Showing papers on "Piezoelectricity published in 2010"
TL;DR: Near-field electrospinning is used to direct-write poly(vinylidene fluoride) nanofibers with in situ mechanical stretch and electrical poling characteristics to produce piezoelectric properties, rendering them potentially advantageous for sensing and actuation applications.
Abstract: Nanogenerators capable of converting energy from mechanical sources to electricity with high effective efficiency using low-cost, nonsemiconducting, organic nanomaterials are attractive for many applications, including energy harvesters. In this work, near-field electrospinning is used to direct-write poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) nanofibers with in situ mechanical stretch and electrical poling characteristics to produce piezoelectric properties. Under mechanical stretching, nanogenerators have shown repeatable and consistent electrical outputs with energy conversion efficiency an order of magnitude higher than those made of PVDF thin films. The early onset of the nonlinear domain wall motions behavior has been identified as one mechanism responsible for the apparent high piezoelectricity in nanofibers, rendering them potentially advantageous for sensing and actuation applications.
1,169 citations
TL;DR: A piezoelectric nanogenerator based on PZT nanofibers, with a diameter and length of approximately 60 nm and 500 microm, was reported, aligned on interdigitated electrodes of platinum fine wires and packaged using a soft polymer on a silicon substrate.
Abstract: Energy harvesting technologies that are engineered to miniature sizes, while still increasing the power delivered to wireless electronics,(1, 2) portable devices, stretchable electronics,(3) and implantable biosensors,(4, 5) are strongly desired. Piezoelectric nanowire- and nanofiber-based generators have potential uses for powering such devices through a conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy.(6) However, the piezoelectric voltage constant of the semiconductor piezoelectric nanowires in the recently reported piezoelectric nanogenerators(7-12) is lower than that of lead zirconate titanate (PZT) nanomaterials. Here we report a piezoelectric nanogenerator based on PZT nanofibers. The PZT nanofibers, with a diameter and length of approximately 60 nm and 500 μm, were aligned on interdigitated electrodes of platinum fine wires and packaged using a soft polymer on a silicon substrate. The measured output voltage and power under periodic stress application to the soft polymer was 1.63 V and 0.03 ...
818 citations
TL;DR: The results show that a nanogenerator can be used to power flexible displays by means of mechanical agitations for future touchable display technologies.
Abstract: The piezoelectric generation of perovskite BaTiO3 thin films on a flexible substrate has been applied to convert mechanical energy to electrical energy for the first time. Ferroelectric BaTiO3 thin films were deposited by radio frequency magnetron sputtering on a Pt/Ti/SiO2/(100) Si substrate and poled under an electric field of 100 kV/cm. The metal-insulator (BaTiO3)-metal-structured ribbons were successfully transferred onto a flexible substrate and connected by interdigitated electrodes. When periodically deformed by a bending stage, a flexible BaTiO3 nanogenerator can generate an output voltage of up to 1.0 V. The fabricated nanogenerator produced an output current density of 0.19 μA/cm(2) and a power density of ∼7 mW/cm(3). The results show that a nanogenerator can be used to power flexible displays by means of mechanical agitations for future touchable display technologies.
690 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors introduce the fundamentals of piezotronics and piezo-phototronics, and give an updated progress about their applications in energy science and sensors.
685 citations
TL;DR: It is demonstrated that application of an electric field can coherently align the molecular polarities in crystalline croconic acid, as indicated by an increase of optical second harmonic generation, and produce a well-defined polarization hysteresis at room temperature.
Abstract: Ferroelectrics are electro-active materials that can store and switch their polarity (ferroelectricity), sense temperature changes (pyroelectricity), interchange electric and mechanical functions (piezoelectricity), and manipulate light (through optical nonlinearities and the electro-optic effect): all of these functions have practical applications. Topological switching of pi-conjugation in organic molecules, such as the keto-enol transformation, has long been anticipated as a means of realizing these phenomena in molecular assemblies and crystals. Croconic acid, an ingredient of black dyes, was recently found to have a hydrogen-bonded polar structure in a crystalline state. Here we demonstrate that application of an electric field can coherently align the molecular polarities in crystalline croconic acid, as indicated by an increase of optical second harmonic generation, and produce a well-defined polarization hysteresis at room temperature. To make this simple pentagonal molecule ferroelectric, we switched the pi-bond topology using synchronized proton transfer instead of rigid-body rotation. Of the organic ferroelectrics, this molecular crystal exhibits the highest spontaneous polarization ( approximately 20 muC cm(-2)) in spite of its small molecular size, which is in accord with first-principles electronic-structure calculations. Such high polarization, which persists up to 400 K, may find application in active capacitor and nonlinear optics elements in future organic electronics.
