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Physical optics

About: Physical optics is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 5342 publications have been published within this topic receiving 101388 citations. The topic is also known as: wave optics.


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Journal ArticleDOI
01 Dec 1993
TL;DR: In this article, the authors present an overview of a number of asymptotic and hybrid methods used to compute the radar cross section of objects that are large compared to the wavelength of the incident wave, and the effect of coating perfectly conducting bodies with dielectric materials.
Abstract: Asymptotic and hybrid methods are widely used to compute the Radar Cross Section (RCS) of objects that are large compared to the wavelength of the incident wave, and the objective of this paper is to present an overview of a number of these methods. The cornerstone of the asymptotic methods is the Geometrical Theory of Diffraction (GTD), which was originally introduced by J. B. Keller, and which represents a generalization of the classical Geometrical Optics (GO) by virtue of the inclusion of diffraction phenomena. After a presentation of the physical principles of GTD, we provide a description of its mathematical foundations. In the process of doing this we point out that GTD gives inaccurate results at caustics and light-shadow boundaries, and subsequently present a number of alternate approaches to dealing with these problems, viz., Uniform theories; Methods for caustics curves; Physical Theory of Diffraction; and Spectral Theory of Diffraction. The effect of coating perfectly conducting bodies with dielectric materials is discussed and hybrid methods, that combine the Method of Moments (MoM) with asymptotic techniques, are briefly reviewed. Finally, the application of GTD and related techniques is illustrated by considering some representative radar targets of practical interest. >

78 citations

Book
14 Dec 2009
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a survey of digital optical properties and their application in the field of computer vision. But their focus is on the transformation from Refraction to Diffraction and Diffraction Phenomenon.
Abstract: About the Authors. Foreword by Professor Joseph Goodman. Foreword by Professor Trevor Hall. Acknowledgments. Acronyms. Introduction . Why a Book on Digital Optics? Digital versus Analog. What are Digital Optics? The Realm of Digital Optics. 1 From Refraction to Diffraction . 1.1 Refraction and Diffraction Phenomena. 1.2 Understanding the Diffraction Phenomenon. 1.3 No More Parasitic Effects. 1.4 From Refractive Optics to Diffractive Optics. 1.5 From Diffractive Optics to Digital Optics. 1.6 Are Diffractives and Refractives Interchangeable Elements? 2 Classification of Digital Optics 2.1 Early Digital Optics. 2.2 Guided-wave Digital Optics. 2.3 Free-space Digital Optics. 2.4 Hybrid Digital Optics. 3 Guided-wave Digital Optics 3.1 From Optical Fibers to Planar Lightwave Circuits (PLCs). 3.2 Light Propagation in Waveguides. 3.3 The Optical Fiber. 3.4 The Dielectric Slab Waveguide. 3.5 Channel Waveguides. 3.6 PLC In- and Out-coupling. 3.7 Functionality Integration. 4 Refractive Micro-optics 4.1 Micro-optics in Nature. 4.2 GRIN Lenses. 4.3 Surface-relief Micro-optics. 4.4 Micro-optics Arrays. 5 Digital Diffractive Optics: Analytic Type. 5.1 Analytic and Numeric Digital Diffractives. 5.2 The Notion of Diffraction Orders. 5.3 Diffraction Gratings. 5.4 Diffractive Optical Elements. 5.5 Diffractive Interferogram Lenses. 6 Digital Diffractive Optics: Numeric Type. 6.1 Computer-generated Holograms. 6.2 Designing CGHs. 6.3 Multiplexing CGHs. 6.4 Various CGH Functionality Implementations. 7 Digital Hybrid Optics 7.1 Why Combine Different Optical Elements? 7.2 Analysis of Lens Aberrations. 7.3 Improvement of Optical Functionality. 7.4 The Generation of Novel Optical Functionality. 7.5 Waveguide-based Hybrid Optics. 7.6 Reducing Weight, Size and Cost. 7.7 Specifying Hybrid Optics in Optical CAD/CAM. 7.8 A Parametric Design Example of Hybrid Optics via Ray-tracing Techniques. 8 Digital Holographic Optics 8.1 Conventional Holography. 8.2 Different Types of Holograms. 8.3 Unique Features of Holograms. 8.4 Modeling the Behavior of Volume Holograms. 8.5 HOE Lenses. 8.6 HOE Design Tools. 8.7 Holographic Origination Techniques. 8.8 Holographic Materials for HOEs. 8.9 Other Holographic Techniques. 9 Dynamic Digital Optics 9.1 An Introduction to Dynamic Digital Optics. 9.2 Switchable Digital Optics. 9.3 Tunable Digital Optics. 9.4 Reconfigurable Digital Optics. 9.5 Digital Software Lenses: Wavefront Coding. 10 Digital Nano-optics 10.1 The Concept of 'Nano' in Optics. 10.2 Sub-wavelength Gratings. 10.3 Modeling Sub-wavelength Gratings. 10.4 Engineering Effective Medium Optical Elements. 10.5 Form Birefringence Materials. 10.6 Guided Mode Resonance Gratings. 10.7 Surface Plasmonics. 10.8 Photonic Crystals. 10.9 Optical Metamaterials. 11 Digital Optics Modeling Techniques . 11.1 Tools Based on Ray Tracing. 11.2 Scalar Diffraction Based Propagators. 11.3 Beam Propagation Modeling (BPM) Methods. 11.4 Nonparaxial Diffraction Regime Issues. 11.5 Rigorous Electromagnetic Modeling Techniques. 11.6 Digital Optics Design and Modeling Tools Available Today. 11.7 Practical Paraxial Numeric Modeling Examples. 12 Digital Optics Fabrication Techniques. 12.1 Holographic Origination. 12.2 Diamond Tool Machining. 12.3 Photo-reduction. 12.4 Microlithographic Fabrication of Digital Optics. 12.5 Micro-refractive Element Fabrication Techniques. 12.6 Direct Writing Techniques. 12.7 Gray-scale Optical Lithography. 12.8 Front/Back Side Wafer Alignments and Wafer Stacks. 12.9 A Summary of Fabrication Techniques. 13 Design for Manufacturing. 13.1 The Lithographic Challenge. 13.2 Software Solutions: Reticle Enhancement Techniques. 13.3 Hardware Solutions. 13.4 Process Solutions. 14 Replication Techniques for Digital Optics. 14.1 The LIGA Process. 14.2 Mold Generation Techniques. 14.3 Embossing Techniques. 14.4 The UV Casting Process. 14.5 Injection Molding Techniques. 14.6 The Sol-Gel Process. 14.7 The Nano-replication Process. 14.8 A Summary of Replication Technologies. 15 Specifying and Testing Digital Optics. 15.1 Fabless Lithographic Fabrication Management. 15.2 Specifying the Fabrication Process. 15.3 Fabrication Evaluation. 15.4 Optical Functionality Evaluation. 16 Digital Optics Application Pools. 16.1 Heavy Industry. 16.2 Defense, Security and Space. 16.3 Clean Energy. 16.4 Factory Automation. 16.5 Optical Telecoms. 16.6 Biomedical Applications. 16.7 Entertainment and Marketing. 16.8 Consumer Electronics. 16.9 Summary. 16.10 The Future of Digital Optics. Conclusion. Appendix A: Rigorous Theory of Diffraction. A.1 Maxwell's Equations. A.2 Wave Propagation and the Wave Equation. A.3 Towards a Scalar Field Representation. Appendix B: The Scalar Theory of Diffraction. B.1 Full Scalar Theory. B.2 Scalar Diffraction Models for Digital Optics. B.3 Extended Scalar Models. Appendix C: FFTs and DFTs in Optics. C.1 The Fourier Transform in Optics Today. C.2 Conditions for the Existence of the Fourier Transform. C.3 The Complex Fourier Transform. C.4 The Discrete Fourier Transform. C.5 The Properties of the Fourier Transform and Examples in Optics. C.6 Other Transforms. Index.

