Showing papers on "Poison control published in 1982"
TL;DR: For example, the authors presents examples in which a decision, preference, or emotional reaction is controlled by factors that may appear irrelevant to the choice made, such as decision weights, reference points, framing, and regret.
Abstract: Presents examples in which a decision, preference, or emotional reaction is controlled by factors that may appear irrelevant to the choice made. The difficulty people have in maintaining a comprehensive view of consequences and their susceptibility to the vagaries of framing illustrate impediments to rational decision making. However, experimental surveys indicate that such departures from objectivity tend to follow regular patterns that can be described mathematically. The descriptive study of preferences also challenges the theory of rational choice, as it is often unclear whether the effects of decision weights, reference points, framing, and regret should be considered as errors or biases or whether they should be accepted as valid elements of human experience. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved) Language: en
1,470 citations
TL;DR: An 18-item version of the Client Satisfaction Questionnaire (CSQ-18) was included in an experimental study of the effects of pretherapy orientation on psychotherapy outcome and demonstrated that a subset of items from the scale performed as well as the CSQ-8 and often better.
1,392 citations
1,230 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: The DR Scale is more sensitive than the Glasgow Outcome Scale in detecting and measuring clinical changes in individuals who have sustained severe head trauma and can be used to help identify patients most likely to benefit from intensive rehabilitation care within a hospital setting.
1,054 citations
TL;DR: An attempt has been made to conceptually integrate the available evidence with respect to the role of human behavior in the causation of road accidents to show that the accident rate is ultimately dependent on one factor only, the target level of risk in the population concerned.
Abstract: No strategy for countermeasure design or future directions of research in the areas of human behavior which leads to traffic accidents or lifestyle-related diseases can be rationally developed without an acceptable working theory of human behavior in these domains. For this purpose, an attempt has been made to conceptually integrate the available evidence with respect to the role of human behavior in the causation of road accidents. From this integrative effort it would seem that the accident rate is ultimately dependent on one factor only, the target level of risk in the population concerned which acts as the reference variable in a homeostatic process relating accident rate to human motivation. Various policy tactics for the purpose of modifying this target level of risk have been pointed out and the theory of risk homeostasis has been speculatively extended to the areas of lifestyle-dependent morbidity and mortality.
1,025 citations
TL;DR: In order to investigate the strategies used to plan and control multijoint arm trajectories, two-degrees-of-freedom arm movements performed by normal adult humans were recorded and only the shoulder and elbow joints were active.
Abstract: In order to investigate the strategies used to plan and control multijoint arm trajectories, two-degrees-of-freedom arm movements performed by normal adult humans were recorded. Only the shoulder and elbow joints were active. When a subject was told simply to move his hand from one visual target to another, the path of the hand was roughly straight, and the hand speed profile of their straight trajectories was bell-shaped. When the subject was required to produce curved hand trajectories, the path usually had a segmented appearance, as if the subject was trying to approximate a curve with low curvature elements. Hand speed profiles associated with curved trajectories contained speed valleys or inflections which were temporally associated with the local maxima in the trajectory curvature. The mean duration of curved movements was longer than the mean for straight movements. These results are discussed in terms of trajectory control theories which have originated in the fields of mechanical manipulator control and biological motor control. Three explanations for the results are offered.
1,012 citations
TL;DR: Given the high correlation between alcohol dependence and adverse consequences from drinking, the Alcohol Dependence Scale provides important information for treatment planning and may be especially relevant when deciding between goals of total abstinence versus controlled drinking.