615 citations
TL;DR: In this article, an aging and re-poling induced enhancement of piezoelectricity is found in (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN)-based lead-free PPE ceramics.
Abstract: Aging and re-poling induced enhancement of piezoelectricity are found in (K,Na)NbO3 (KNN)-based lead-free piezoelectric ceramics. For a compositionally optimized Li-doped composition, its piezoelectric coefficient d33 can be increased up to 324 pC N−1 even from a considerably high value (190 pC N−1) by means of a re-poling treatment after room-temperature aging. Such a high d33 value is only reachable in KNN ceramics with complicated modifications using Ta and Sb dopants. High-angle X-ray diffraction analysis reveals apparent changes in the crystallographic orientations related to a 90° domain switching before and after the aging and re-poling process. A possible mechanism considering both defect migration and rotation of spontaneous polarization explains the experimental results. The present study provides a general approach towards piezoelectric response enhancement in KNN-based piezoelectric ceramics.
372 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the ferroelectric switching behavior and piezoelectric response of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) prepared by drawing at stretching ratios from 1 to 5 and temperatures from 80 to 140 °C has been studied.
Abstract: The ferroelectric switching behaviour and piezoelectric response of poly(vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) prepared by drawing at stretching ratios from 1 to 5 and temperatures from 80 to 140 °C has been studied. Stretching ratio and temperature deeply influence the α (non-ferroelectric) to β (ferroelectric) phase transformation. The variations in the phase content are accompanied by changes in the degree of crystallinity and the microstructure, all of them influencing the macroscopic piezoelectric and ferroelectric response of the material. This work shows how the piezo- and ferroelectric behaviour of PVDF depends on the aforementioned parameters and, in particular, on the crystalline β-phase content. Coercive electric field, remnant polarization and saturation polarization increase with increasing ferroelectric β-phase content in the sample. In a similar way, samples with higher β-phase content show higher d33 piezoelectric coefficients.
352 citations
TL;DR: Anomalously strong shear piezoelectric activity in self-assembled diphenylalanine peptide nanotubes (PNTs) is shown, indicating electric polarization directed along the tube axis, opening up a wide avenue for developing new generations of "green" piezOElectric materials and piezonanodevices based on bioactive tubular nanostructures potentially compatible with human tissue.
Abstract: We show anomalously strong shear piezoelectric activity in self-assembled diphenylalanine peptide nanotubes (PNTs), indicating electric polarization directed along the tube axis. Comparison with well-known piezoelectric LiNbO3 and lateral signal calibration yields sufficiently high effective piezoelectric coefficient values of at least 60 pm/V (shear response for tubes of ≈200 nm in diameter). PNTs demonstrate linear deformation without irreversible degradation in a broad range of driving voltages. The results open up a wide avenue for developing new generations of “green” piezoelectric materials and piezonanodevices based on bioactive tubular nanostructures potentially compatible with human tissue.
337 citations
TL;DR: In this article, the authors compared lead-free, non-piezoelectric solutions to electromechanical coupling, including modified (K, Na)NbO3 and (Bi05Na05)TiO3.
Abstract: The reasons for the lower piezoelectric properties in the most studied lead-free piezoelectrics, modified (K,Na)NbO3 and (Bi05Na05)TiO3, are discussed Contributions from domain wall motion and properties at the morphotropic phase boundary are considered and are compared to those in PZT Lead-free, non-piezoelectric solutions to electromechanical coupling are discussed
303 citations
TL;DR: The origin of the anomalous, 400% increase of the piezoelectric coefficient in Sc(x)Al(1-x)N alloys is revealed and the underlying mechanism is the flattening of the energy landscape due to a competition between the parent wurtzite and the so far experimentally unknown hexagonal phases of the alloy.
Abstract: The origin of the anomalous, 400% increase of the piezoelectric coefficient in ScxAl1-xN alloys is revealed. Quantum mechanical calculations show that the effect is intrinsic. It comes from a stron ...
294 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a mechanism, a piezoelectrochemical effect for the direct conversion of mechanical energy to chemical energy, was proposed for generating hydrogen and oxygen via direct water decomposition by means of as-synthesized piez-oelectric ZnO microfibers and BaTiO3 microdendrites.
