Poison control

About: Poison control is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 394709 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15781638 citations.

Cognitive function across manic or hypomanic, depressed, and euthymic states in bipolar disorder.

Abstract: Objective: The study aims were to address neuropsychological functioning across different states of bipolar illness and to determine relationships among clinical features, neuropsychological performance, and psychosocial functioning. Method: Several domains of cognitive function were examined in 30 depressed bipolar patients (DSM-IV criteria for major depression, Hamilton Depression Rating Scale score ≥17), 34 manic or hypomanic bipolar patients (DSM-IV criteria for manic or hypomanic episode, Young Mania Rating Scale score ≥12), and 44 euthymic bipolar patients (6 months of remission, Hamilton depression scale score ≤8, and Young Mania Rating Scale score ≤6). The comparison group consisted of 30 healthy subjects without history of neurological or psychiatric disorders. A neuropsychological battery assessed executive function, attention, and verbal and visual memory. Results: The three groups showed cognitive dysfunction in verbal memory and frontal executive tasks in relation to the comparison group. Low neuropsychological performance was associated with poor functional outcome. Impairment of verbal memory was related to the duration of illness and the numbers of previous manic episodes, hospitalizations, and suicide attempts. Conclusions: A poorer performance was observed in all bipolar groups regarding executive function and verbal memory in relation to the healthy comparison subjects. These cognitive difficulties, especially related to verbal memory, may help explain the impairment regarding daily functioning, even during remission. Further studies should focus on testing, whether optimizing prophylactic pharmacological treatment and psychoeducation might reduce cognitive impairment, and whether bipolar patients would benefit from neuropsychological rehabilitation in order to reduce the impact of cognitive impairment in their overall functioning.

Circumstances and consequences of falls in independent community-dwelling older adults

Abstract: BACKGROUND: knowledge of the circumstances and consequences of falls in older adults is important for understanding the aetiology of falls as well as for effective clinical assessment and design of fall prevention strategies. Such data, however, are relatively scarce, especially in community-dwelling elders. METHOD: accidental falls (including their circumstances and consequences) occurring in 96 male and female participants between 60 and 88 years of age were monitored prospectively for 1 year. After the monitoring period, participants were divided into three groups based on fall status: non-fallers (n = 46), one-time fallers (n = 27) and recurrent fallers (n = 23). Frequency distributions were created for selected circumstances and consequences of falls and the prevalence of these consequences were examined. RESULTS: 50 participants (52%) fell during the 1 year period, amassing 91 falls. Trips and slips were the most prevalent causes of falls, accounting for 59% of falls. Falls most often occurred during the afternoon and while subjects walked on level or uneven surfaces. Fallers most commonly attributed falls to hurrying too much. Fractures resulted from five of the 91 falls and eight other falls resulted in soft tissue injuries that required treatment by a physician. There were no differences between one-time and recurrent fallers in the circumstances and consequences of falls. However, several notable differences were found between men (n = 20) and women (n = 30) who fell. Falls by men most often resulted from slips whereas falls by women most often resulted from trips. Moreover, women and men differed in the time of the year in which falls occurred, with men falling most often during winter and women during summer. CONCLUSIONS: the results of this study provide insight into the circumstances and consequences of falls among independent community-dwelling older adults and suggest some possible ways of preventing falls. Preventive services, however, should not solely target recurrent fallers, nor should the type of services necessarily differ for one-time and recurrent fallers. Language: en

Performance models for antisocial boys.

Abstract: VioLit summary: OBJECTIVE: This article by Patterson tested and analyzed three structural equation models designed to examine antisocial behavior in children. METHODOLOGY: A quasi-experimental design was used for this study. The author conducted a literature review of material on antisocial behavior. In addition, the research utilized secondary data to test and analyze the study's models. FINDINGS/DISCUSSION: The research rested on three assumptions of antisocial children: aggression scores for children are stable; antisocial behavior covaries with peer rejection, academic problems, and low self-esteem; and parents of antisocial children lack effective family management skills. The author hypothesized that poor family management skills lead to antisocial behavior in children. He argued that this behavior leads to peer rejection, school failure, and rejection by the parents. It was stated that these factors produce low self-esteem. The study further hypothesized that low self-esteem, peer rejection, and school failure put the child at risk for greater problems. To test these hypotheses the study developed performance models and built component constructs. The study presented the findings from the three structural equation models. The first model was the basic training model. It was shown that this model assumes that antisocial behavior is learned and the initial basic training ground is the home. It focused on parents' discipline techniques and parenting skills and their relation to children's antisocial behavior. It was argued that parents who fail to punish coercive behavior start a coercion process. The study presumed that more effective discipline would decrease antisocial behavior. The findings supported this model. The author felt confident that the model was reliable and robust. It was shown that the data provided a fit to the theory-driven model. The second model focused on the relationship between antisocial behavior and disruptions with peers, school, and self-esteem. The study posited that antisocial behavior's coercive and noncompliant core creates these disruptions. It was shown that normal peer relations, academic progress, and self-esteem levels suffer because of noncompliance and coercive exchanges. The author stated that this is a simplistic model as it is simply testing if indeed antisocial behavior is related to low self-esteem, lack of peer acceptance, and academic incompetence. The research reported that the findings supported this model. The third model discussed variables related to disruptions in parenting skills. The study placed these variables into "early onset" and "late starters" categories. The early onset variables included difficult child temperament, families with social disadvantages, and inept training in parenting. For the late starters category the variables included two problems in parents' family management skills. These two disruptors were stressors and parent substance abuse. Stressors included factors such as divorce, unemployment, medical problems, and daily hassles. It showed that parents' ineffective family management skills initiate the process of peer, school, and self-esteem problems for children. The author stated that the findings also supported this model. AUTHOR'S RECOMMENDATIONS: The author noted that the third model was effective for analysis of single-parent families but not for intact families. He recommended that a new, more complex model be developed to fit intact families. The study suggested that the new model include multiple indicators of support or buffering and family problem-solving skills. The researcher noted that these variables are being considered in current studies. (CSPV Abstract - Copyright © 1992-2007 by the Center for the Study and Prevention of Violence, Institute of Behavioral Science, Regents of the University of Colorado) Male Behavior Male Aggression Male Antisocial Behavior Model Child Antisocial Behavior Child Aggression Child Behavior Child Male Child Problem Behavior Behavior Causes Family Relations Parent Child Relations Parental Rejection Peer Relations Peer Rejection Child Self-Esteem School Achievement School Performance Parenting Skills Aggression Causes 03-05

The City: Suggestions for the Investigation of Human Behavior in the City Environment

Abstract: It will be convenient for the point of view proposed in this paper to regard the city, not as a mere congeries of persons and social arrangements, but as an institution. An institution, according to Sumner, consists of a \"concept and a structure.\" By concept, which he further defines as \"an idea, notion, doctrine, interest,\" he means organized attitudes upported by their appropriate sentiments. \"The structure,\" he adds, \"is a framework, orapparatus, or perhaps only a number of functionaries et to co-operate in prescribed ways at a certain juncture. The structure holds the concept and furnishes the instrumentalities for bringing it into the world of facts and action in a way to serve the interests of men in society.\"' The point is that an institution is a section of corporate human nature plus the machinery and the instrumentalities through which that human nature operates. With this conception of an institution we can think of the city, that is to say, the place and the people, with all the machinery, sentiments, customs, and administrative devices that go with it,