Showing papers on "Plant morphology published in 2018"

The effect of UV-B radiation on plant growth and development

Abstract: In the experiment conducted in the greenhouse, the different doses of UV-B radiation applied to the two species Avena fatua and Setaria viridis induced changes in leaf and plant morphology. It was a decrease of plant height, fresh mass of leaves, shoots and roots as well as leaf area. Besides, it caused the leaf curling in both of the species. The significant differences between Avena fatua and Setaria viridis in the studied traits were mainly due to the tillering ability of the species. The content of chlorophyll varied considerably. The average values of leaf greenness (SPAD units) for oats were about 43 while for green foxtail 32, respectively. U-VB did not reduce leaf weight ratio, shoot dry matter, shoot to root ratio and leaf area ratio.

Genetic Variability Induced by Gamma Rays and Preliminary Results of Low-Cost TILLING on M2 Generation of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.).

Abstract: In order to increase genetic variability for chickpea improvement, the Kabuli genotype, variety Ghab4, was treated with 280 Grays of gamma rays (Cobalt 60). Field characterization began with the M2 generation. A total of 135 M2 families were sown in the field resulting in approximately 4,000 plants. Traits related to phenology (days to flowering, days to maturity), plant morphology of vegetative parts (plant height, height of first pod, number of primary branches per plant) and yield (number of seeds per pod, total number of pods per plant, total number of seeds per plant, seed yield and hundred seed weight) were recorded and analyzed to evaluate genetic variability. An evaluation of the efficacy of low-cost TILLING (Targeting Induced Local Lesions IN Genomes) to discover mutations in the M2 generation was undertaken. Mutation screening focused on genes involved in resistance to two important diseases of chickpea; Ascochyta blight (AB) and Fusarium wilt (FW), as well as genes responsible for early flowering. Analysis of variance showed a highly significant difference among mutant families for all studied traits. The higher estimates of genetic parameters (genotypic and phenotypic coefficient of variation, broad sense heritability and genetic advance) were recorded for number of seeds per plant and yield. Total yield was highly significant and positively correlated with number of pods and seeds per plant. Path analysis revealed that the total number of seeds per plant had the highest positive direct effect followed by hundred seed weight parameter. One cluster from nine exhibited the highest mean values for total number of pods and seeds per plant as well as yield per plant. According to Dunnett's test, 37 M2 families superior to the control were determined for five agronomical traits. Pilot experiments with low-cost TILLING show that the seed stock used for mutagenesis is homogeneous and that small mutations do not predominate at the dosage used.

Variation of Morphological and Agronomic Traits in Hybrids of Trifolium pratense × T. medium and a Comparison with the Parental Species

Abstract: Trifolium pratense L. is a high-yielding and high-quality fodder crop. However, it shows low persistence, which may be overcome by hybridisation with species that produce rhizomes. Hybrids between T. pratense L. and T. medium L. were previously obtained by embryo rescue. The aim of this study was to evaluate 16 characteris - tics (stem weight, stem length, internode number, length/width ratio of a central leaflet of the trifoliate leaf on the 4 th internode, stem thickness on the 4 th internode, average leaf area of the trifoliate leaf, weight of dry plant, plant length, stem and head number per plant, head number per stem, seed weight per plant, seed weight per head and dry matter per stem) in the hybrid plants derived from F 1 hybrids and in both parental genotypes. The characteristics were evaluated in 500, 745 and 112 hybrid plants in the years 2006, 2008 and 2009, respectively. The significance of the morphological differences was determined by the general linear model and generalised linear model with Poisson distribution with two factors, genotype and year. Some of the examined traits were intermediate in the hybrids. There were significant differences between the hybrids and T. pratense in nearly all the analysed characteristics, except for the following ones: length/width ratio of a central leaflet of the trifoliate leaf on the 4 th internode under the top head, plant weight and head number per plant. The stem number per plant was significantly higher in the hybrids compared to both parental species, which could have a positive impact on the yield. Short rhizomes were observed in the hybrids after the harvest of plants in the second harvest year. The stability of this trait and its impact on the perenniality of the hybrids will be investigated in the next years.

