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Showing papers on "Physical optics published in 1972"


Book
01 Jan 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of optical data processing, including the following: Gradient-Index, Fiber, Integrated Optics, Reflection and Refraction, and Reflection Gratings.
Abstract: Preface. 1. Reflection and Refraction. 2. Thin Lenses. 3. Thick Lenses and Combinations of Lenses. 4. Mirrors. 5. Aberrations. 6. Stops and Pupils. 7. Gradient-Index, Fiber, and Integrated Optics. 8. Lens Design. 9. Optical Systems. 10. Systems Evaluation. 11. Interference. 12. Thin Films. 13. Coherence. 14. Diffraction. 15. Diffraction Gratings. 16. Light Scattering. 17. Polarization of Light. 18. Optical Data Processing. 19. Holography. 20. Light Sources and Detectors. 21. Radiometry/Photometry. 22. Absorption. 23. Lasers. 24. Relativistic Optics. Answers to Odd-Numbered Problems. Index.

190 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, an overview of the use of a wave optics computer code to model the propagation of high power CO2 laser beams in the atmosphere is given, and the nonlinear effects of atmospheric heating and kinetic cooling phenomena are included in the analysis.
Abstract: This paper gives an overview of the use of a wave optics computer code to model the propagation of high power CO2 laser beams in the atmosphere. The nonlinear effects of atmospheric heating and kinetic cooling phenomena are included in the analysis. Only steady-state, nonturbulent cases are studied. Thermal conduction and free convection are assumed negligible compared to other effects included in the calculation. Results showing the important effect of water vapor concentration on beam quality are given. Beam slewing is also studied. Comparison is made with geometrical optics results, and good agreement is found with laboratory experiments that simulate atmospheric propagation.

30 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, exact expressions for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian of great importance in quantum optics are derived, and the exact expression for the Eigenvector and Eigenvalue of the Hamiltonian is derived.
Abstract: Exact expressions for the eigenvectors and eigenvalues of a Hamiltonian of great importance in quantum optics are derived.

18 citations


01 Aug 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, a nonsingular integral equation is developed for the arbitrary case of incomplete frequence and/or aspect angle scattering information, which yields the shape of the scatterer from such incomplete information.
Abstract: A three-dimensional electromagnetic inverse scattering identity, based on the physical optics approximation, is developed for the monostatic scattered far field cross section of perfect conductors. Uniqueness of this inverse identity is proven. This identity requires complete scattering information for all frequencies and aspect angles. A nonsingular integral equation is developed for the arbitrary case of incomplete frequence and/or aspect angle scattering information. A general closed-form solution to this integral equation is developed, which yields the shape of the scatterer from such incomplete information. A specific practical radar solution is presented. The resolution of this solution is developed, yielding short-pulse target resolution radar system parameter equations. The special cases of two- and one-dimensional inverse scattering and the special case of a priori knowledge of scatterer symmetry are treated in some detail. The merits of this solution over the conventional radar imaging technique are discussed.

12 citations



Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, problems of non-linear Optics are addressed in the context of nonlinear nonlinear systems. But their focus is on nonlinear problems and not on non-convex problems.
Abstract: (1972). Problems of Non-linear Optics. Optica Acta: International Journal of Optics: Vol. 19, No. 11, pp. 951-952.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a visual display of standing wavefronts on a screen was used to compare the Debye and Sears method and the schlieren method. But the results showed that both methods work on the same diffraction phenomenon.
Abstract: Diffraction of light by a liquid carrying a sound wave enables a direct measurement of the acoustic wavelength in the liquid, and hence the acoustic velocity, if the frequency is known. The method of Debye and Sears for such measurements and an alternative method (striation or schlieren method) based on a visual display of standing wavefronts on a screen are reviewed. Measurements carried out with a He-Ne laser indicate that both methods work on the same diffraction phenomenon. Interpretation is given to the cause of image formation in the striation method, and a formula for the intensity distribution in the striation pattern is obtained. While utilizing a minimum of equipment, both methods illustrate some salient aspects of the compressional wave as well as physical optics and provide an excellent experiment for an advanced undergraduate laboratory or a lecture demonstration at an introductory level.

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI

7 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: Gravity's effect on the polarization of test electromagnetic fields is discussed in this paper, where it is shown that under ordinary circumstances, the effect is not measurable, and it is also shown that the effect of gravity on test electromagnetic field polarization is not significant.
Abstract: Gravity's effect on the polarization of test electromagnetic fields is presented. It is shown that under ordinary circumstances the effect is not measurable.

