Showing papers on "Poison control published in 1985"
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TL;DR: This article examined whether repetition priming effects on a word completion task are influenced by new associations between unrelated word pairs that were established during a single study trial and found that implicit memory for new associations that is independent of explicit recollection.
Abstract: Two experiments examined whether repetition priming effects on a word completion task are influenced by new associations between unrelated word pairs that were established during a single study trial. On the word completion task, subjects were presented with the initial three letters of the response words from the study list pairs and they completed these fragments with the first words that came to mind. The fragments were shown either with the paired words from the study list (same context) or with other words (different context). Both experiments showed a larger priming effect in the same-context condition than in the different-context condition, but only with a study task that required elaborative processing of the word pairs. This effect was observed with college students and amnesic patients, suggesting that word completion performance is mediated by implicit memory for new associations that is independent of explicit recollection.
1,485 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors intensively studied 207 patients hospitalized because of suicidal ideation, but not for recent suicide attempts, at the time of admission, and found that a score of 10 or more on the Hopelessness Scale correctly identified 91 % of the eventual suicides.
Abstract: The authors intensively studied 207 patients hospitalized because of suicidal ideation, but not for recent suicide attempts, at the time of admission. During a follow-up period of 5-1 0 years, 14 patients committed suicide. Of all the data collected at the time of hospitalization, only the Hopelessness Scale and the pessimism item of the Beck Depression Inventory predicted the eventual suicides. A score of 10 or more on the Hopelessness Scale correctly identified 91 % of the eventual suicides. Taken in conjunction with previous studies showing the relationship between hopelessness and suicidal intent, these findings indicate the importance of degree of hopelessness as an indicator of long-term suicidal risk in hospitalized depressed patients. (Am J Psychiatry 142:559-563, 1985)
1,422 citations
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TL;DR: The topics and examples discussed in this paper are intended to promote the understanding and extend the practicability of the spline smoothing methodology.
Abstract: Non-parametric regression using cubic splines is an attractive, flexible and widely-applicable approach to curve estimation. Although the basic idea was formulated many years ago, the method is not as widely known or adopted as perhaps it should be. The topics and examples discussed in this paper are intended to promote the understanding and extend the practicability of the spline smoothing methodology. Particular subjects covered include the basic principles of the method; the relation with moving average and other smoothing methods; the automatic choice of the amount of smoothing; and the use of residuals for diagnostic checking and model adaptation. The question of providing inference regions for curves-and for relevant properties of curves--is approached via a finite-dimensional Bayesian formulation.
1,018 citations
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TL;DR: There is a need for research that tests hypotheses derived from theoretical models and that has clear implications for intervention programs, to explore whether general theories of health behavior or approaches relating to specific exercises or activities can be used to predict adoption and maintenance of physical activity.
Abstract: Evaluation and delivery of physical activity and exercise programs appear impeded by the substantial numbers of Americans who are unwilling or unable to participate regularly in physical activity. As a step toward identifying effective interventions, we reviewed available research on determinants relating to the adoption and maintenance of physical activity. We categorized determinants as personal, environmental, or characteristic of the exercise. We have considered supervised participation separately from spontaneous activity in the general population. A wide variety of determinants, populations, and settings have been studied within diverse research traditions and disciplines. This diversity and the varied interpretation of the data hinder our clearly summarizing the existing knowledge. Although we provide some directions for future study and program evaluation, there is a need for research that tests hypotheses derived from theoretical models and that has clear implications for intervention programs. We still need to explore whether general theories of health behavior or approaches relating to specific exercises or activities can be used to predict adoption and maintenance of physical activity.
973 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors investigated whether attentional resources can be simultaneously allocated to several locations in a visual display, whether the mode of processing (serial or parallel) can be switched within a trial, and the nature of the costs when Attentional resources are concentrated on an invalid location.