Abstract: We propose a mechanism, a piezoelectrochemical effect for the direct conversion of mechanical energy to chemical energy. This phenomenon is further applied for generating hydrogen and oxygen via direct water decomposition by means of as-synthesized piezoelectric ZnO microfibers and BaTiO3 microdendrites. Fibers and dendrites are vibrated with ultrasonic waves leading to a strain-induced electric charge development on their surface. With sufficient electric potential, strained piezoelectric fibers (and dendrites) in water triggered the redox reaction of water to produce hydrogen and oxygen gases. ZnO fibers under ultrasonic vibrations showed a stoichiometric ratio of H2/O2 (2:1) initial gas production from pure water. This study provides a simple and cost-effective technology for direct water splitting that may generate hydrogen fuels by scavenging energy wastes such as noise or stray vibrations from the environment. This new discovery may have potential implications in solving the challenging energy and e...
TL;DR: In this article, a nanogenerator is based on the piezopotential-driven transient flow of electrons in the external load, which allows tuning and controlling of electro-optical processes by a strain-induced piezophototronic effect.
Abstract: Owing to the polarization of ions in a crystal that has noncentral symmetry, a piezoelectric potential (piezopotential) is created in the material by applying a stress. The creation of piezopotential together with the presence of Schottky contacts are the fundamental physics responsible for a few important nanotechnologies. The nanogenerator is based on the piezopotential-driven transient flow of electrons in the external load. On the basis of nanomaterials in the wurtzite semiconductors, such as ZnO and GaN, electronics fabricated by using a piezopotential as a gate voltage are called piezotronics, with applications in strain/force/pressure-triggered/controlled electronic devices, sensors, and logic gates. The piezophototronic effect is a result of three-way coupling among piezoelectricity, photonic excitation, and semiconductor transport, which allows tuning and controlling of electro-optical processes by a strain-induced piezopotential.
TL;DR: The results revealed that the intrinsic (reversible) contribution plays a dominant role in the high piezoelectric activity for PMN-PT crystals, and the extrinsic contribution was found to be less than 5% for the compositions away from R-M(C) and M(C)-T phase boundaries, due to a stable domain engineered structure.
Abstract: The piezoelectric response of [001] poled domain engineered (1−x)Pb(Mg1/3Nb2/3)O3−xPbTiO3 (PMN-PT) crystals was investigated as a function of composition and phase using Rayleigh analysis. The results revealed that the intrinsic (reversible) contribution plays a dominant role in the high piezoelectric activity for PMN-PT crystals. The intrinsic piezoelectric response of the monoclinic (MC) PMN−xPT crystals, 0.31≤x≤0.35, exhibited peak values for compositions close to R-MC and MC-T phase boundaries, however, being less than 2000 pC/N. In the rhombohedral phase region, x≤0.30, the intrinsic piezoelectric response was found to increase as the composition approached the rhombohedral-monoclinic (R-MC) phase boundary. The maximum piezoelectric response was observed in rhombohedral PMN-0.30PT crystals, being on the order of 2500 pC/N. This ultrahigh piezoelectric response was determined to be related to the high shear piezoelectric activity of single domain state, corresponding to an ease in polarization rotation, for compositions close to a morphotropic phase boundary (MPB). The role of monoclinic phase is only to form a MPB with R phase, but not directly contribute to the ultrahigh piezoelectric activity in rhombohedral PMN-0.30PT crystals. The extrinsic contribution to piezoelectric activity was found to be less than 5% for the compositions away from R-MC and MC-T phase boundaries, due to a stable domain engineered structure. As the composition approached MPBs, the extrinsic contribution increased slightly (<10%), due to the enhanced motion of phase boundaries.
TL;DR: In this article, the authors propose and experimentally validate a first-principles based model for the nonlinear piezoelectric response of an electroelastic energy harvester.
Abstract: We propose and experimentally validate a first-principles based model for the nonlinear piezoelectric response of an electroelastic energy harvester The analysis herein highlights the importance of modeling inherent piezoelectric nonlinearities that are not limited to higher order elastic effects but also include nonlinear coupling to a power harvesting circuit Furthermore, a nonlinear damping mechanism is shown to accurately restrict the amplitude and bandwidth of the frequency response The linear piezoelectric modeling framework widely accepted for theoretical investigations is demonstrated to be a weak presumption for near-resonant excitation amplitudes as low as 05 g in a prefabricated bimorph whose oscillation amplitudes remain geometrically linear for the full range of experimental tests performed (never exceeding 025% of the cantilever overhang length) Nonlinear coefficients are identified via a nonlinear least-squares optimization algorithm that utilizes an approximate analytic solution obta
TL;DR: It is suggested that a combination of both compositional and novel structural engineering approaches will be required in order to realize viable lead-free alternatives to current lead-based materials for piezoelectric actuator applications.