6 citations


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: It is concluded that although arbitrary combinations of wavelength or wavelength range, grating space, focal length, and beam width generally yield a nonlinear calibration, special combinations of these parameters result in a highly linear curve over an extended range.
Abstract: The use of Ronchi grids for the detection or measurement of small angular changes is well known. In some applications, such as instruments for the measurement of strain or displacement, the question of linearity of calibration over an extended angular range is important. In this paper we treat the question of such linearity on the basis of physical optics. We conclude that although arbitrary combinations of wavelength or wavelength range, grating space, focal length, and beam width generally yield a nonlinear calibration, special combinations of these parameters result in a highly linear curve over an extended range.

01 Apr 1972
TL;DR: In this article, the authors developed numerical procedures for the digital solution of the integral equations for the current induced on a perfectly conducting, two-dimensional periodic surface of arbitrary profile when a plane electromagnetic wave is incident by using Floquet's theorem.
Abstract: : Numerical procedures are developed for the digital solution of the integral equations for the current induced on a perfectly conducting, two- dimensional periodic surface of arbitrary profile when a plane electromagnetic wave is incident By using Floquet's theorem the range of integration is reduced to a single period, and special summation techniques consisting of a Poisson summation and the subtraction of the dc term are used to improve the convergence of the infinite series representation of the Green's function The integral equations are then solved numerically using the moment method and an interpolation scheme Data are obtained for both the surface and far fields for a variety of sinusoidal, full-wave rectified, inverted full-wave rectified and triangular profiles for plane waves of either polarization at oblique as well as normal incidence, and the results are compared with the predictions of physical optics

Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1972
TL;DR: In this article, a multipoleexpansion technique is developed which permits the two-dimensional scattering integral for reflector antennas to be replaced by a finite sum of simple algebraic terms.
Abstract: A multipole-expansion technique is developed which permits the two-dimensional scattering integral for reflector antennas to be replaced by a finite sum of simple algebraic terms. The series, which accurately represents the radiated field over the main antenna beam and first few sidelobes, converges rapidly because the source dimensions are small. It is demonstrated that the reciprocity theorem is satisfied by the boresight physical-optics field of a paraboloid illuminated by a generalized linear electric current feed centered at the focus.



Proceedings ArticleDOI
01 Jan 1972

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, a numerical solution of integral equations for the surface current on perfectly conducting echelette-type diffraction gratings is used for comparison with the results of five approximate analysis techniques.
Abstract: Numerical solution of integral equations for the surface current on perfectly conducting echelette-type diffraction gratings is used for comparison with the results of five approximate-analysis techniques. The edge singularity of the current for the P(E∥) polarization and the relatively large current in the shadow region for the S(H∥) polarization give some insight into the rather restricted limits of validity of the perturbation, scalar diffraction, and physical-optics techniques. Two more-general approaches, based on the Rayleigh hypothesis of using only outward-diffracted orders, while considerably more versatile, are found to be at best of marginal use in studying the physical phenomena associated with typical echelette gratings.

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, the monochromatic optical transmission characteristics of a glass flat with and without multiple reflections are measured as a function of the angle of incidence and the results compared with the theoretical predictions based on the Fresnel and Airy equations.
Abstract: We describe two experiments using simple equipment suitable for an undergraduate laboratory course in physical optics or advanced electromagnetism. The monochromatic optical transmission characteristics of a glass flat with and without multiple reflections are measured as a function of the angle of incidence and the results compared with the theoretical predictions based on the Fresnel and Airy equations.


Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the velocity and momentum of a spinning photon are non-collinear in terms of wave optics, using an appropriate class of solutions of the Maxwell's equations.
Abstract: The Goos and Hanchen experiments of 1947 have shown that in total reflection the photons tunnel through the second medium (which we take to be the vacuum), whence a longitudinal shift Δx; Imbert's experiments of 1970 have shown that if the incident beam is circularly polarized there is also a transverse shift Δz, the sign of which depends on the helicity sign. We briefly explain this new phenomenon, first in terms of a generalized geometrical optics where the velocity and momentum of a spinning photon are non-collinear, then in terms of wave optics, using an appropriate class of solutions of Maxwell's equations.


01 Oct 1972
TL;DR: In this paper, the application of physical-optics diffraction theory to a deployable dual-reflector geometry is discussed, and the methods employed are not restricted to the Conical-Gregorian antenna, but apply in a general way to dual and even multiple reflector systems.
Abstract: The application of physical-optics diffraction theory to a deployable dual-reflector geometry is discussed. The methods employed are not restricted to the Conical-Gregorian antenna, but apply in a general way to dual and even multiple reflector systems. Complex vector wave methods are used in the Fresnel and Fraunhofer regions of the reflectors. Field amplitude, phase, polarization data, and time average Poynting vectors are obtained via an IBM 360/91 digital computer. Focal region characteristics are plotted with the aid of a CalComp plotter. Comparison between the GSFC Huygens wavelet approach, JPL measurements, and JPL computer results based on the near field spherical wave expansion method are made wherever possible.