Abstract: The alcohol dependence syndrome proposed by Edwards and Gross in 1976 is a central concept in the World Health Organization classification of alcoholism. The present study focused on the measurement and validation of this syndrome using a sample of 225 individuals with alcohol-related problems. A brief 29-item Alcohol Dependence Scale was derived that exhibited substantial internal consistency reliability (.92). Scale scores conformed quite closely to a normal distribution, which supports a quantitative (existing in degrees) interpretation of the syndrome. Higher levels of alcohol dependence were associated with social consequences from drinking as well as with greater quantities of alcohol consumed. As alcohol dependence increased, clients were less likely to show up for their first treatment appointment. The degree of alcohol dependence was directly related to psychopatholo gy (thinking disorder, hypochondriasis, persecutory ideas, anxiety, depression) and also to physical symptoms of the nervous, cardiovascular, and digestive systems. Given the high correlation between alcohol dependence and adverse consequences from drinking, the Alcohol Dependence Scale provides important information for treatment planning and may be especially relevant when deciding between goals of total abstinence versus controlled drinking.
1,002 citations
TL;DR: Evidence is presented that chronic delinquents, compared with nonchronic or nondelinquent individuals, tend to have been children who were antisocial in more than 1 setting, who displayed a higher variety of antisocial behaviors, and who showed an early onset of such behaviors.
Abstract: Studies on the stability of antisocial and delinquent behavior are reviewed, showing that children who initially display high rates of antisocial behavior are more likely to persist in this behavior than children who initially show lower rates of antisocial behavior Evidence is presented that chronic delinquents, compared with nonchronic or nondelinquent individuals, tend to have been children who were antisocial in more than 1 setting, who displayed a higher variety of antisocial behaviors, and who showed an early onset of such behaviors Once high levels of antisocial behavior have been established, youths tend to maintain such levels rather than to revert to lower levels of antisocial behavior Studies suggest that more children drift into higher levels of antisocial behavior than revert to a lower level Patterns of antisocial behavior tend to change during preadolescence and adolescence: the number of youths who engage in overt antisocial acts (fighting, disobedience, etc) declines between ages 6 and 16, whereas in that period the number of youths who engage in covert antisocial acts (theft, alcohol and drug use, etc) increases Implications are discussed for the early identification of chronic offenders
949 citations
TL;DR: The life history of aggression and history of suicidal behavior in 12 subjects with borderline personality disorders without major affective disorder were examined, and Histories of aggressive behaviors and of suicide attempts were significantly associated with each other.
Abstract: In an earlier, separate study, the authors found that human aggression and suicide (a specific aggression-related behavior) were associated with lower levels of CSF 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), a serotonin metabolite. That study focused on subjects with personality disorders without affective illness. In the present study they examine the life history of aggression and history of suicidal behavior in 12 subjects with borderline personality disorders without major affective disorder. Histories of aggressive behaviors and of suicide attempts were significantly associated with each other, and each was significantly associated with lower 5-HIAA levels. Altered serotonin metabolism may be a highly significant contributing factor to these behaviors in whatever diagnostic group they occur. Language: en
926 citations
TL;DR: To test the reliability of children's reporting as compared with that of their mothers, a highly structured psychiatric diagnostic interview was used with 307 subjects, ages 6 through 16.
Abstract: To test the reliability of children's reporting as compared with that of their mothers, a highly structured psychiatric diagnostic interview was used with 307 subjects, ages 6 through 16. Another interviewer gave each mother a similar interview about the child. Responses of each mother-child pair to 168 questions were compared using the kappa statistic. Highest agreement was found on questions concerning symptoms that are concrete, observable, severe, and unambiguous. Mothers tended to report significantly more behavioral symptoms, and children more subjective symptoms. Reasons for low kappas and asymmetrical reporting of symptoms are discussed.
913 citations
TL;DR: The effects of perceptual grouping on search for targets defined by separate features or by conjunction of features is explored, suggesting that preattentive grouping creates separate feature maps within each separable dimension rather than one global configuration.