TL;DR: In this article, the splitting of Bragg peaks observed in the high-resolution reciprocal space maps suggests that the average structure of Na0.5Bi 0.5TiO3 has lower than rhombohedral symmetry.
Abstract: The potential lead-free piezoelectric material sodium bismuth titanate, Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3, was investigated by means of high-resolution single-crystal X-ray diffractometry. The splitting of Bragg peaks observed in the high-resolution reciprocal-space maps suggests that the average structure of Na0.5Bi0.5TiO3 has lower than rhombohedral symmetry. This observation is contrary to the commonly adopted model, which has followed from many previous analyses of neutron and X-ray powder diffraction data.
TL;DR: Direct observation of controlled and reversible switching of magnetic domains using static (dc) electric fields applied in situ during Lorentz microscopy is reported, and an electric-field-dependent uniaxial anisotropy is proposed as a possible mechanism to control the coercive field during operation of an integrated magnetoelectric memory node.
Abstract: We report direct observation of controlled and reversible switching of magnetic domains using static (dc) electric fields applied in situ during Lorentz microscopy. The switching is realized through electromechanical coupling in thin film Fe0.7Ga0.3/BaTiO3 bilayer structures mechanically released from the growth substrate. The domain wall motion is observed dynamically, allowing the direct association of local magnetic ordering throughout a range of applied electric fields. During application of ∼7-11 MV/m electric fields to the piezoelectric BaTiO3 film, local magnetic domains rearrange in the ferromagnetic Fe0.7Ga0.3 layer due to the transfer of strain from the BaTiO3 film. A simulation based on micromagnetic modeling shows a magnetostrictive anisotropy of 25 kPa induced in the Fe0.7Ga0.3 due to the strain. This electric-field-dependent uniaxial anisotropy is proposed as a possible mechanism to control the coercive field during operation of an integrated magnetoelectric memory node.
TL;DR: In this paper, a double-electrode approach has been used to minimize the electrostatic effect in fiber-based actuators, and an average piezoelectric coefficient d33 of −57.6 pm/V has been characterized from fabricated fibers and this value is about twice larger than the value reported in PVDF thin-films.
Abstract: Piezoelectric actuation of doubly clamped, electrospun poly (vinylidene fluoride) (PVDF) fibers fabricated by a direct-write process has been demonstrated. Near-field electrospinning (NFES) has been utilized to fabricate PVDF fibers with good piezoelectric properties by means of the in situ electrical poling and mechanical stretching process. Experimentally, PVDF fibers have responded to both piezoelectric and electrostatic effects and a double-electrode approach has been used to minimize the electrostatic effect. An average piezoelectric coefficient d33 of −57.6 pm/V has been characterized from fabricated fibers and this value is about twice larger than the value reported in PVDF thin-films. Various complex patterns of PVDF fibers have been deposited using NFES, enabling possible array formats for fiber-based actuators with possible applications including artificial muscles and switches.
TL;DR: In this paper, a lead-free piezoelectric 0.91(Bi 1/2Na1/2)TiO3 was examined in situ under an applied electric field using the transmission electron microscope.
Abstract: A lead-free piezoelectric 0.91(Bi1/2Na1/2)TiO3–0.06BaTiO3–0.03(K0.5Na0.5)NbO3 ceramic with high strain was examined in situ under an applied electric field using the transmission electron microscope. No domain structure is observed without an electric field, but an alternating electric field leads to the reversible formation of a lamellar domain structure. Correlations to polarization and strain hysteresis loop measurements indicate an electric field-induced phase transition from a nonpolar to a ferroelectric state and vice versa.
TL;DR: In this paper, it was shown that apparently piezoelectric thin-film super-lattices can be created from non-piezolectric materials provided an odd-order stacking sequence is used.
Abstract: In this paper we show that experimentally realizable apparently piezoelectric thin-film super-lattices can be created from non-piezoelectric materials provided an odd-order (e.g. trilayer) stacking sequence is used. The size-dependent mechanism of flexoelectricity, which couples gradients of strain to polarization, allows such a possibility. We present closed-form analytical expressions for the response of various thin-film and super-lattice configurations. We also clarify some of the subtleties that arise in considering interface boundary conditions in the theory of flexoelectricity as well as the relationship of flexoelectricity to the frequently used polarization gradient terms used in modeling ferroelectrics. We find that for certain (optimum) material combinations and length scales, thin film superlattices yielding apparent piezoelectricity close to 75 % of ferroelectric Barium Titanate may be achievable.