Abstract: This research investigated whether attentional resources can be simultaneously allocated to several locations in a visual display, whether the mode of processing (serial or parallel) can be switched within a trial, and the nature of the costs when attentional resources are concentrated on an invalid location. Subjects were required to determine which of two target letters was present in eight-letter circular displays. In precue conditions, a primary and a secondary target location were designated 150 ms before target onset by an indicator that varied in validity. In the control conditions no cue was provided. A second experiment verified several assumptions that had been made in interpreting the data of Experiment 1. Modifications in Jonides' (1983) two-process model were suggested in terms of a zoom lens model of attentional resources. Instead of two alternative processing modes, attentional resources are conceived as capable of distribution over the visual field, but with low resolving power, or as continuously constricting to small portions of the visual field with a concomitant increase in processing power. Language: en
944 citations
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TL;DR: A comprehensive developmental approach to preventing youth crime based on the social development model, an integration of social control theory and social learning theory, and prevention approaches consistent with the model are described.
Abstract: This paper describes a comprehensive developmental approach to preventing youth crime based on the social development model, an integration of social control theory and social learning theory. The model asserts that the most important units of socialization, family, schools, peers, and community, influence behavior sequentially. Positive socialization is achieved when youths have the opportunity within each unit to be involved in conforming activities, when they develop skills necessary to be successfully involved, and when those with whom they interact consistently reward desired behaviors. These conditions should increase attachment to others, commitment to conforming behavior, and belief in the conventional order. These social bonds to conventional society inhibit association with delinquent pers and, in turn, prevent delinquent behavior. The paper describes prevention approaches consistent with the model. Rigorous evaluation of the delinquency prevention effects of these interventions is needed.
938 citations
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TL;DR: This paper found that both pro-Israeli and pro-Arab partisans rated these programs, and those responsible for them, as being biased against their side and predicted that the coverage would sway nonpartisans in a hostile direction.
Abstract: After viewing identical samples of major network television coverage of the Beirut massacre, both pro-Israeli and pro-Arab partisans rated these programs, and those responsible for them, as being biased against their side. This hostile media phenomenon appears to involve the operation of two separate mechanisms. First, partisans evaluated the fairness of the media's sample of facts and arguments differently: in light of their own divergent views about the objective merits of each side's case and their corresponding views about the nature of unbiased coverage. Second, partisans reported different perceptions and recollections about the program content itself; that is, each group reported more negative references to their side than positive ones, and each predicted that the coverage would sway nonpartisans in a hostile direction. Within both partisan groups, furthermore, greater knowledge of the crisis was associated with stronger perceptions of media bias. Charges of media bias, we concluded, may reflect more than self-serving attempts to secure preferential treatment. They may result from the operation of basic cognitive and perceptual mechanisms, mechanisms that should prove relevant to perceptions of fairness or objectivity in a wide range of mediation and negotiation contexts.
725 citations
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TL;DR: The data suggest that the latency and accuracy of overt behavioral responses are a function of a response activation process controlled by an evaluation process that accumulates evidence gradually, a response priming process that is independent of stimulus evaluation, and a response competition process.
Abstract: Twelve subjects responded to target letters "H" or "S" by squeezing dynamometers with the left or right hand. Targets could be surrounded by compatible (e.g., HHHHH) or incompatible noise (SSHSS) letters. Measures of the P300 component of the event-related brain potential and of correct and incorrect electromyographic and squeeze activity were used to study stimulus evaluation and response-related processes. When incorrect squeeze activity was present, execution of the correct response was prolonged, indicating a process of response competition. This process occurred more often under incompatible noise conditions, which were also associated with a delayed P300. Thus, the noise/compatibility manipulation influenced both stimulus evaluation and response competition processes. In contrast, a warning tone that preceded array presentation on half the trials, increased response speed without influencing evaluation time. The data suggest that the latency and accuracy of overt behavioral responses are a function of (a) a response activation process controlled by an evaluation process that accumulates evidence gradually, (b) a response priming process that is independent of stimulus evaluation, and (c) a response competition process.
704 citations
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TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a new revision of strain theory based on the idea that delinquency results from the blockage of pain-avoidance behavior, which may lead to illegal escape attempts or anger-based delinquency.