Quantitative Classification of the Morphological Traits of Ray Florets in Large-flowered Chrysanthemum

Abstract: The large-flowered Chinese chrysanthemum is one of the most morphologically complex ornamental plants, and its identification and classification requires a well-defined and reproducible system. The diversity of the capitulum is determined mainly by multiple shapes of ray florets. However, the existing classification systems for ray floret types are incomplete and unsystematic. In this study, 299 ray florets from 151 large-flowered chrysanthemum varieties in China, as well as 12 related traits of ray florets, were selected for quantitative classification. First, as one of the most important indices of ray floret shape, the corolla tube merged degree (CTMD) was defined as the corolla tube length/ray floret length (CTL/RFL). Combined with a probability grading method and linear regression analysis, the CTMD was divided into three groups, flat, spoon, and tubular, of which the CTL/RFL ranged from 0 to 0.20, 0.20 to 0.60, and 0.60 to 1.00, respectively. Second, Q-mode cluster analysis indicated that each group could be further categorized into three types (straight, curved, and atypical), based on other important variables in the ray floret. Finally, the ray floret was classified into nine types, including flat-straight, flat-curve, flat-atypical, spoon-straight, spoon-curve, spoon-atypical, tubular-straight, tubular-curve, and tubular-atypical. This ray floret classification system will be valuable in the classification of capitulum shape and has significance for the identification, breeding, and international standardization of chrysanthemum cultivars.

Cutting reduces variation in biomass production of forage crops and allows low-performers to catch up: A case study of Trifolium pratense L. (red clover).

Abstract: Re-growth of fodder plants after grazing and mowing drives the profitability of their cultivation and is therefore an important target trait for plant breeding and agricultural engineering. However, for some fodder plants little is known about their re-growth dynamics in response to grazing or mowing. We analysed the native response of plant architecture, leaf morphology and growth performance to experimental cutting in wild Trifolium pratense L. (red clover) plants. A total of 150 potted clover plants were established under controlled field conditions, and half of the plants were cut to 5 cm 3 months after sowing. Each plant was measured every week for 5 months. The cut and subsequently re-grown plants carried fewer main branches (-20%), as well as fewer (-13%) and smaller (-32%) leaves than the control plants. However, the cut plants produced an average of 17% more accumulated leaf area (cut + re-grown leaf area) than the control plants. This discrepancy was explained by variation in the growth strategy of the plants, where the cut plants invariably expressed a second growth phase, while almost half of the untreated plants did not. Our results suggest that cutting acted as an artificial trigger initiating a second growth phase in the cut plants and thereby contributed to yield increase. Exploiting this mechanism may set new goals for breeding and optimisation of the mowing regime.

LED Lighting Technique to Control Plant Growth and Morphology

Abstract: Light with diverse spectral distribution can be designed with narrowband lights from light-emitting diodes (LED) in plant factories with artificial lighting. The spectral distribution of the light affects plant growth mainly via photosynthesis, and it affects plant morphology mainly via other light receptor reactions. Photosynthetic reactions and the reactions of light receptors against spectral distribution are described. Plant net photosynthetic rate (Pn) is affected by the amount of light received per plant; hence, plant morphology is important to increase the amount of light received by plants and their growth rates. Plant morphology is affected by spectral distribution via multiple photoreceptors, and it is also affected by photon flux density. Therefore, there may be an interaction between these effects. Understanding these effects and these interactions is required to control plant growth and morphology using LED.

Nanoparticle-Induced Morphological Responses of Roots and Shoots of Plants

Abstract: The morphology of roots and shoots is extremely important for growth and development of all plants and each factor that changes their morphology has positive/negative effects on plants. In this chapter, the effects of some important nanoparticles on the morphology of roots and shoots of plants are investigated. Studies showed that nanoparticles at various concentrations have diverse effects on early growth of shoots as well as roots and also on seed germination. Some nanoparticles at low amounts induce root and shoot elongations, while their higher concentrations are poisonous for plants and inhibit their growth. However, these conditions are not true for all types of nanoparticles because some nanoparticles at higher concentrations increase the growth and development of roots and shoots. In general, the effect of nanoparticles on plant morphology and also on seed germination depends on different factors such as chemical formula, size, reactivity, and effective dosages.

