Plant morphology

About: Plant morphology is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1174 publications have been published within this topic receiving 24418 citations. The topic is also known as: phytomorphology & morphology of higher plants.

PLANT-MICROBE-INSECT INTERACTIONS Cytokinins as key regulators in plant-microbe-insect interactions: connecting plant growth and defence

Abstract: Summary 1. Plant hormones play important roles in regulating plant growth and defence by mediating developmental processes and signalling networks involved in plant responses to a wide range of parasitic and mutualistic biotic interactions. 2. Plants are known to rapidly respond to pathogen and herbivore attack by reconfiguring their metabolism to reduce pathogen/herbivore food acquisition. This involves the production of defensive plant secondary compounds, but also an alteration of the plant primary metabolism to fuel the energetic requirements of the direct defence. 3. Cytokinins are plant hormones that play a key role in plant morphology, plant defence, leaf senescence and source–sink relationships. They are involved in numerous plant–biotic interactions. 4. These phytohormones may have been the target of arthropods and pathogens over the course of the evolutionary arms race between plants and their biotic partners to hijack the plant metabolism, control its physiology and/or morphology and successfully invade the plant. In the case of arthropods, cytokinin-induced phenotypes can be mediated by their bacterial symbionts, giving rise to intricate plant–microbe–insect interactions. 5. Cytokinin-mediated effects strongly impact not only plant growth and defence but also the whole community of insect and pathogen species sharing the same plant by facilitating or preventing plant invasion. This suggests that cytokinins (CKs) are key regulators of the plant growth-defence trade-off and highlights the complexity of the finely balanced responses that plants use while facing both invaders and mutualists.

The Natural Philosophy of Plant Form

Abstract: Preface 1. The meaning and content of plant morphology 2. The plant morphology of the Aristotelian school 3. The plant morphology of Albertus Magnus and Andrea Cesalpino 4. Plant morphology from Joachim Jung to Goethe and de Candolle 5. The concept of the organisation type 6. The partial-shoot theory of the leaf 7. The urge to whole-shoot-hood in the leaf 8. The bearing of the partial-shoot theory of the leaf on other morphological problems 9. Repetitive branching and the gestalt type, with special reference to parallelism 10. The mechanism of plant morphology 11. The interpretation of plant morphology List of books and memoirs cited Index.

An Introduction to Plant Structure and Development: Plant Anatomy for the Twenty-First Century

Abstract: Preface Acknowledgements 1. Problems of adaptation to a terrestrial environment 2. An overview of plant structure and development 3. The protoplast of the eukaryotic cell 4. Structure and development of the cell wall 5. Meristems of the shoot and their role in plant growth and development 6. Morphology and development of the primary vascular system of the stem 7. Sympodial systems and patterns of nodal anatomy 8. The epidermis 9. The origin of secondary tissue systems and the effect of their formation on the primary body in seed plants 10. The vascular cambium: structure and function 11. Secondary xylem 12. The phloem 13. Periderm, rhytidome and the nature of the bark 14. Unusual features of structure and development in stems and roots 15. Secretion in plants 16. The root 17. The leaf 18. Reproduction and the origin of the sporophyte Glossary Index.

Developmental Genes Have Pleiotropic Effects on Plant Morphology and Source Capacity, Eventually Impacting on Seed Protein Content and Productivity in Pea

Abstract: Increasing pea (Pisum sativum) seed nutritional value and particularly seed protein content, while maintaining yield, is an important challenge for further development of this crop Seed protein content and yield are complex and unstable traits, integrating all the processes occurring during the plant life cycle During filling, seeds are the main sink to which assimilates are preferentially allocated at the expense of vegetative organs Nitrogen seed demand is satisfied partly by nitrogen acquired by the roots, but also by nitrogen remobilized from vegetative organs In this study, we evaluated the respective roles of nitrogen source capacity and sink strength in the genetic variability of seed protein content and yield We showed in eight genotypes of diverse origins that both the maximal rate of nitrogen accumulation in the seeds and nitrogen source capacity varied among genotypes Then, to identify the genetic factors responsible for seed protein content and yield variation, we searched for quantitative trait loci (QTL) for seed traits and for indicators of sink strength and source nitrogen capacity We detected 261 QTL across five environments for all traits measured Most QTL for seed and plant traits mapped in clusters, raising the possibility of common underlying processes and candidate genes In most environments, the genes Le and Afila, which control internode length and the switch between leaflets and tendrils, respectively, determined plant nitrogen status Depending on the environment, these genes were linked to QTL of seed protein content and yield, suggesting that source-sink adjustments depend on growing conditions

Plant Morphological and Biochemical Responses to Field Water Deficits I. Responses of Glutathione Reductase Activity and Paraquat Sensitivity

Abstract: The effects of water deficits on plant morphology and biochemistry were analyzed in two photoperiodic strains of field-grown cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.). Plants grown under dryland conditions exhibited a 40 to 85% decrease in leaf number, leaf area index, leaf size, plant height, and total weight per plant. Gross photosynthesis decreased from 0.81 to 0.47 milligram CO(2) fixed per meter per second and the average midday water, osmotic, and turgor potentials decreased to -2.1, -2.4, and 0.3 megapascals, respectively.There was a progressive increase in glutathione reductase activity and in the cellular antioxidant system in the leaves of stressed plants compared to the irrigated controls. The stress-induced increases in enzyme activity occurred at all canopy positions analyzed.Irrigation of the dryland plots following severe water stress resulted in a 50% increase in leaf area per gram fresh weight in newly expanded leaves of both strains over the leaves which had expanded under the dryland conditions. Paraquat resistance (a relative measure of the cellular antioxidant system) decreased in the strain T25 following irrigation. Glutathione reductase activities remained elevated in the T25 and T185 leaves which were expanded fully prior to irrigation and in the leaves which expanded following the irrigation treatment.