Abstract: This article explores the effects of perceptual grouping on search for targets defined by separate features or by conjunction of features. Treisman and Gelade proposed a feature-integration theory of attention, which claims that in the absence of prior knowledge, the separable features of objects are correctly combined only when focused attention is directed to each item in turn. If items are preattentively grouped, however, attention may be directed to groups rather than to single items whenever no recombination of features within a group could generate an illusory target. This prediction is confirmed: In search for conjunctions, subjects appear to scan serially between groups rather than items. The scanning rate shows little effect of the spatial density of distractors, suggesting that it reflects serial fixations of attention rather than eye movements. Search for features, on the other hand, appears to independent of perceptual grouping, suggesting that features are detected preattentively. A conjunction target can be camouflaged at the preattentive level by placing it at the boundary between two adjacent groups, each of which shares one of its features. This suggests that preattentive grouping creates separate feature maps within each separable dimension rather than one global configuration. Language: en
TL;DR: The authors found that biased attributions of aggressive boys may have some basis in their experience, in that they were frequently the targets of peers' aggressive behavior, but their own aggressive behavior toward peers, however, occurred at a much higher rate than the rate at which they were the target of aggression.
Abstract: 3 studies are reported which assess the nature and limits of a known bias on the part of aggressive boys to overattribute hostile intentions to peers. The first study determined that this bias is restricted to attributions of a peer's behavior toward an aggressive boy, and not to attributions of a peer's behavior toward a second peer. Biased attributions were implicated as a direct precedent to aggressive responses. The second study assessed the role of selective attention to and recall of hostile social cues in the formation of a biased attribution. It was found that selective recall of hostile cues did lead to a biased attribution, but that selective recall did not fully account for the attributional differences between aggressive and nonaggressive boys. Also, specific deficits in recall by aggressive boys were identified. The third study involved naturalistic observation of the peer-directed aggressive behaviors of boys in a controlled setting. It was found that the biased attributions of aggressive boys may have some basis in their experience, in that they were frequently the targets of peers' aggressive behavior. Their own aggressive behavior toward peers, however, occurred at a much higher rate than the rate at which they were the targets of aggression. These findings led to the formation of a social-information-processing model of aggressive behavior. Language: en
TL;DR: This paper reviews the major types of ecologic study designs, the analytic methods appropriate for each, the limitations ofEcologic data for making causal inferences and what can be done to minimize these problems, and the relative advantages of Ecologic analysis.
Abstract: Despite the widespread use of ecologic analysis in epidemiologic research and health planning, little attention has been given by health scientists and practitioners to the methodological aspects of this approach. This paper reviews the major types of ecologic study designs, the analytic methods appropriate for each, the limitations of ecologic data for making causal inferences and what can be done to minimize these problems, and the relative advantages of ecologic analysis. Numerous examples are provided to illustrate the important principles and methods. A careful distinction is made between ecologic studies that generate or test etiologic hypotheses and those that evaluate the impact of intervention programs or policies (given adequate knowledge of disease etiology). Failure to recognize this difference in the conduct of ecologic studies can lead to results that are not very informative or that are misinterpreted by others.
TL;DR: Factors which influence test-retest reliability are examined for the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) and for the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), a structured interview that quantifies lifetime patterns of alcohol consumption.
Abstract: are often used as a means of collecting information on drinking behavior for the diagnosis of alcohol misuse, for making treatment decisions and for evaluating treatment outcome. However, various elements can influence the reliability and validity of these data, including the assessment context, detoxication status and the kinds of alcohol-related behaviors measured (1). In the present study, factors which influence test-retest reliability are examined for the widely used Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test (MAST) (2) and for the Lifetime Drinking History (LDH), 2 a structured interview that quantifies lifetime patterns of alcohol consumption. Reliability may be defined as the consistency of an individual's reporting of drinking behavior both within a single assessment (internal consistency) as well as between two assessment occasions (test-retest). Reliability addresses only the reprodueibility or stability of indices related to alcohol use, and is a necessary but not sufficient condition for the validity of a measure. Since the extent of measurement error sets a mathematical upper bound on any
TL;DR: A cross-validational study on the Impact of Event Scale confirmed the scale's relevance, internal consistency, and sensitivity, and data are interpreted as consistent with a clinically derived theoretical model of the pattern of response to serious life events.