Morphological and anatomical studies of the newly recorded Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) from Turkey

Abstract: Rhus chinensis Mill. (Anacardiaceae) has been reported as a new record for the flora of Turkey. Detailed morphological description and leaf anatomical properties are provided. Capitate glandular and nonglandular trichomes, and also epicuticle hairs have been observed in the leaf surfaces of R. chinensis . Fruit micromorphology and chromosome number of this species have also been evaluated. Bangladesh J. Plant Taxon. 25 (1): 71-78, 2018 (June)

Effect of Different Water Regime and Plant Growth Regulators on Growth, Physiology and Yield of Banana (Musa acuminata Cv. Berangan) in Tropical -

Abstract: A field investigation under tropical climate was undertaken in the research plot of the Universiti Putra Malaysia, Selangor, Malaysia to study the effects of exogenous application of plant growth regulators on growth performance, physiology changes and biochemical analysis of banana plants (Musa acuminata cv. Berangan) under irrigated and rain-fed condition. The experiment was laid out as split-plot in randomized complete block design. According to the results showed that, banana plants grown under rain-fed condition significantly reduced morphological characters such as plant height, pseudo-stem, canopy diameter, but enhanced accumulation of proline and malondialdehyde content in leaves tissue by stress-treated plants when compared to control. Physiological characters which include total chlorophyll content, relative water content and electrolyte leakage was measured and indicate significant effect under two different water regime conditions. Application of plant growth regulators on Berangan banana under different water regime conditions might be able to tolerate water stress conditions by changes in vapour pressure deficit as affected by decreasing stomata opening besides enhanced net photosynthesis to produce higher yield of banana fruits.

Investigation of morphological and anatomical changes in catharanthus roseus (l.) g. don due to colchicine induced polyploidy

Abstract: Catharanthus roseus (L.) G. Don is valuable medicinal plant grown as an ornamental plant. The study was carried out at Gulf Coast Research and Education Center, University of Florida, USA. to evaluate the morphological and anatomical changes from induced polyploidy in periwinkle for this purpose colchicine was applied at four different concentrations 0.0, 0.05, 0.1 and 0.2% for seedling treatment. The results showed that raising colchicine doses caused an increasing of survival percentage and tetraploid plants number. Polyploids showed an increment in leaf thickness, stomatal size, pollen diameter and pollen viability compared to diploid plants. Flow cytometry verified the existence of tetraploids and mixoploids from various colchicine-treated plants especially 0.2 which was found efficient on inducing polyploidy in the plants followed by 0.1% as compared to other concentration under study.

Optimization of Ginkgo biloba cultivation technology in open soil conditions

Abstract: In recent years, interest in cultivating Ginkgo biloba L. as a medicinal plant has grown in Ukraine, and improvement of the technology of growing this plant in the conditions of the North-East of Ukraine is a relevant problem. The purpose of this article to present research on the morphological structure, growth and viability of young G. biloba plants in grown from seeds by different technologies and comparative analysis of growth and development of G. biloba plants under greenhouse conditions and on open soil. The experiment on G. biloba cultivation was initiated in 2014 in three variants (the plants were grown from the seeds). Variant No 1: G. biloba growing in a greenhouse at 60–80% humidity and temperatures not below +27 oС; shading (shading level 60%) by green agronetting. Variant No 2: growing in open soil; shading (shading level 60%) by green agronetting; the climatic conditions were typical for Sumy region. Variant No 3: growing in open soil; there was no shading; climatic conditions were typical for the Sumy region. Plant analysis was conducted in June 2018. The following morphometric parameters of G. biloba plants were measured: plant height, annual growth of shoots, number of leaves, leaf size and leaf area, phytomass of the shoots, phytomass of leaves and phytomass of the stem, diameter of the shoots. The sampling used 60 samples. The leaf area was determined by the method of drawing contours on millimeter paper. Statistical processing of research results was carried out by generally accepted modern methods of mathematical statistics using dispersion, correlation, regression and vital analysis. In the conditions of the Ukrainian North East, G. biloba seedlings can be grown successfully in greenhouses and open soil, both with 60% shade by agronetting and without it. Differences between the plants grown in such conditions are insignificant and statistically unreliable. The obtained three to four year old G. biloba seedlings grown using different technologies were 25–30 cm in height and formed 13–17 leaves per plant. The seedlings were of quite high viability (Q is 0.22–0.30) and morphostructural integrity (67.8%). The output of viable seedlings (vital classes “a” and “b”) in variant 1 was 60%, variant 2 45% and variant 3 60%. Ecological-cenotic stability of G. biloba was observed repeatedly, though certain limitations on G. biloba cultivation may be that the plant is photophilic and thermophilic. But the conducted experiments show that the climatic conditions of the Ukrainian North-East are quite favourable for this species. Based on the data obtained for the Ukrainian North-East, it is possible to recommend the technology of growing G. biloba seedlings in open soil without agronetting as quite effective and low-cost.

