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Plant physiology
About: Plant physiology is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 1537 publications have been published within this topic receiving 72038 citations.
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TL;DR: The effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants, and the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis are reviewed.
Abstract: Scarcity of water is a severe environmental constraint to plant productivity. Drought-induced loss in crop yield probably exceeds losses from all other causes, since both the severity and duration of the stress are critical. Here, we have reviewed the effects of drought stress on the growth, phenology, water and nutrient relations, photosynthesis, assimilate partitioning, and respiration in plants. This article also describes the mechanism of drought resistance in plants on a morphological, physiological and molecular basis. Various management strategies have been proposed to cope with drought stress. Drought stress reduces leaf size, stem extension and root proliferation, disturbs plant water relations and reduces water-use efficiency. Plants display a variety of physiological and biochemical responses at cellular and whole-organism levels towards prevailing drought stress, thus making it a complex phenomenon. CO2 assimilation by leaves is reduced mainly by stomatal closure, membrane damage and disturbed activity of various enzymes, especially those of CO2 fixation and adenosine triphosphate synthesis. Enhanced metabolite flux through the photorespiratory pathway increases the oxidative load on the tissues as both processes generate reactive oxygen species. Injury caused by reactive oxygen species to biological macromolecules under drought stress is among the major deterrents to growth. Plants display a range of mechanisms to withstand drought stress. The major mechanisms include curtailed water loss by increased diffusive resistance, enhanced water uptake with prolific and deep root systems and its efficient use, and smaller and succulent leaves to reduce the transpirational loss. Among the nutrients, potassium ions help in osmotic adjustment; silicon increases root endodermal silicification and improves the cell water balance. Low-molecular-weight osmolytes, including glycinebetaine, proline and other amino acids, organic acids, and polyols, are crucial to sustain cellular functions under drought. Plant growth substances such as salicylic acid, auxins, gibberrellins, cytokinin and abscisic acid modulate the plant responses towards drought. Polyamines, citrulline and several enzymes act as antioxidants and reduce the adverse effects of water deficit. At molecular levels several drought-responsive genes and transcription factors have been identified, such as the dehydration-responsive element-binding gene, aquaporin, late embryogenesis abundant proteins and dehydrins. Plant drought tolerance can be managed by adopting strategies such as mass screening and breeding, marker-assisted selection and exogenous application of hormones and osmoprotectants to seed or growing plants, as well as engineering for drought resistance.
3,488 citations
Book•
31 Oct 2007
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors explain how physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, carbohydrate, nitrogen and mineral relations) are involved in the growth of woody plants and how they are affected by the environment.
Abstract: Plant physiology is the scientific study of how plants grow and respond to environmental factors and cultural treatments in terms of their physiological processes and conditions. This book aims to explain how physiological processes (such as photosynthesis, respiration, transpiration, carbohydrate, nitrogen and mineral relations) are involved in the growth of woody plants and how they are affected by the environment, in addition to explaining the mechanisms of the processes themselves.
2,520 citations
TL;DR: Progress made during the last two decades in producing transgenic lines of different C3 crops with enhanced photosynthetic performance is discussed, which was reached by either the overexpression of C3 enzymes or transcription factors or the incorporation of genes encoding C4 enzymes into C3 plants.
Abstract: Stressful environments such as salinity, drought, and high temperature (heat) cause alterations in a wide range of physiological, biochemical, and molecular processes in plants. Photosynthesis, the most fundamental and intricate physiological process in all green plants, is also severely affected in all its phases by such stresses. Since the mechanism of photosynthesis involves various components, including photosynthetic pigments and photosystems, the electron transport system, and CO2 reduction pathways, any damage at any level caused by a stress may reduce the overall photosynthetic capacity of a green plant. Details of the stress-induced damage and adverse effects on different types of pigments, photosystems, components of electron transport system, alterations in the activities of enzymes involved in the mechanism of photosynthesis, and changes in various gas exchange characteristics, particularly of agricultural plants, are considered in this review. In addition, we discussed also progress made during the last two decades in producing transgenic lines of different C3 crops with enhanced photosynthetic performance, which was reached by either the overexpression of C3 enzymes or transcription factors or the incorporation of genes encoding C4 enzymes into C3 plants. We also discussed critically a current, worldwide effort to identify signaling components, such as transcription factors and protein kinases, particularly mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) involved in stress adaptation in agricultural plants.
1,435 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1966
TL;DR: BOTany: An Introduction to the Biology of the Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle is presented in this article, along with a detailed overview of the early development of the plant body.
Abstract: BOTANY: AN INTRODUCTION - PART 1: THE BIOLOGY OF THE PLANT CELL - The Molecular Composition of Plant Cells - The Plant Cell and the Cell Cycle - The Movement of Substances Into and Out of Cells - PART 2: Energetics - The Flow of Energy - Respiration - Photosynthesis, Light, and Life - PART 3: GENETICS AND EVOLUTION - Sexual Reproduction and Heredity - The Chemistry of Heredity and Gene Expression - Recombinant DNA Technology, Plant Biotechnology, and Genomics - The Process of Evolution - PART 4: DIVERSITY - Systematics: The Science of Biological Diversity - Prokaryotes and Viruses - Fungi - Algae and Heterotrophic Protists - Bryophytes - Seedless Vascular Plants - Gymnosperms - Introduction to the Angiosperms - Evolution of the Angiosperms - The Human Prospect - PART 5: THE ANGIOSPERM PLANT BODY: STRUCTURE AND DEVELOPMENT - Early Development of the Plant Body - Cells and Tissues of the Plant Body - The Root: Structure and Development - The Shoot: Primary Structure and Development - Secondary Growth in Stems - PART 6: PHYSIOLOGY OF SEED PLANTS - Regulating Growth and Development: The Plant Hormones - External Factors and Plant Growth - Plant Nutrition and Soils - The Movement of Water and Solutes in Plants - ON THE WEB - PART 7: ECOLOGY - The Dynamics of Communities and Ecosystems - Global Ecology
1,101 citations
Book•
01 Jan 1979
TL;DR: This is a book that will show you even new to old thing, and when you are really dying of secretory tissues in plants, just pick this book; it will be right for you.
Abstract: It's coming again, the new collection that this site has. To complete your curiosity, we offer the favorite secretory tissues in plants book as the choice today. This is a book that will show you even new to old thing. Forget it; it will be right for you. Well, when you are really dying of secretory tissues in plants, just pick it. You know, this book is always making the fans to be dizzy if not to find.
1,057 citations