Abstract: Conducted a cross-validational study on the Impact of Event Scale (IES), a self-report instrument assessing the essential characteristics associated with stress disorders. 35 bereaved outpatients completed the IES before entering time-limited dynamic psychotherapy and at 4 and 12 mo following termination. A further 28 Ss, not participating in therapy, completed the measure at similar intervals. Results confirm the scale's relevance, internal consistency, and sensitivity. In addition, data are interpreted as consistent with a clinically derived theoretical model of the pattern of response to serious life events. As predicted by the theory, the syndromatic group showed greater intensity of intrusive and avoidance states; the relevant salience of reported experience was similar across groups; and the syndromatic group before intervention was characterized by an absence of a movement toward completion of processing the meaning of the event. (11 ref) (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2012 APA, all rights reserved)
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors describe the definition and the characteristics of human errors, and their relation to different error mechanisms are analyzed, and the effect of conditioning factors related to affective, motivating aspects of the work situation as well as physiological factors are also taken into consideration.
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors aim to aid risk analysis and societal decision making by improving methods for eliciting opinions about risk, providing a basis for understanding and anticipating public responses to hazards, and improving the communication of risk information among laypeople, technical experts, and policy makers.
Abstract: Studies of risk perception examine the opinions people express when they are asked, in various ways, to characterize and evaluate hazardous activities and technologies. This research aims to aid risk analysis and societal decision making by (i) improving methods for eliciting opinions about risk, (ii) providing a basis for understanding and anticipating public responses to hazards, and (iii) improving the communication of risk information among laypeople, technical experts, and policy makers.
TL;DR: Of the ARDS cases, 76 percent occurred in the initial 24 hours after meeting the criteria, and ARDS did not occur after 72 hours unless there was late development of sepsis (3 of 136 patients).
Abstract: One hundred thirty-six patients meeting our criteria for one or more of eight clinical conditions were prospectively observed for the development of the adult respiratory distress syndrome. A high risk population was identified, including those with sepsis syndrome (38 percent), documented aspiration of gastric contents (30 percent), multiple emergency transfusions (24 percent), and pulmonary contusion (17 percent). The risk from multiple major fractures appeared low but contributed to the risk from other factors. The risk associated with just one factor (25 percent) was compounded by the presence of two (42 percent) and three (85 percent) simultaneous factors, and this finding was more predictive of ARDS than the injury severity score or initial arterial oxygenation. Of the ARDS cases, 76 percent occurred in the initial 24 hours after meeting the criteria. ARDS did not occur after 72 hours unless there was late development of sepsis (3 of 136 patients).
TL;DR: In this paper, a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College was conducted, and the results showed that 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illnes problems.
Abstract: The author reviews conceptual and empirical issues regarding the interaction of neurasthenia, somatization and depression in Chinese culture and in the West. The historical background of neurasthenia and its current status are discussed, along with the epidemiology and phenomenology of somatization and depression. Findings are presented from a combined clinical and anthropological field study of 100 patients with neurasthenia in the Psychiatry Outpatient Clinic at the Hunan Medical College. Eighty-seven of these patients made the DSM-III criteria of Major Depressive Disorder; diagnoses of anxiety disorders were also frequent. Forty-four patients were suffering from chronic pain syndromes previously undiagnosed, and cases of culture-bound syndromes also were detected. For three-quarters of patients the social significances and uses of their illness behavior chiefly related to work. Although from the researchers' perspective 70% of patients with Major Depressive Disorder experienced substantial improvement and 87% some improvement in symptoms when treated with antidepressant medication, fewer experienced decreased help seeking, and a much smaller number perceived less social impairment and improvement in illnes problems (the psychosocial accompaniment of disease including maladaptive coping and work, family and school problems). These findings are drawn on to advance medical anthropology and cultural psychiatry theory and research regarding somatization in Chinese culture, the United States and cross culturally. The author concludes that though neurasthenia can be understood in several distinctive ways, it is most clinically useful to regard it as bioculturally patterned illness experience (a special form of somatization) related to either depression and other diseases or to culturally sanctioned idioms of distress and psychosocial coping.
