Topic
Phrase
About: Phrase is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 12580 publications have been published within this topic receiving 317823 citations. The topic is also known as: syntagma & phrases.
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TL;DR: The authors proposed a theory of phrase structure which is free from unmotivated stipulations as much as possible and which is also compatible with the most restrictive theory of parametric variation currently available.
Abstract: This article proposes a theory of phrase structure which is free from unmotivated stipulations as much as possible and which is also compatible with the most restrictive theory of parametric variation currently available (cf. Fukui (1995)), with a special focus on the nature and role of linear order and functional categories. A hypothesis called the "Symmetry of Derivation" is put forth, according to which the computations in the overt syntax (i.e., the pre-Spell-Out computations) and the computations in the (pre-Morphology) phonological component are "symmetric" in the sense that they form mirror images of each other. More specifically, we propose that language computation maps an array of linguistic elements to an interface representation in such a way that it starts with a lexical item (a head) proceeding in a bottom-up fashion (Merge) and at some point of this step-by-step derivational process (Spell-Out) starts "decomposing" the structures already formed in a top-down fashion ("Demerge") until the derivation reaches a completely unstructured sequence with a fixed linear order. It is shown that this symmetry principle explains the major properties of phrase structure in an elegant way. The principle accounts for the apparently universal "leftness" property of Spec in a straightforward way by attributing its leftness to the fact that a Spec, by definition, is the first maximal projection in a given phrase that the top-down computation Demerge encounters. With respect to the order between a head and its complement, which allows for cross-linguistic variation (head-initial vs. head-last), the symmetry principle predicts that the head-last order reflects the "base" order involving no relevant movement whereas the head-initial order is derived by movement, in clear contrast with Kayne's (1994) approach. The difference between head-initial English and head-last Japanese is, then, attributed to different properties of a "light verb" v (Chomsky (1995b)): v has the property of attracting V in English but not in Japanese. Numerous theoretical and empirical consequences are shown to follow in an interesting way from this hypothesis, coupled with the symmetry principle of derivations.
164 citations
01 Oct 2017
TL;DR: The authors used a large collection of linguistic and visual cues, such as appearance, size, and position of entity bounding boxes, adjectives that contain attribute information, and spatial relationships between pairs of entities connected by verbs or prepositions.
Abstract: This paper presents a framework for localization or grounding of phrases in images using a large collection of linguistic and visual cues. We model the appearance, size, and position of entity bounding boxes, adjectives that contain attribute information, and spatial relationships between pairs of entities connected by verbs or prepositions. Special attention is given to relationships between people and clothing or body part mentions, as they are useful for distinguishing individuals. We automatically learn weights for combining these cues and at test time, perform joint inference over all phrases in a caption. The resulting system produces state of the art performance on phrase localization on the Flickr30k Entities dataset [33] and visual relationship detection on the Stanford VRD dataset [27].
164 citations
TL;DR: Many data discussed in this paper indicate that there is no evidence of (covert) tenses in Chinese, therefore, challenging work remains for those who have claimed that Tense Phrase is projected in Chinese phrase structures.
Abstract: This paper discusses how Chinese, a so-called tenseless language, determines its temporal reference For simplex sentences without time adverb or aspectual marker, I show that temporal reference is correlated with aktionsart or grammatical viewpoint For sentences with an aspectual marker, I discuss the temporal semantics of le and guo in detail, showing how their tense/aspectual meanings contribute to temporal reference I propose to analyze le as an event realization operator and guo as an anteriority operator For subordinate clauses, I show that temporal reference of complement clauses of verbs is basically determined by verbal semantics of individual verbs, which may impose some temporal restriction on the temporal location of the embedded event As for relative clauses and temporal adverbial clauses, many different factors such as lexical verbal semantics, referential properties of determiners, lifetime effect of noun phrases, semantic or pragmatics constraints on temporal connectives, inference rules and world knowledge, etc, all interact to help determine temporal reference Many data discussed in this paper indicate that there is no evidence of (covert) tenses in Chinese Therefore, challenging work remains for those who have claimed that Tense Phrase is projected in Chinese phrase structures
164 citations
IBM1
TL;DR: A new technique, the phrase net, is presented, for generating visual overviews of unstructured text that displays a graph whose nodes are words and whose edges indicate that two words are linked by a user-specified relation.
Abstract: We present a new technique, the phrase net, for generating visual overviews of unstructured text A phrase net displays a graph whose nodes are words and whose edges indicate that two words are linked by a user-specified relation These relations may be defined either at the syntactic or lexical level; different relations often produce very different perspectives on the same text Taken together, these perspectives often provide an illuminating visual overview of the key concepts and relations in a document or set of documents
163 citations
TL;DR: The authors found that heavy-NP shift is strongly constrained by the shifting disposition of individual verbs, and that verbs that do not require their complements (e.g., sentential complements) to appear in an adjacent position yielded more shifting during production.
162 citations