Abstract: Current strain theories argue that delinquency results from the blockage of goalseeking behavior. Unable to achieve valued goals, individuals become frustrated and may turn to delinquency as a result. This paper points to another major source of frustration and delinquency, the blockage of pain-avoidance behavior. Adolescents are compelled to remain in certain environments, such as family and school. If these environments are painful or aversive, there is little that adolescents can do legally to escape. This blockage of pain-avoidance behavior is likely to be frustrating and may lead to illegal escape attempts or anger-based delinquency. This theory is tested using data from a national sample of adolescent boys. Data indicate that location in aversive school and family environments has a direct effect on delinquency and an indirect effect through anger. These effects hold even after social control and subcultural deviance variables are controlled. Given the weak support for traditional strain theories based on the blockage of goal-seeking behavior, these data suggest a new direction for the development of strain theory. Strain theory is based on the idea that delinquency results when individuals are unable to achieve their goals through legitimate channels. In such cases, individuals may turn to illegitimate channels of goal achievement or strike out at the source of their frustration in anger. This is an appealing idea and it is not surprising that strain theory has had a major impact on delinquency research and public policy (Liska,b). Recent research, however, has been critical of strain theory or, at best, has provided only mixed support for the theory. This has led a number of researchers to call for either the abandonment or revision of strain theory (Elliott et al.; Hirschi; Kornhauser). This paper reviews the criticisms of current strain theories, examines some recent efforts to revise these theories, and then presents a new revision of strain theory based on the idea that delinquency results from the blockage of pain-avoidance behavior. This new revision is tested using data from a national sample of adolescent boys.
676 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the asymptotic power properties of maximal degree of freedom tests are analyzed and the form of optimal tests against specific forms of misspecification is derived for testing for exogeneity of a set of instrumental variables.
624 citations
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TL;DR: A conceptual model of the factors affecting dropout syndrome (a combination of intent to leave, discussing leaving, and actual attrition) was developed emphasizing academic, social, and personal outcomes of the selection or socialization of students at an institution as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: A conceptual model of the factors affecting dropout syndrome (a combination of intent to leave, discussing leaving, and actual attrition) was developed emphasizing academic, social, and personal outcomes of the selection or socialization of students at an institution. The model was estimated using path analysis, and the intervening variables (college grades, institutional fit, and institutional commitment) were found to be important predictors of dropout syndrome. The variables in the model accounted for 27 to 47% of the variance in the criterion. Findings indicate that a student’s peers are more important agents of socialization than are informal faculty contacts, that students may play a more active role in their socialization than previously thought, and that college grades seem more the product of selection than socialization.
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TL;DR: The Trauma Chart provided is a simple and concise guide for scoring and recording this useful information in both a large wall-mounted form and a reduced two-page form.
Abstract: The Abbreviated Injury Scale and the Injury Severity Score are important tools for grading the severity of injury to trauma patients. The Trauma Chart provided is a simple and concise guide for scoring and recording this useful information. The chart is useful in both a large wall-mounted form and in the reduced two-page form included in this article.
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TL;DR: Eight national surveys conducted in the United States and Canada between 1972 and 1983 are reviewed for evidence of leisure-time physical activity patterns in the population and it appears likely that exercise prevalence has increased in recent years.
Abstract: Eight national surveys conducted in the United States and Canada between 1972 and 1983 are reviewed for evidence of leisure-time physical activity patterns in the population. The authors' major conclusion is that it is difficult to make reliable generalizations when definitions of exercise used in the surveys vary so widely. Nevertheless, the young and persons of relatively high socioeconomic status are definitely more active than average in their leisure time; this is probably also true of westerners and suburbanites. Males and females are about equally likely to be involved in conditioning activities, but males are more likely to participate in vigorous exercise and sport. It appears likely that exercise prevalence has increased in recent years, and a maximum of 20 percent of the population exercises at a level frequently recommended for cardiovascular benefit. Major areas of uncertainty and ignorance remain, and the authors identify 15 such areas. Secondary analysis is recommended to help resolve several questions currently impeding a complete description of the exercise patterns of the population. For future surveys, five recommendations are offered on definitions and essential data items. Existing time series studies are generally inadequate. The authors recommend that detailed surveys of exercise patterns be conducted every 5 years to supplement the continual monitoring that is also essential to detect shifts in this important health behavior.