TL;DR: It is suggested that cerebral lateralization of cognitive functions results from differences in sensorimotor resolution capacities of the hemispheres, with the right hemisphere being more adept at processing early-available low frequencies and the left hemisphere operating more efficiently on later- available low frequencies.
Abstract: Two visual search experiments were carried out using as stimuli large letters made of small identical letters presented in right, or left, or central visual fields. Considering the spatial frequency contents of the stimuli as the critical variable, Experiment 1 showed that a left-field superiority could be obtained whenever a decision had to be made on a large (low frequency) letter alone, and a right-field advantage emerged when a small (high frequency) letter had to be processed. Experiment 2 showed that the two levels of structure of the stimulus were not encoded at the same rate and that at very brief exposure, only the large letter could be accurately identified. This was accompanied by a left-field superiority, whether or not the stimulus contained the target. These results are interpreted as revealing a differential sensitivity of the hemispheres to the spatial frequency contents of a visual image, the right hemisphere being more adept at processing early-available low frequencies and the left hemisphere operating more efficiently on later-available low frequencies. From these and other experiments reviewed, it is suggested that (a) cerebral lateralization of cognitive functions results from differences in sensorimotor resolution capacities of the hemispheres; (b) both hemispheres can process verbal and visuospatial information, analytically and holistically; (c) respective hemispheric competence is a function of the level of sensorimotor resolution required for processing the information available. Language: en
TL;DR: In this paper, available anatomical data from patients with diencephalic or bitemporal amnesia suggest that these amnesias need not result from damage to a single functional system.
Abstract: In agreement with the neuropsychological findings, available anatomical data from patients with diencephalic or bitemporal amnesia suggest that these amnesias need not result from damage to a single functional system. In the case of diencephalic amnesia, the mammillary bodies and the dorsomedial thalamic nucleus have been implicated, but it is not yet clear which structure deserves the greater emphasis. In the case of bitemporal amnesia, the evidence suggests that the hippocampal formation plays a crucial role in memory functions; the possibility also needs to be considered that the hippocampal formation and amygdala may function conjointly in this regard. An alternative possibility that temporal stem damage is responsible for amnesia now seems quite unlikely.
TL;DR: The occurrence of only one death per 7,620 joggers per year demonstrates that the risk of exercise is small and suggests that the routine exercise testing of healthy subjects before exercise training in not justified.
Abstract: In the six years from 1975 through 1980, a total of 12 men died during jogging in the state of Rhode Island. The cause of death in 11 was coronary heart disease (CHD). One man died of an acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage. The prevalence of jogging in the Rhode Island population was determined using a random-digit telephone survey. Among men aged 30 through 64 years, 7.4%±2.6% (mean±SE e ) reported jogging at least twice a week. The incidence of death during jogging for men of this age group was one death per year for every 7,620 joggers, or approximately one death per 396,000 man-hours of jogging. This rate is seven times the estimated death rate from CHD during more sedentary activities in Rhode Island and suggests that exercise contributes to sudden death in susceptible persons. The occurrence of only one death per 7,620 joggers per year demonstrates that the risk of exercise is small and suggests that the routine exercise testing of healthy subjects before exercise training is not justified. ( JAMA 1982;247:2535-2538)
TL;DR: The results indicated that, relative to the changes in the comparison sample, the parenttraining sample showed a significantly greater reduction in the observed rates of deviant child behavior.
TL;DR: In this article, a new bench-scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research, which is capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost.
Abstract: A new bench-scale rate of heat release calorimeter utilizing the oxygen consumption principle has been developed for use in fire testing and research. Specimens may be of uniform or composite construction and may be tested in a horizontal, face-up orientation, or, for those which do not melt, in a vertical orientation. An external irradiance of zero to over 100 kW m−2 may be imposed by means of a temperature-controlled radiant heater. The rate of heat release is determined by measuring combustion product gas flow and oxygen depletion, while the mass loss is also recorded simultaneously. The instrument has been designed to be capable of higher accuracy than existing instruments and yet to be simple to operate and moderate in construction cost. The instrument is thermed a ‘cone calorimeter’ because of the geometric arrangement of the electric heater.