Fruit, seed and pollen morphology of Chorispora DC. species (Brassicaceae) of Turkey.

Abstract: Detailed description of fruit, seed and pollen macro- and micromorphological characters of Turkish Chorispora species are provided with illustrations. Typical fruits are linear, straight or strongly curved upward. Nonglandular and glandular trichomes are present or absent. Seeds varied in shape from oblong, oblong-broadly elliptic to subglobose and winged at the apex and base or not. The pollen grains are tricolpate and the basic shape of the pollen grains in species studied is perprolate. The surface sculpturing type is reticulate. Among the studied characters, fruit, seed size and colour, seed shape, fruit trichome structure and pollen size were of taxonomic importance and useful in separating taxa.

Plant biometric characterization and leaf micromorphometry of Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd cultivated under shade

Abstract: Talinum triangulare (Jacq.) Willd, known as Ceylon spinach, Surinam purslane, or waterleaf, is cultivated for medicinal and food purposes. Among environmental factors, light is an important regulator of primary production, contributing to plant growth. However, the success of each plant species depends on its morphoanatomical responses to light. The aim of this study was to determine whether T. triangulare leaf micromorphometry is affected when grown in full sun and under shade, and if so, which plant biometric variables are affected. T. triangulare cultivation was tested in beds arranged in blocks under shade levels of 0, 18, 30, and 50%. Each bed was considered a basic experimental unit, totaling four replications per treatment. Plant height, stem diameter, leaf area, leaf fresh weight, stem fresh weight, specific leaf area, leaf area ratio, abaxial epidermis, and mesophyll thickness were higher as shade levels increased. However, there was a decrease in the number of leaves, root to shoot ratio, stomatal density on abaxial and adaxial surfaces, and palisade parenchyma thickness. Nevertheless, root length, leaf and stem dry weights, leaf weight ratio, adaxial stomatal index, adaxial epidermis, and spongy parenchyma thickness remained constant. Plants responded differently to shade, with morphological and anatomical changes, suggesting a phenotypic plasticity and raising the possibility of being grown both in shaded environments and in full sunlight.

Plant morphology: outdated or advanced discipline in modern plant sciences?

Abstract: Salmeri, C.: Plant morphology: outdated or advanced discipline in modern plant sciences? — Bocconea 28: 189-206. 2019. — ISSN: 1120-4060 printed, 2280-3882 online. In the last decades, with the increase of molecular studies, the study of plant forms has gone through a steady decline in interest, and researches on this topic are often neglected and underestimated. Notwithstanding, comparative morphology as integrative discipline still assumes a pivotal role in modern sciences, remaining fundamentally relevant to nearly all fields of plant biology, such as systematics, evolutionary biology, ecology, physiology, genetics, molecular biology, not to mention also agriculture, bioengineering, and forensic botany. Contrary to common belief, plant morphology is not a conservative finished science, but, like other sciences, it is open to constant innovations involving both concepts and methods. This contribution aims to promote a reflective discourse on the role of plant morphology in modern sciences and provides some examples of significant supports from plant morphology to different botanical issues.

The flowers of Fragaria × ananassa: Morphology, response to photoperiod, and genetics of induction

Abstract: The common cultivated strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is a healthy and popular fruit throughout the world, but its octoploid genetic structure poses difficulties to breeders, and the plant’s flowering response to temperature and photoperiod has been challenging to predict, resulting in multiple flowering phenotypes throughout the commercial germplasm. This review assesses the morphology and physiology of these phenotypes, the cultural practices which are common to each flowering response, and focuses on recent efforts to map the genetic basis of day‐neutrality within F. × ananassa and its progenitor Fragaria vesca. We summarize the recent consensus observing that the genetics of day‐neutral flower induction in diploid F. vesca and octoploid F. × ananassa are not orthologous, and discuss the variance of findings regarding determination of day‐neutrality in octoploid cultivars.