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TL;DR: The strongest evidence suggests that physical activity and exercise probably alleviate some symptoms associated with mild to moderate depression and might provide a beneficial adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs.
Abstract: Mental disorders are of major public health significance. It has been claimed that vigorous physical activity has positive effects on mental health in both clinical and nonclinical populations. This paper reviews the evidence for this claim and provides recommendations for future studies. The strongest evidence suggests that physical activity and exercise probably alleviate some symptoms associated with mild to moderate depression. The evidence also suggests that physical activity and exercise might provide a beneficial adjunct for alcoholism and substance abuse programs; improve self-image, social skills, and cognitive functioning; reduce the symptoms of anxiety; and alter aspects of coronary-prone (Type A) behavior and physiological response to stressors. The effects of physical activity and exercise on mental disorders, such as schizophrenia, and other aspects of mental health are not known. Negative psychological effects from exercise have also been reported. Recommendations for further research on the effects of physical activity and exercise on mental health are made.
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TL;DR: In a follow up study of 57 patients who had sustained a severe closed head injury, 84% still reported some residual deficit in their psychological functioning after two years, with forgetfulness being the most common complaint.
Abstract: In a follow up study of 57 patients who had sustained a severe closed head injury, 84% still reported some residual deficit in their psychological functioning after two years, with forgetfulness being the most common complaint. Expressing the severity of the injury in terms of both the duration of post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) and the extent to which previous work could be resumed (RTW), principal components analyses showed that the occurrence of "impairment complaints"--viz forgetfulness, slowness, poor concentration and inability to divide attention over two simultaneous activities--was positively related to severity. The other complaints, which in the main could be labelled as "intolerances" were not. The same pattern was found when the analyses were based on deficits of the patients as they were reported by relatives. Severity was not appreciably related to the total number of complaints. The correlation between PTA and RTW was 0.52, indicating that with longer PTA duration, work is likely to be resumed at a lower level, or not at all. Though Russell's cut-off of one week PTA to differentiate between severe and very severe concussion appeared useful, in the present study a further cut-off point at the unlucky number of 13 days was considered.
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TL;DR: A psychological autopsy of 20 children and adolescents aged 12-19 years who had committed suicide and a matched-pair control group revealed that 85% of the victims and 18% ofThe control subjects had expressed suicidal ideation.
Abstract: A psychological autopsy of 20 children and adolescents aged 12-19 years who had committed suicide and a matched-pair control group revealed that 85% of the victims and 18% of the control subjects had expressed suicidal ideation. A statistically significant number of the victims had a history of suicide threats (55%), suicide attempts (40%), drug or alcohol abuse (70%), antisocial behavior (70%), or inhibited personality (65%). Suicidal behavior of parents, relatives, or friends and a parental history of emotional problems and absence or abusiveness were also significant factors for the victims.
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TL;DR: The patterns of reduction of injury and mortality in the past two decades are likely to have been the result of the medical and trauma care system's impact on the outcome of less severe injuries.
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TL;DR: Use of scatter diagrams is illustrated in three cases where line graphs that average response frequency over long periods obscure the major rate changes that indicate sources of behavioral control.
Abstract: Line graphs that average response frequency over long periods obscure the major rate changes that indicate sources of behavioral control. A scatter plot can make patterns of responding identifiable and, in turn, suggest environmental features that occasion undesirable behavior. Use of scatter diagrams is illustrated in three cases.
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TL;DR: In this paper, a power-control theory of gender and delinquency is proposed to explain the relationship between gender and common forms of delinquency, and where this relationship is strongest, it can be statistically removed by taking theoretically predicted variables into account.
Abstract: Though seldom considered together, class and gender are among the most frequently analyzed correlates of delinquency today. This paper formulates and test a neo-Marxian, class-based, power control theory of gender and delinquency. Using this theory and a prediction made by Bonger more than a half-century ago, the article demonstrates that the relationship between gender and common forms of delinquency declines with each step down the class structure. Furthermore, where this relationship is strongest, it can be statistically removed by taking theoretically predicted variables into account. A power-control theory does much to specify and explain the class structure of gender and delinquency, and in doing so it demonstrates the social bases of this relationship.