78 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this article, a high-frequency method for the three-dimensional analysis of integrated dielectric lens antennas is presented, which consists on improving the physical optics (PO) currents on the lens surface by modifying, via suitable transition functions, the spreading factor of those rays from the source point which arrive at the lens-air interface close to the critical angle of incidence.
Abstract: A high-frequency method for the three-dimensional analysis of integrated dielectric lens antennas is presented. This method consists on improving the physical optics (PO) currents on the lens surface by modifying, via suitable transition functions, the spreading factor of those rays from the source point which arrive at the lens-air interface close to the critical angle of incidence. Invoking the locality principle of the high-frequency phenomena, the method uses the rigorous canonical solution of the semi-infinite dielectric space locally tangent at the lens surface. A uniform asymptotic evaluation of this canonical solution is provided with the introduction of a new transition function for the TM case. The present formulation provides significant correction from the PO currents of an elliptical lens, with a consequent improvement of the radiation pattern prediction, testified by comparisons with results from a full-wave analysis.

77 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors analyzed the electromagnetic characteristic of a frequency selective surface (FSS) radome using the physical optics (PO) method and ray tracing technique, and computed the radiation pattern of the FSS radome to illustrate the electromagnetic transmission characteristic.
Abstract: In this letter, we analyze the electromagnetic characteristic of a frequency selective surface (FSS) radome using the physical optics (PO) method and ray tracing technique. We consider the cross-loop slot FSS and the tangent-ogive radome. Radiation pattern of the FSS radome is computed to illustrate the electromagnetic transmission characteristic.

77 citations

Journal ArticleDOI
TL;DR: In this paper, the scattering process in single-mode optical fibres is considered in terms of wave optics rather than geometrical optics, which is inadequate in this case, and the result for the backscattering signal at the input end of the fibre is nearly the same as for multimode fibres.
Abstract: The scattering process in single-mode optical fibres is considered in terms of wave optics rather than geometrical optics, which is inadequate in this case. Surprisingly, however, the result for the backscattering signal at the input end of the fibre is nearly the same as for multimode fibres.

77 citations


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Performance
Metrics
No. of papers in the topic in previous years
YearPapers
202357
2022157
202196
2020140
2019141
2018162