Karakteristik dan Uji Fitokimia 5 (Lima) Jenis Tumbuhan Buah Eksotik dari Kabupaten Barito Utara Kalimantan Tengah

Abstract: This study was conducted to identify the characteristics of fruit plants (generally, the environment/habitat and plant morphology fruit) and to determine the content of active compounds (secondary metabolites) plant worth exotic fruit contained in North Barito This study used survey methods and data analysis was done descriptively qualitative and quantitative in tabular form and image The results of the study characteristics and phytochemical test five (5) pieces of exotic plant species in North Barito regency from habitat plant fruit trees and lianas, with the composition of single and compound leaves, plant height of 10-15 meters, a lowland forest habitat Keledang (Artocarpus lanceifolius Roxb) and Dangu (Leukconitis corpidae) which has a white sap The test results showed the phytochemical content of secondary metabolites consisting of tannin (polyphenols), alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids, steroids and terpenoid scattered on the rind, pulp, and seeds

Foliar behavior of olive trees (Olea europaea L.) grafted and cut under the effect of salt stress.

Abstract: Olive ( Olea europaea L .) is an important perennial crop in many agricultural regions of the Mediterranean countries but it is planted, often in salty soils. In this context, the objective of this work is to determine the effect of salinity on the morpho-physiological behavior of young olive plants in cuttings and grafted plants, including two local varieties (Chemlal and Sigoise) and two introduced varieties (Manzanilla and Arbiquina). The experiment was conducted in a laboratory and greenhouse with a well-controlled condition. The experiment was arranged in a completely randomized design of two factors (salinity and varieties ) with four replications and two treatments. Not treated plants (without NaCl application) were utilized as control. The plant material (young 2-year-old olive seedlings) was selected and brought from a crop nursery. The experimentation started by the irrigation of the control plant with a nutrient solution. About the salinity treatment, the tree seedlings received a nutrient solution fortified by the addition of 100mM of NaCl. Four repetitions are being done according to the field capacity. The study covered the variation of the relative water content in leaves as well as the leaf surface, stomata density, stomatal size and the wax rate on the upper foliar epidermis. According to the achieved results, the RWC leaf area and stomatal density of the treated plants decreased compared to the control. On the other hand, the wax level increases in the case of salt stress compared to the control, both for the grafted plants and for the plants not grafted.

Influence of environmental conditions and crop competition on morphological and biological diversity of Avena fatua L. and Solanum nigrum L.

Abstract: This study investigated the effects of climate/soil conditions and crop competition on selected morphological traits, biomass productivity and some other biological aspects of the weedy species Avena fatua L. and Solanum nigrum L. The species examined came from arable fields differing with respect to soil type and crop species according to the following pattern: A. fatua (in maize – brown soil, in spring wheat – podsolic soil), S. nigrum (in maize – brown soil, in potatoes – podsolic soil). The investigations included measurements in their original habitats and in a controlled environment. Plants grown on fields with brown soil reached higher values of the evaluated traits as compared to those recorded for plants grown on a podsolic soil. The height of A. fatua was similar in both habitats because competitive ability of the crop balanced the soil effect. There were no differences in plant morphology and biomass productivity within the two species when plants were grown in the same soil/climate conditions but on different soils S. nigrum exhibited variation in plant height and biomass productivity. Both species similarly responded to reduced light that revealed differences between them in chlorophyll content. Seeds of A. fatua and S. nigrum , regardless of their origin, germinated better in darkness than in the light and seeds of both species were more able to germinate when they were collected from plants grown in the light conditions from above the crop canopy. All seeds of S. nigrum also germinated better under warm conditions (20°C).

Role of leaf morphology in defense against sterility mosaic disease of pigeonpea.

Abstract: Interpretation: Sterility mosaic disease is an emerging viral disease of pigeonpea, caused by Pigeonpea sterility mosaic virus, belongs to the newly established genus and transmitted by eriophyid miteChanna Basavanna causing >90 per cent yield loss in India. Therefore, the host range of virus and leaf characters were studied to identify the host preference and mechanism of resistance existing in pigeonpea cultivars against mite vector to develop stable resistant cultivars against sterility mosaic virus of pigeonpea.