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TL;DR: The results extend the domain in which preserved priming effects can be observed in amnesia and suggest that features of priming observed in normal subjects describe a capacity that is independent of the brain system damaged in amNES.
Abstract: Amnesia is considered to reflect the effects of damage to a specific brain system required for elaboration, consolidation, and conscious recollection. The study of amnesia is therefore a useful approach for establishing dissociations of function and for understanding the normal organization of memory functions. Amnesic patients and two control groups were tested in two studies of priming. In the first experiment, as measured by a word completion test, all groups exhibited significant priming effects that were greater within a modality than across modalities. The amnesic patients exhibited normal priming effects both within and across modalities, despite severe impairment in recall. In the second experiment, all groups exhibited significant and equivalent priming of category exemplars when category labels were presented and subjects were asked to produce the first exemplars that came to mind. The results extend the domain in which preserved priming effects can be observed in amnesia and they suggest that features of priming observed in normal subjects describe a capacity that is independent of the brain system damaged in amnesia.
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TL;DR: Subjects performed the Brooks (1967) spatial and nonspatial memory tasks either while sitting or while maintaining a difficult standing balance position, suggesting that cognitive spatial processing may rely on neural mechanisms that are also required for the regulation of posture.
Abstract: Subjects performed the Brooks (1967) spatial and nonspatial memory tasks either while sitting or while maintaining a difficult standing balance position. The balance task disrupted spatial but not nonspatial memory performance. Balance steadiness during spatial and nonspatial memory conditions did not differ. These results suggest that cognitive spatial processing may rely on neural mechanisms that are also required for the regulation of posture.
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TL;DR: Twenty-eight factor- and cluster-analytic studies of child psychopathology were examined for patterns in antisocial behavior and a multidimensional scaling analysis yielded one dimension that was labeled overt-covert antissocial behavior.
Abstract: Twenty-eight factor- and cluster-analytic studies of child psychopathology were examined for patterns in antisocial behavior. A multidimensional scaling analysis yielded one dimension that was labeled overt-covert antisocial behavior. One end of this dimension consisted of overt or confrontive antisocial behaviors such as arguing, temper tantrums, and fighting. The other end consisted of covert or concealed antisocial behaviors such as stealing, truancy, and fire setting. Implications derived from the present findings are discussed as they apply to the diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of antisocial behaviors in children.
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TL;DR: It is concluded that inhibition may act together with an early facilitatory component (Posner & Cohen, 1984) in directing the attention and eye movement systems in order to maintain efficient spatial sampling.
Abstract: Four experiments are reported that investigate an inhibitory effect associated with externally controlled orienting and first identified by Posner and Cohen (1980, 1984). The effect takes the form of an inability to respond quickly to a stimulus appearing in the same location in the visual periphery as a previous one that produced covert orienting. Several characteristics of the effect are revealed that eliminate possible explanations in terms of response inhibition, masking, and sensory habituation. The inhibitory component of orienting occurs whether or not the first stimulus requires a response (Experiment 1), lasts at least a second (Experiments 1, 2, and 3), affects not only the originally stimulated location but also nearby locations (Experiment 2), is determined by environmental coordinates (Experiment 3), and occurs both in the periphery and at the fovea (Experiment 4). It is concluded that inhibition may act together with an early facilitatory component (Posner & Cohen, 1984) in directing the attention and eye movement systems in order to maintain efficient spatial sampling.
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TL;DR: In this article, the effects of neighborhood characteristics on rates of personal criminal victimization (rape, robbery, assault, and larceny) were examined using the National Crime Survey (NCS) for the years 1973-1975.
