Phrase

About: Phrase is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 12580 publications have been published within this topic receiving 317823 citations. The topic is also known as: syntagma & phrases.

A Password Extension for Improved Human Factors.

Abstract: To maximize both the difficulty of guessing passwords and also the ease of remembering passwords, we use a fairly large keyspace (64 bits) and a very long “passphrase” (up to 80 characters) The phrase is hashed into the key, which is then stored in encrypted form The hashing necessarily includes one-way encryption Since the phrase is long, one would expect a large keyspace for the actual phrase as well as for the hashed phrase Since the phrase is meaningful to the owner it should be easier to remember

Non-sentential assertions and semantic ellipsis

Abstract: The restricted semantic ellipsis hypothesis, we have argued, is committed to an enormous number of multiply ambiguous expressions, the introduction of which gains us no extra explanatory power. We should, therefore, reject it. We should also spurn the original version since: (a) it entails the restricted version and (b) it incorrectly declares that, whenever a speaker makes an assertion by uttering an unembedded word or phrase, the expression uttered has illocutionary force. Once rejected, the semantic ellipsis hypothesis cannot account for the many exceptions to the syntactic ellipsis hypothesis. So, we can safely infer that the Claim is true. (1)The Claim: Speakers can make assertions by uttering ordinary, unembedded, words and phrases. To the degree that the Claim reallyis in tension with the primacy of sentences (i.e., the view that (a) only sentences can be used to make assertions and (b) only sentences are meaningful in isolation) this doctrine must also be rejected.

Paraphrasing and translation

Abstract: Paraphrasing and translation have previously been treated as unconnected natural language processing tasks. Whereas translation represents the preservation of meaning when an idea is rendered in the words in a different language, paraphrasing represents the preservation of meaning when an idea is expressed using different words in the same language. We show that the two are intimately related. The major contributions of this thesis are as follows: • We define a novel technique for automatically generating paraphrases using bilingual parallel corpora, which are more commonly used as training data for statistical models of translation. • We show that paraphrases can be used to improve the quality of statistical machine translation by addressing the problem of coverage and introducing a degree of generalization into the models. • We explore the topic of automatic evaluation of translation quality, and show that the current standard evaluation methodology cannot be guaranteed to correlate with human judgments of translation quality. Whereas previous data-driven approaches to paraphrasing were dependent upon either data sources which were uncommon such as multiple translation of the same source text, or language specific resources such as parsers, our approach is able to harness more widely parallel corpora and can be applied to any language which has a parallel corpus. The technique was evaluated by replacing phrases with their paraphrases, and asking judges whether the meaning of the original phrase was retained and whether the resulting sentence remained grammatical. Paraphrases extracted from a parallel corpus with manual alignments are judged to be accurate (both meaningful and grammatical) 75% of the time, retaining the meaning of the original phrase 85% of the time. Using automatic alignments, meaning can be retained at a rate of 70%. Being a language independent and probabilistic approach allows our method to be easily integrated into statistical machine translation. A paraphrase model derived from parallel corpora other than the one used to train the translation model can be used to increase the coverage of statistical machine translation by adding translations of previously unseen words and phrases. If the translation of a word was not learned, but a translation of a synonymous word has been learned, then the word is paraphrased

9. Recursive prosodic phrasing in Japanese

Abstract: This paper reopens the question of whether two distinct phrasal categories are truly necessary. Is a model of prosodic parsing possible that accounts for all the facts, both in Japanese and in other languages, with a single phonological phrase category? We will argue that such a conception is not only possible, but in fact necessary: multiple categories create problems.