Showing papers on "Plant breeding published in 1994"

Increases in grain yield in bread wheat from breeding and associated physiological changes

Abstract: In this chapter, the authors analyze the changes produced by breeders in wheat yield during just the last century, when scientific genetic improvement took place after the rediscovery of Mendel's laws The main objectives in writing the chapter were to identify the contributions of breeding to the improvement in wheat grain yield and the major physiological attributes that were modified with grain yield and grain protein as a result of the genetic improvement of wheat grain yield potential In this chapter, the authors have outlined most of these changes with the objective of summarizing those traits that could be useful in future breeding Austin et al and Slafer et al showed that genetic improvement in wheat grain yield has led to decreases in grain protein percentage Future breeding should exploit the genetic variability in physiological attributes to increase total biomass of the crop, maintaining present levels of partitioning between vegetative and reproductive tissues

Heterosis and Hybrid Rice Breeding

Abstract: 1 Heterosis in Rice- 11 Historical Resume- 12 Extent of Heterosis for Agronomic and Physiological and Biochemical Traits- 121 Heterosis for Yield and Yield Components- 122 Heterosis for Plant Height- 123 Heterosis for Days to Flower- 124 Heterosis for Dry Matter Production (DM)- 125 Heterosis for Harvest Index (HI)- 126 Heterosis for Root Characteristics- 127 Heterosis for Photosynthesis, Respiration and Other Physiological Traits- 128 Heterosis for Embryo and Seedling Growth- 129 Heterosis for Tolerance to Temperature and Other Stresses- 1210 Heterosis for Biochemical Traits- 13 Combining Ability in Relation to Heterosis in Rice - 14 Genetic Basis of Heterosis- 141 Dominance Hypothesis- 142 Overdominance Hypothesis- 143 Intergenomic Complementation and Heterosis- 15 Prediction of Heterosis- 151 Per se Performance of Parents- 152 Genetic Diversity Among Parents- 153 Isozyme and RFLP Polymorphism- 154 Combining Ability of Parents- 155 Mitochondrial Complementation- 16 Current Outlook- 2 Male Sterility Systems for Hybrid Rice Breeding- 21 Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility in Rice- 211 Sources of Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility in Rice- 212 Genetic and Molecular Basis of Cytoplasmic Male Sterility- 213 Fertility Restoration in Cytoplasmic Genetic Male Sterility in Rice- 214 Genetics of Fertility Restoration in Rice- 215 Genetic Male Sterility- 216 Photoperiod-Sensitive Genetic Male Sterility- 217 Thermosensitive Genie Male Sterility- 218 Male Sterility in Plants Induced by Chimeric Ribonuclease Gene- 22 Chemically Induced Male Sterility- 23 Current Outlook on Male Sterility Systems in Rice -- 3 Outcrossing Mechanisms and Hybrid Seed Production Practices in Rice- 31 Rice Floral Organs, Pollination and Fertilization Mechanisms- 32 Natural Outcrossing Mechanisms in Rice- 321 Plant Characteristics in Relation to Outcrossing -- 322 Flowering Behavior in Relation to Outcrossing- 323 Mechanism and the Angle of Floret Opening in Rice -- 324 Floral Traits Influencing Outcrossing in Rice- 325 Natural Outcrossing Mechanism in Rice- 33 Guidelines for Hybrid Rice Seed Production- 331 Practices for Hybrid Rice Seed Production- 332 Flagleaf Clipping, Gibberellin Application and Supplementary Pollination- 333 Roguing- 334 Harvesting and Threshing- 335 Seed Processing- 336 Seed Storage- 337 Cost of Hybrid Rice Seed Production- 4 Disease and Insect Resistance in Hybrid Rice- 41 Disease and Insect Resistance Genes- 42 Disease/Insect Resistance of Hybrid Rices in China -- 43 Cytoplasmic Susceptibility to Disease and Insects in Rice Hybrids- 44 Other Considerations for Disease/Insect Resistance of Rice Hybrids- 5 Grain Quality Considerations in Hybrid Rice- 51 Grain Size, Shape and Uniformity in Rice Hybrids -- 52 Chalkiness- 53 Endosperm Translucency- 54 Hull and Pericarp Color- 55 Milling and Head Rice Recovery- 56 Cooking and Eating Characteristics- 561 Amylose Content of Rice Hybrids in Relation to Their Cooking Quality- 562 Gelatinization Temperature of Rice Hybrids- 563 Gel Consistency of Rice Hybrids- 564 Water Absorption, Volume Expansion and Grain Elongation Ratio- 565 Sensory Evaluation for Cooking and Eating Quality of Hybrid Rices- 566 Aroma- 567 Other Sensory Characteristics of Hybrid Rices- 57 Conclusions- 6 Accomplishments and Constraints in Hybrid Rice- 61 Hybrid Rice in China- 62 Hybrid Rice Outside China- 7 Future Outlook- References

