program (50, 51, 52) and tables (53) stored in a memory (4). The method includes comparing a phrase made up of a number of words encoded on a byte valuelfrequency of use basis and included in a phrase table (57) with the words of a decode table (58) arranged on a byte value/frequency of use basis, a pointer associated with each word pointing to a word stored in a word table (59). Upon a compare, the number of bits information associated with the word resulting in a compare is used to determine any phrase remainder. If there is a remainder, the remainder is compared with the decode table to obtain a match. The compare/remainder determination sequencing continues until all words in the phrase have been decoded.

Assessing comprehensibility: The PHAN system

Abstract: Charles H. Clark Most teachers and other profes sionals in reading are by now familiar with the shortcomings of traditional readability formulas. Such formulas do not account for concept load, organization, style, reader famil iarity with the subject, or reader motivation and purpose. The fact that readability formulas based only on word and sentence length con tinue to be useful general indicators of text difficulty is as surprising to those who study the relationships between text and comprehension as it is reaffirming for those who rely upon their use (Kintsch and Vipond, 1978). Because of the heavy reliance of the formulas on vocabulary and sentence length, their primary focus is upon decodability rather than comprehensibility. Educators con cerned with the comprehensiblity of materials, whether they are consider ing them for adoption or evaluating the type and degree of preteaching needed to facilitate learning, must go beyond readability formulas to arrive at valid decisions. The purpose of this article is to describe a simple phrase analysis system called PHAN that can be used by anyone to assess the degree and nature of potential stumbling blocks to comprehension within a passage or book. The basis for the phrase system lies with recent developments in the theoretical and empirical study of the comprehension process. Though at best a simplistic stepchild to the recently developed systems for ana lyzing prose (e.g., Kintsch and van

Grammaticality in Modern Hebrew

Abstract: Originally in Latin and Greek grammar specified the whole apparatus of literary study. In the Middle Ages it denoted specifically the study of Latin and the occult sciences as associated with this learning. In the present time, grammar carries several meanings,' five of which are relevant to language: I. Grammar is the description of a language. It is the study of language that specifies the infinite set of well-formed sentences and assigns to each of them one or more structural descriptions.2 In Chomsky and Halle's3 formulation, grammar is a distinctly expressed description of various aspects of the inner structure of a language: "The term refers to the explicit theory constructed by the linguist and proposed as a description of the speaker's competence . . . the theory that the linguist constructs as a hypothesis concerning the actual internalized grammar of the speaker-hearer." Researchers do not agree unanimously about the specific areas within the description of grammar. According to Rosen,4 in the recent past most grammarians would have included phonology (study of language sounds), morphology (study of forms and structures of words), and syntax (study of phrase and sentence structure) in grammar. Nowadays, many researchers exclude phonology from grammar. Among some scholars, however, the term "grammar" is used in a wider sense to include both phonology (phonetics excluded) and semantics, in addition to morphology and syntax, where syntax plays the most important role in the description.5 2. Grammar is the inner systematic structure of the language that the speaker uses to create and understand sentences. When linguists use the terms "ungrammatical" and "grammatical," they are talking about violations of or conformity with internalized rules. A sentence that does not conform with the well-accepted structure of the language is ungrammatical, and the native speaker rejects its use, although he might not be able to tell the reason explicitly. In this sense, every language described or not, written

Accounting Systems and Control

Abstract: The phrase accounting systems and control does not have a single accepted meaning, and hence an explanation of the words and the phrase, as understood in this chapter, might be helpful to readers.

Character recognizing method

Abstract: PURPOSE:To discriminate correctly ''kanji'' (chinese character), ''hiragana'' (cursive form of Japanese syllabary), symbols, etc., constituting a general writings, by referring not only to pattern information but also writings information. CONSTITUTION:Characters inputted via signal line 5 are supplied to 1st-stage discriminator 1A, where pattern recognition is performed by referring to parameters from parameter memory device 1B. When the precision of the recognition result is low, recognition results having the propability of the correct answer are sent to document correcting device 2A. Receiving them, device 2A makes a grammatical check and document check by referring to gramatical information, phrase information, etc., from document information memory device 2B to select the recognition result which is the most suitable to document. Next, 2nd-discriminator 3A having received it makes a check again and outputs the final answer. Thus, ''kanji'', symbols, etc., which is scarcely determined by only the pattern information is discriminated correctly.

Use of grammatical constraints in reading by young deaf adults as reflected in eye-voice span.