Differences in morphology and sugar content of purple sweet potato (Ipomoea batatas L.) with potassium treatment at several altitudes

Abstract: This research was conducted at three locations in low, medium and high plains. This study was aimed to determine the morphological changes and sugar content of sweet potato caused by potassium dose treatment and climate change. Data was analyzed by factorial randomized block design in time series with two factors. The first factor was Altitude: A1 (50 meter above sea level (MASL)), A2 (750 MASL) and A3 (1450 MASL). The second factor was Potassium: K0 (0 kg/ha), K1 (50 kg/ha), K2 (100 kg/ha) and K3 (150 kg/ha). The data of plant morphology change and sugar content was descriptively analized, while agronomic and harvest component data analysis by F test and continued with Duncan Multiple Range Test. The results of morphological observations showed different types of plant growth, which in the lowlands and medium plant growth types spread, twisted, more branches, wider leaf area. However, the plateau of plant growth was relatively dwarf, erect, no twist, huddled and short rods and small leaf area. The tuber weight per plant, number of tuber yield and tuber weight per plot in high altitude were significantly higher than lowland and medium. Similarly, increased altitude will be increased the sugar content significantly.

Variability in morphology and biochemical constituents in wheat germplasm with special reference to spot blotch

Abstract: Variability among 11 wheat germplasms viz. KRL 283, KRL 330, KLP 402, WH 1112, DBW 111, NW 5055, RAJ 4270, KRL 327, KRL 331, KRL 210 and KHARACHIA 65 were studied considering their morphology and the presence of bio-molecules. The results revealed that all these germplasms possess variability in terms of the mentioned parameters. The germplasm, RAJ 4270 and KRL 331 were medium in plant height with synchronous tillering habit while the majority were dwarf in nature except KHARACHIA 65. The germplasm also showed different response to spot blotch at different stages of plant growth, reflecting 11.04 - 15.40% at booting, 21.65 - 28.75 at flowering and 30.5 - 40.78 % at milking stages. Among all the germplasms, NW 5055 showed minimum disease severity, representing 11.04, 21.65 and 30.5% at booting, flowering and milking stages, respectively. The possible mechanism of resistance revealed that the presence of higher amount of total phenol and soluble protein, resulted lower disease incidence. The germplasm NW 5055 contained maximum amount of soluble protein reflecting, 30.27 mg/g at seedling, 29.54 mg/g at booting, 28.48 mg/g at flowering and 28.25 mg/g at milking stage. Similarly, total phenol content was also found maximum 2.87 mg/g at seedling, 2.73 mg/g at booting, 2.50 mg/g at flowering and 2.35 mg/g at milking stage in the same variety. Correlation between total phenol and soluble protein with disease severity at different stages of plant growth showed that there was a negative correlation in almost all the germplasms.

Biomass partitioning and morphological parameters of Trigonella foenum - graecum submitted to sulfur deficiency

Abstract: In last decade several studies showed a serious reduction of sulfur content of agronomical crops associated to the decrease of the concentrations of sulfur in the atmosphere. This adverse situation would impact seriously the growth and the quality of numerous economically important plants like medicinal and aromatic species. Fenugreek (Trigonella foenum-graecum) is one of the most widely used aromatic and medicinal herbs in the world. The effect of sulfur deprivation in Fenugreek was investigated in plants grown on nutrient solution containing 1 mol m−3 S for control and 0.05 mol m−3 S for S-deficient plants. The experiment was conducted during 75 days after sowing. When compared to the control plants, the total sulfur and sulfate levels were lower in the leaves of S-deficient plants and total dry matter of the plant decreased by 32%. The most important reduction of biomass was recorded in the aerial part. The Chlorophyll content in leaves was reduced by 59% in S-deficient plants as compared to control. Partitioning of biomass and the plant morphology were also affected by S-deficiency. When compared to control, the leaf area and the LWR decreased by 37.7 and 35.3% respectively, but the LAR did not show any significant change. The leaves of S-deficient plants became thinner as result to the increase recorded in SLA value (+ 23.3%).