Horticultural characteristics of transgenic tobacco expressing the rolc gene from agrobacterium rhizogenes

Abstract: Wisconsin 38' tobacco ( Nicotiana tabacum L.) leaf discs were transformed with the disarmed Agrobacterium tumefaciens strain EHA101 carrying the rolC gene from A. rhizogenes (Oono et al., 1987) and NPT II and GUS genes. Shoots that regenerated on kanamycin-containing medium were confirmed as transgenic through GUS assays, polymerase chain reaction (PCR), Southern blot analyses, and transmission of the foreign genes through the sexual cycle. Transgenic plants were as short as half the height of control plants; were earlier flowering by up to 35 days; and had smaller leaves, shorter internodes, smaller seed capsules, fewer seeds, smaller flowers, and reduced pollen viability. The number of seed capsules, leaf number, and specific root length were similar between transgenic and control plants. Transgenic clones varied in the expression of the rolC-induced growth alterations as did the first generation of seedlings from these clones. Such differences suggested the potential for selecting for different levels of expression. Transformation with the rolC gene presents a potentially useful method of genetically modifying horticultural crops, particularly for flowering date, height, and leaf and flower size. Chemical names used: neomycin phosphotransferase (NPTII), β-glucuronidase (GUS). Altering plant form is a major goal of breeding programs for horticultural crops. Reduced plant size is useful in crops ranging from tree fruit to annual bedding plants. Manipulating flower size is an important component of ornamental crop breeding programs. Most breeding programs depend on hybridization and selection to alter plant and flower form, although irradiation has been used in some cases (Micke et al., 1987).

Conventional Plant Breeding for Tolerance to Problem Soils

Abstract: Crop cultivars grown at present on problem soils have been selected or developed by conventional methods of plant breeding. The choice of a suitable breeding programme for the development of a tolerant cultivar to a defined soil stress depends upon a number of factors: screening techniques, sources and mechanisms of tolerance, genetic variability, modes of gene action and heritability, and their relationship to agronomic traits.

Observations and suggestions for improving somatic hybridization by plant protoplast isolation, fusion, and culture