TL;DR: In this article, it was shown that apparently piezoelectric thin-film superlattices can be created from non-piezoclectric materials provided an odd-order (e.g., trilayer) stacking sequence is used.
Abstract: In this paper we show that experimentally realizable apparently piezoelectric thin-film superlattices can be created from nonpiezoelectric materials provided an odd-order (e.g., trilayer) stacking sequence is used. The size-dependent mechanism of flexoelectricity, which couples gradients of strain to polarization, allows such a possibility. We present closed-form analytical expressions for the response of various thin-film and superlattice configurations. We also clarify some of the subtleties that arise in considering interface boundary conditions in the theory of flexoelectricity as well as the relationship of flexoelectricity to the frequently used polarization gradient terms used in modeling ferroelectrics. We find that for certain (optimum) material combinations and length scales, thin-film superlattices yielding apparent piezoelectricity close to 75% of ferroelectric barium titanate may be achievable.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors presented the promise of superior electromechanical coupling in thin-film electroacoustic devices for modern wireless communication applications, where they presented the advantages of superior EMC coupling.
Abstract: AlN is challenged as the material choice in important thin film electroacoustic devices for modern wireless communication applications We present the promise of superior electromechanical coupling
TL;DR: In this paper, a PbTiO3 seed layer was newly applied as an interlayer between the ZrO2 and Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films to improve the piezoelectric property of the sol-gel spin-coated PZT thin film.
Abstract: This paper presents the modeling, fabrication, and characterization of a piezoelectric microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) energy harvester using a d33 piezoelectric mode. A theoretical analysis and an analytical modeling for the d33-mode device were first performed to estimate the output power as a function of the material parameters and device geometry. A PbTiO3 seed layer was newly applied as an interlayer between the ZrO2 and Pb(Zr0.52Ti0.48)O3 (PZT) thin films to improve the piezoelectric property of the sol-gel spin-coated PZT thin film. The fabricated cantilever PZT film with an interdigital shaped electrode exhibited a remnant polarization of 18.5 C/cm2, a coercive field of less than 60 kV/cm, a relative dielectric constant of 1125.1, and a d33 piezoelectric constant of 50 pC/N. The fabricated energy-harvesting device generated an electrical power of 1.1 W for a load of 2.2 M with 4.4 Vpeak-to-peak from a vibration with an acceleration of 0.39 g at its resonant frequency of 528 Hz. The corresponding power density was 7.3 mW cm-3 · g-2. The experimental results were compared with those numerically calculated using the equations derived from the dynamic and analytical modeling. The fabricated device was also compared with other piezoelectric MEMS energy-harvesting devices.
TL;DR: In this paper, the potential, the output power and the energy conversion efficiency of piezoelectric nanostructures, including rectangular nanowires (NWs), hexagonal NWs, and two-dimensional vertical thin films (the nanofins), were numerically estimated.
Abstract: This paper numerically estimates the potential, the output power and the energy conversion efficiency of piezoelectric nanostructures, including rectangular nanowires (NWs), hexagonal NWs, and two-dimensional vertical thin films (the nanofins). Static analysis studies the maximum piezoelectric potential that can be produced by a BaTiO3 NW, a ZnO NW, and a ZnO nanofin when they are subjected to a constant external force. Dynamic analysis is performed to study the power generation ability via the vibration of these nanostructures agitated by ambient vibration energy. ZnO NW and nanofin are selected as two representative nanogenerator elements. Their dynamic responses are modeled using a single-degree of freedom system with a series of damping ratios. Combining the transfer functions of mechanical vibration and piezoelectric charge generation, we define the output power and efficiencies as functions of the vibration frequency and the sizes. The optimal size for constructing a high efficiency and high-power n...
TL;DR: In this paper, the effects of material composition (volume fraction exponent), thermal loading, external voltage applied and shell geometry parameters on the free vibration characteristics are described, and the axial critical load, critical temperature and critical control voltage are obtained.
TL;DR: In this article, lead zirconate titanate (PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3−PZT) thin films with different thicknesses were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by a sol-gel method.