TL;DR: Moderate head injury results in mortality and substantial morbidity intermediate between those of severe and minor head injury and more attention should be directed to patients with moderate head injury than to those with the most severe injuries, in whom brain damage is probably irreversible and all forms of management have demonstrated little success.
Abstract: We have divided head injury into three categories based on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS) (severe, 3-8; moderate, 9-12; and minor, 13-15). In a previous report, we described significant disability after minor head injury. The present report describes 199 patients with moderate head injury, 159 of whom underwent follow-up examinations at 3 months. In contrast to patients with minor head injury, half as many were students (17%) and twice as many were intoxicated (53%). Seventy-five patients were studied with computed tomographic (CT) scanning; 30% of the scans were negative and 31% showed a space-occupying mass. As reported by Gennarelli et al. in patients with severe head injuries, those with moderate head injury and subdural hematoma had a very poor outcome: 65% died or were severely disabled and none made a good recovery as measured by the Glasgow Outcome Scale. At 3 months, 38% of the moderate head injury patients had made a good recovery compared with 75% of the minor head injury patients. Within the good recovery category, however, there was much disability (headache, 93%; memory difficulties, 90%; difficulties with activities of daily living, 87%), and only 7% of the patients were asymptomatic. The Halstead-Reitan Neuropsychological Battery in an unselected subset (n = 32) showed significant deficits on all test measures. Sixty-six per cent of the patients previously employed had not returned to work, compared to 33% of the minor head injury patients. The major predictors of unemployment after minor head injury were premorbid characteristics (age, education, and socio-economic status). In contrast, all predictors in moderate head injury were measures of the severity of injury (length of coma, CT diagnosis, GCS on discharge). We conclude that: (a) moderate head injury, not described previously in the literature, results in mortality and substantial morbidity intermediate between those of severe and minor head injury; (b) unlike minor head injury, the principal predictors of outcome after moderate head injury are measures of the severity of injury; and (c) more attention should be directed to patients with moderate head injury than to those with the most severe injuries, in whom brain damage is probably irreversible and all forms of management have demonstrated little success.
TL;DR: Three rapid interviews have considerable potential for use in the routine screening of high-risk groups, such as hospital patients and the Brief MAST, the Cage, and the Reich interviews each identified nine out of ten alcoholics.
TL;DR: In this article, a double-blind study was conducted to determine the relationship between the extent of postural sway in standing of individual elderly subjects and their frequency of falling, and the average speed of sway was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for those who fell one or more times in a year than those who did not fall.
Abstract: A double-blind study was undertaken to determine the relationship (if one exits) between the extent of postural sway in standing of individual elderly subjects and their frequency of falling. A total of 205 subjects were studied; their average age was 81.8 years. Thirty per cent of the men, and 46% of the women, had one or more falls; the proportion of all subjects with one or more falls was 42%. The average speed of sway was significantly greater (P less than 0.05) for those who fell one or more times in a year than for those who did not fall. In this group of institutionalized elderly, there was no sex-related difference in the mean speed of sway; moreover, no age-related trend was demonstrated by the regression of mean speed upon age for all subjects. The mean speed of sway even for the non-fallers was found to be greater than that measured in a sample of non-institutional elderly subjects studied in the past. Thus, mean speed of postural sway was found to be only of statistical value for determining the risk of falling among these institutionalized elderly. We found postural sway to be an indicator of a tendency to fall, but the difference was less than might have been expected. No trend of increasing postural sway correlating with the increased frequency of falls was found.
TL;DR: Five reasons for focusing on quality of life (QOL) as a desired outcome for programs for the chronically ill are presented and problems in QOL evaluative research are discussed.