Abstract: De (Triticum aestivum): In vitro production and utilization of doubled haploids, p. 101–124. In: Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry. vol. 12: Haploids in crop improvement I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Powell, W., P.D.S. Caligari, and J.M. Dunwell. 1986. Field performance of lines derived from haploid and diploid tissues of Hordeum vulgare. Theor. Applied Genet. 72:458–465. Reed, S.M. and E.A. Wernsman. 1989. DNA amplification among antherderived doubled haploid lines of tobacco and its relationship to agronomic performance. Crop Sci. 29:1072–1076. 401 Research Group, Laboratory of Plant Cell and Tissue Culture, Institute of Genetics, Academia Sinica. 1975. Primary study on induction of pollen plants of Zea mays. Acta Genet. Sin. 2:143. Research Laboratory of Breeding. 1981. A preliminary study on the heredity and vitality of the progenies of tobacco pollen plants, p. 223–225. In: H. Hul (ed.). Plant tissue culture. Proc. Symp. Plant Tissue Culture, Peking, 1978. Pitman Publishing, London. Rufty, R.C., E.A. Wernsman, C.E. Main, and G.V. Gooding, Jr. 1990. Registration of NC-BMR 42 and NC-BMR 90 germplasm lines of tobacco. Crop Sci. 30:241–242. Schaeffer, G.W., F.T. Sharpe, Jr., and P.B. Cregan. 1984. Variation for improved protein and yield from rice anther culture. Theor. Applied Genet. 67:383–389. Simmonds, N.W. 1979. Principles of crop improvement. Longman, London. Thomas, E., F. Hoffman, and G. Wenzel. 1975. Haploid plantlets from microspores of rye. Z. Pflanzenzuchtg. 75:106–113. Wang, Y., C. Sun, C. Wang, and N. Chien. 1973. The induction of the pollen plantlets of Triticale and Capsicum annuum from anther culture. Sci. Sinica 16:147–151. Wenzel, G., F. Hoffmann, and E. Thomas. 1977. Anther culture as a breeding tool in rape. I. Ploidy level and phenotype of androgenetic plants. Z. Pflanzenzuchtg. 78:149–155. Wenzel, G., O. Schieder, T. Przewozny, S.K. Sopory, and G. Melchers. 1979. Comparison of single cell culture derived Solanum tuberosum L. plants and a model for their application in breeding programs. Theor. Applied Genet. 55:49–55. Winzeler, H., J. Schmid, and P.M. Fried. 1987. Field performance of androgenetic, doubled haploid spring wheat lines in comparison with lines selected by the pedigree system. Plant Breeding 99:41–48. Wu, J. 1986. Breeding haploid corn by anther culture, p. 149–161. In: H. Hu and H. Yang (eds.). Haploids of higher plants in vitro. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Yang, X. and H. Fu. 1989. Hua-03—A high protein indica rice. Intl. Rice Res. Nwsl. 14(3):14–15. Zhu, D. and X. Pan. 1990. Rice (Oryza sativa L.): Guan 18—An improved variety through anther culture, p. 204–211. In: Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 2: Haploids in crop improvement I. Springer-Verlag, Berlin. Zhao, Y., X. He, J. Wang, and W. Liu. 1990. Anther culture 28—A new diseaseresistant and high-yielding variety of winter wheat, p. 353–362. In: Y.P.S. Bajaj (ed.). Biotechnology in agriculture and forestry 13: Wheat. SpringerVerlag, Berlin.

Manipulation of sporophytic self-incompatibility in plant breeding

Abstract: In plant breeding procedures, self-incompatibility is an obstacle for breeding pure lines because of the difficulty of obtaining selfed progenies and hybrid plants of two cultivars having the same S-allele. The latter case is a problem in several vegetatively propagating cultivars, such as fruit trees and the sweet potato. How to overcome self-incompatibility is a practical problem in plant breeding.

The production and uses of genetically transformed plants.

Abstract: Preface Advantages of Arabidopsis for cloning plant genes Transgene expression and agronomic improvement of rice Plastid engineering in land plants: a conservative genome is open to change Transcriptional control of plant storage protein genes Plant pre-mRNA splicing and splicing components Control of photosynthetic carbon fixation and partitioning: how can use of genetically manipulated plants improve the nature and quality of information about regulation? Genetic engineering of oxidative stress resistance in higher plants Control of ripening Production of industrial materials in transgenic plants Complementation and disruption of viral processes in transgenic plants Chitinase gene expression in transgenic plants: a molecular approach to understanding plant defence responses Virus and fungal resistance: from laboratory to field Approaches in insect resistance using transgenic plants Commercialization of genetically engineered crops The production and uses of genetically transformed plants: concluding remarks Index

Wheat × Maize Crosses for the Production of Wheat Haploids

Abstract: Interspecific Hybridization (wide-crossing) is a valuable technique both in fundamental plant genetics and in practical plant breeding programs. It has been particularly successful in cereal species, where its applications can be considered under two broad headings. Firstly, karyotypically stable crosses, which give rise to hybrid plants, can be used to enlarge crop gene pools by introducing germ-plasm from related wild or cultivated species (de Wet 1979; Gale and Miller 1987; Goodman et al. 1987) or to construct stocks for genetic analysis (e.g., Islam et al. 1981). Secondly, karyotypically unstable Hybrids in which one of the parental genomes is lost during development can be used for haploid production. The best-known examples of chromosome elimination systems are those that result in the production of barley (Hordeum vulgare) or wheat (Triticum aestivum) haploids from crosses with Hordeum bulbosum (Kasha 1974; Jensen 1977 and Barclay 1975 respectively). K.1A 0C6, Canada