Abstract: Lead zirconate titanate (PbZr0.52Ti0.48O3−PZT) thin films with different thicknesses were deposited on Pt(111)/Ti/SiO2/Si substrates by a sol-gel method. Single perovskite phase with (111)-texture was obtained in the thinnest films, whereas with the increase in thickness the films changed to a highly (100)-oriented state. An increase in the mean grain size as the film thickness increased was also observed. Dielectric, ferroelectric, and piezoelectric properties were analyzed as a function of the film thickness and explained based on film orientation, grain size, domain structure, domain wall motion, and nonswitching interface layers. Both serial and parallel capacitor models were used to analyze the influence of the nonswitching interface layer in the dielectric properties and the effect of substrate clamping in the microscopic piezoelectric response as the film thickness decreased. The scanning force microscopy technique was used to study the effect of thickness on the microscopic piezoresponse. Signific...
TL;DR: In this article, the effect of the relative position of coils and magnets on the PZT cantilever end and the poling direction of magnets on output voltage of the energy harvester was explored.
Abstract: A novel hybrid energy harvester integrated with piezoelectric and electromagnetic energy harvesting mechanisms is investigated. It contains a piezoelectric cantilever of multilayer piezoelectric transducer (PZT) ceramics, permanent magnets, and substrate of two-layer coils. The effect of the relative position of coils and magnets on the PZT cantilever end and the poling direction of magnets on the output voltage of the energy harvester is explored. When the poling direction of magnets is normal to the coils plane, the coils yield the maximum output voltage, i.e., the type I and III devices. The maximum output voltage and power from the PZT cantilever of the type III device are 0.84 V and 176 µW under the vibrations of 2.5-g acceleration at 310 Hz, respectively. And the maximum output voltage and power from the coils are 0.78 mV and 0.19 µW under the same conditions, respectively. The power density from the type III device is derived as 790 µW/cm3 from piezoelectric components and 0.85 µW/cm3 from electromagnetic elements.
TL;DR: In this paper, a new piezoelectric energy harvester for harnessing energy from flow-induced vibration is developed, which converts flow energy into electrical energy by piezo-lectric conversion with oscillation of a piezolectric film.
Abstract: A new piezoelectric energy harvester for harnessing energy from flow-induced vibration is developed. It converts flow energy into electrical energy by piezoelectric conversion with oscillation of a piezoelectric film. A finite element model is developed in order to estimate the generated voltage of the piezoelectric laminate subjected to a distributed load. Prototypes of the energy harvester are fabricated and tested. Experimental results show that an open circuit output voltage of 2.2 Vpp and an instantaneous output power of 0.2 µW are generated when the excitation pressure oscillates with an amplitude of 1.196 kPa and a frequency of about 26 Hz. The solution of the generated voltage based on the finite element model agrees well with the experiments. Based on the finite element model, the effects of the piezoelectric film dimensions, the fluid pressure applied to the harvester and types of piezoelectric layer on the output voltage of the harvester can be investigated.
Book•
28 Jul 2010
TL;DR: In this paper, the principles of piezoelectricity and nonlinear material properties are discussed for the properties of polycrystalline polycrystals, including elastic properties and basic thermodynamic properties.
Abstract: Principles of Piezoelectricity.- to Phenomenological Crystal Structure.- Elastic Properties of Crystals.- Basic Thermodynamics of Piezoelectric Crystals.- Piezoelectric Properties.- Nonlinear Material Properties.- Piezoelectric Materials.
01 Oct 2010-Precision Engineering-journal of The International Societies for Precision Engineering and Nanotechnology
TL;DR: A review of voltage, charge and capacitor insertion methods for driving piezoelectric actuators is presented in this article, where the authors show that the amount of hysteresis and creep could be minimized to a large extent when a piezel actuator is driven using a charge input.
Abstract: A piezoelectric actuator consists of ceramic material that expands or contracts when a positive or a negative potential voltage signal is applied. The displacement of a piezoelectric actuator is commonly controlled using a voltage input due to its ease of implementation. However, driving a piezoelectric actuator using a voltage input leads to the non-linear hysteresis and creep. Hysteresis and creep are undesirable characteristics which lead to large errors when a piezoelectric actuator is used in positioning applications. The amount of hysteresis and creep could be minimized to a large extent when a piezoelectric actuator is driven using a charge input. Another method which substantially reduces hysteresis and creep involves the insertion of a capacitor in series with a piezoelectric actuator which is driven using a voltage input. A review of voltage, charge and capacitor insertion methods for driving piezoelectric actuators is presented in this paper. Experimental results, for a piezoelectric actuator driven using the above three methods, are presented to validate the facts presented in this review.