Abstract: This paper reports evidence that profoundly prelingually deaf adults use a chunking strategy during reading to group words in grammatical units that are used as units of processing. Twenty-five deaf and 28 hearing subjects read aloud materials of varying amounts of grammatical constraint. When the subject's voice reached a preselected position in the text, the text was removed from view. The subject continued to report words that he had already seen. The number of correct consecutive words reported after removal of the text was his eye-voice span. Though eye-voice spans of deaf and hearing groups were quantitatively different, they were qualitatively similar - longer at positions of high grammatical constraint and shorter at positions of low grammatical constraint. Eye-voice spans of both groups tended to end at phrase boundaries, more often at positions of high grammatical constraint and less often at positions of low grammatical constraint. Eye-voice span peformance of deaf subjects was consistent with ...

What Do We Mean by I'm OK, You're OK?:

Abstract: “I'm OK, you're OK‘ is implicitly fundamental in the theory, practice, and teaching of Transactional Analysis, yet the meaning of the phrase has not been specified in the literature. The author sug...

Voice recognition equipment

Abstract: A speech recognition system for an automotive vehicle sequentially activates at least one device having plural different operating modes in accordance with a plurality of spoken instructions without repeating the same phrase. To adjust fender mirrors, for instance, first the driver says "Mirror" while depressing a recognition switch to stop the moving mirror; secondly the driver says "Right, horizontally", thirdly the driver says "Right, vertically" after having depressed a reset switch; lastly the driver says "Stop". The speech recognition system comprises a reset switch, at least one device instruction phrase memory, plural operation-mode instruction phrase memories, and a reference pattern memory selector for selecting the device memory or an appropriate operation-mode memory, in addition to or in place of a section of a conventional speech recognizer.

The prophet's watchword: day of the Lord

Abstract: The biblical phrase “Day of the Lord" is a key phrase in understanding God's revelation about the future. The NT writers' use of this phrase rested upon their understanding of the OT prophets. A survey of the OT indicates that it was used by the prophets when speaking of both near historical and future eschatological events. The NT writers picked up on the eschatological use and applied the phrase both to the judgment which will climax the Tribulation period and the judgment which will usher in the new earth.

"kana" japanese syllabary to "kanji" chinese character conversion system

Abstract: PURPOSE:To facilitate ''kana'' and ''kanji'' conversion through adding the selecting work of an operator, by providing a code table of phrases consiting of plural ''kanji'' characters. CONSTITUTION:After receiving a signal from a CPU1, a reception part 2 transfers its data part to a buffer 3. A phrase keyword KW from the buffer 3 is stored in a keyword register 4 temporarily and on the basis of this keyword KW, a phrase code table 5 is retrieved. A phrase code JC from the table 5 is used as an address to read a ''kanji'' character generator 6 and a phrase pattern signal KC is led to the entry area 7a or menu area 7b of a picture memory 7 via a screen memory control part 8. The control part 8 writes it in the area 7b when there are homonyms or in the area 7a when not. Consequently, an operator only selects one of the displayed homonyms in the area 7b, so that a load on opeation is reduced.

Harmonic structure as adeterminant ofmelodic organization

Abstract: Musiciansand nonmusiciansindicated whethera two-noteprobefollowing a tonallystructured melody occurred in the melody. The critical probes were taken from one of three locations in the melody: the two notes (1) ending the first phrase, (2) straddling the phrase boundary, and (3) beginning the second phrase. As predicted, the probe that straddled the phrase boundary was more difficult to recognizethan either of the within-phrase probes. These findings suggest that knowledge of harmonic structure influences perceptual organization of melodies in ways analogous to the influence of clause relations on the perceptual organization of sentences. They also provide evidence that training plays an important role in refining listeners' sensitivityto harmonicvariables. Music listening is a complex perceptual task that calls on specific knowledge and perceptual skills. In order to appreciate a musical work, the listener must be able to organize and integrate its parts in structurally consistent ways. To do this, the listener must be sensitive to the structural properties of music through which musical meanings are conveyed. Music theorists have described its internal structure in terms of harmonic systems that formally represent the structural regularities in traditional Western compositional practice. Harmonic structure specifies the systematic relationships underlying tonal organization. Harmony provides the structural framework of a musical "language" and, thus, functions as a part ofa musical "grammar." The present research explores the possibility that listeners use intuitive knowledge of the system of harmonic rules to organize their perception of melodies. Studies of simple pattern perception and learning (Garner, 1974; Kotovsky & Simon, 1973; Leeuwenberg, 1972; Restle, 1970; Vitz & Todd, 1969) observe that general rules and procedures govern the analysis of serial patterns regardless of modality. Using different kinds of stimuli (random tones, flashing lights, numbers, etc.), these studies demonstrate that listeners are able to