Abstract: This study examines the effects of neighborhood characteristics on rates of personal criminal victimization (rape, robbery, assault, and larceny). The data base is taken from the National Crime Survey (NCS) for the years 1973-1975. Building upon extant theory and empirical research in the social ecology of crime, the neighborhood factors studied are unemployment, income inequality, racial composition, structural density, residential mobility, and family structure. Previous victimization research reveals that these neighborhood characteristics predict victimization risk independent of individual characteristics such as age, race, sex, income, and marital status. Parameter estimates from analysis of variance models indicate that structural density, residential mobility, and female-headed families have strong positive effects on rates of personal victimization. A major finding is that inequality and racial composition have small effects on victimization when social integration (family structure, mobility) an...
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TL;DR: It is suggested that an effective intervention and prevention policy is urgently required after it is estimated that there are over 4.5 million adults in Great Britain who were sexually abused as children and that a potential 1,117,000 children will be sexually abused before they are 15 years of age.
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TL;DR: Seven experiments provide converging evidence for a general theory of person memory that predicts greater recall of congruent than incongruent behavioral events, and they have implications for a number of issues related to the study of people memory and social judgment.
Abstract: In this article, a general associative storage and retrieval theory of person memory is proposed, and seven experiments that test various aspects of the theory are reported. Experiment 1 investigated memory for behavioral information that is congruent with, incongruent with, or irrelevant to a prior impression. The results indicated that incongruent events are best recalled and irrelevant events are most poorly recalled. Experiment 2 replicated this effect and demonstrated that there are systematic individual differences that are consistent with the general nomothetic model proposed. The results of Experiment 3 indicated that, relative to a baseline condition, adding incongruent items to the list increases the probability of recalling congruent items but has no effect on the recall of irrelevant items. Both effects are predicted by the model. Experiment 4 provided support for the retrieval assumptions of the theory by demonstrating that there is a systematic order in which various types of items are recalled, as well as consistent differences in interresponse times. Experiments 5 and 6 demonstrated that the model is relevant to situations in which data driven, as well as conceptually driven, processes are involved. Finally, Experiment 7 examined a special case in which the theory predicts greater recall of congruent than incongruent behavioral events. The results of all seven experiments provide converging evidence for a general theory of person memory, and they have implications for a number of issues related to the study of person memory and social judgment. Language: en
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TL;DR: This review traces the evolution of the preventable death concept, discusses its influence on trauma care systems development, and proposes future research directions.
Abstract: ACCIDENTAL death, characterized as the neglected disease of modern society, 1 is the leading mortality cause for persons 1 through 39 years of age and the third for those of all ages. 2 Because of the medical, social, and economic implications of trauma, attention is increasingly focusing on a systems approach to reducing traumatic death and disability through prevention, treatment, and research. 3-5 Regional trauma care systems have not been universally implemented, however, because of concerns about need, efficacy, and cost. This review traces the evolution of the preventable death concept, discusses its influence on trauma care systems development, and proposes future research directions. HISTORICAL REVIEW The American College of Surgeons first addressed trauma care in 1922 by forming the Committee on Treatment of Fractures, now the Committee on Trauma. 6 Excepting the military experience, 7 however, care quality for the multiply injured received relatively little attention during the next
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TL;DR: Results of the two experiments exploited individual variation in timing ability to ask whether the production of time intervals by different motor effectors and the judgement of perceptually based time intervals all share common timing mechanisms suggested that variability of motor timing comes from two sources, one source in common with perception, and hence called clock variability, and the other source incommon with motor speed.
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TL;DR: A case-control study performed in which the frequency of prior head injury was assessed in patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type and control subjects matched for age, sex, and race, suggesting a possible etiologic role for head injury in DAT.
Abstract: A case-control study was performed in which the frequency of prior head injury was assessed in 78 patients with dementia of the Alzheimer type (DAT) and 124 control subjects matched for age, sex, and race. A history of head injury with loss of consciousness was reported in 25.6% of patients and 5.3% and 14.6% of hospital and neighborhood controls, respectively. Matched-pair analysis of patients and hospital controls yielded an odds ratio of 4.50, which was significant (p less than 0.01). The ranges of times of occurrence of head injuries were similar in patients and controls, spanning several decades. The findings suggest a possible etiologic role for head injury in DAT.