Genic male sterility in tomato and its manipulation in breeding

Abstract: Male sterility in plants is widely recognized as a useful trait in breeding programs and in the commercial production of F1 hybrid seed. Male sterile plants have been reported in a large number of families and genera, and in almost all of the major crop plants (Kaul 1988). Although most known male sterile lines are of natural occurrence, male sterility can also be induced by radiations (e.g., Driscoll and Barlow 1976), chemical treatments (Cross and Ladyman 1991) or genetic engineering (Mariani et al. 1990). In addition, novel male sterile plants can be generated by gene transfer through protoplast fusion, i.e., by cybrid formation (e.g., Kofer et al. 1990).

The role of biotechnology in perennial grass improvement for temperate pastures

Abstract: Biotechnology has the potential to complement conventional plant breeding activities and facilitate the production of temperate grasses with improved productivity and persistence. It provides new techniques for generation of gene markers which may greatly enhance the capacity for cultivar discrimination and for tracking particular traits in breeding programmes. Through plant tissue culture and genetic transformation, it is possible to introduce genes from a wide variety of sources into elite breeding lines. This review provides a summary of recent advances in the application of these technologies to temperate grasses. The development of genetic transformation technology has, in general, been much slower for monocots than for dicots. However, all the elements required for production of transgenic plants are now coming into place. Regeneration systems are now available for many of the temperate grass species. Transformation systems have been used to produce transgenic plants of tall fescue and cock...

Cybrids — Transfer of Chloroplast Traits Through Protoplast Fusion Between Sexually Incompatible Solanaceae Species

Abstract: The chloroplast and mitochondrial genome (plastome and chondriome) have a considerable impact on crop characteristics of breeding importance. Their role in the energy household of the plant may be directly linked to growth, harvest time, and grain yield. They can also determine such defined traits as pathotoxin resistance, herbicide resistance, temperature tolerance, and male sterility. A notable aspect of plant breeding is that nucleocytoplasmic heterosis might have an important role in hybrid vigor (discussed by Srivastava 1983). Furthermore, the need for broadening the cytoplasmic diversity within a crop species is of a general importance in itself since the hard lesson learnt from the universal use of the Texas male sterile cytoplasm, which turned out to be susceptible to the fungus causing southern corn leaf blight disease in corn.

Molecular Genetic Improvement of Wheat

Abstract: Cereal grains like wheat, rice and maize were most likely amongst the first plants domesticated by prehistoric man, and ever since have exerted a dominant influence on the development of the human civilization. Even today they constitute the most important group of food plants by virtue of providing more than 50% of all food consumed by man in addition to being the principal source of calories and protein in the human diet. The yield as well as the quality of cereal crops have been greatly improved during the past several decades by the traditional methods of breeding and selection. Significant further improvement of cereal crops is, however, limited by the time consuming and labor intensive nature of plant breeding methods, the restricted gene pool, and most importantly by the severe natural barriers to hybridization with even closely related species. It is in this context that the novel methods of plant cell and molecular biology, which permit the introduction of selected and defined plant as well as bacterial, viral and other genes of interest into plants, offer new opportunities for supplementing as well as complementing plant breeding and selection for the improvement of crop plants.

Plant Breeding of ornamental crops: evolution to a bright future!?

Abstract: Plant breeding is evolution conducted by mankind. In ornamental crops breeding by hybridization has resulted in hundreds of new cultivars each year. Breeding and breeding research have contributed to the strong growth of the Dutch horticultural industry, but present sexual breeding has its limitations. New techniques such as in vitro fertilization and methods to overcome crossing barriers, micropropagation and the use of molecular markers directly supply the convential breeding techniques. The first results with genetic modification of ornamental crops are described. It is expected that the introduction of alien genes will attribute strongly to resistance breeding in the future. For brussels sprouts, outdoor tomatoes and strawberries the importance of breeding and selection on mechanisation is demonstrated. In most ornamental crops this selection seems to happen in a indirect way. The relation between mechanisation and breeding of ornamentals is discussed.