Topic
Poison control
About: Poison control is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 394709 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15781638 citations.
Papers published on a yearly basis
Papers
More filters
••
TL;DR: A review of 2,647 studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) yielded 476 potential candidates for a meta-analysis of predictors of PTSD or of its symptoms.
Abstract: A review of 2,647 studies of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) yielded 476 potential candidates for a meta-analysis of predictors of PTSD or of its symptoms. From these, 68 studies met criteria for inclusion in a meta-analysis of 7 predictors: (a) prior trauma, (b) prior psychological adjustment, (c) family history of psychopathology, (d) perceived life threat during the trauma, (e) posttrauma social support, (f) peritraumatic emotional responses, and (g) peritraumatic dissociation. All yielded significant effect sizes, with family history, prior trauma, and prior adjustment the smallest (weighted r = .17) and peritraumatic dissociation the largest (weighted r = .35). The results suggest that peritraumatic psychological processes, not prior characteristics, are the strongest predictors of PTSD.
1,515 citations
••
TL;DR: In this paper, the Working Group onCivilian Biodefense has proposed a set of guidelines for the use of bio-medical data for defense against cyber-attacks against the US government.
Abstract: Donald A. Henderson, MD, MPHThomas V. Inglesby, MDJohn G. Bartlett, MDMichael S. Ascher, MDEdward Eitzen, MD, MPHPeter B. Jahrling, PhDJerome Hauer, MPHMarcelle Layton, MDJoseph McDade, PhDMichael T. Osterholm, PhD, MPHTara O’Toole, MD, MPHGerald Parker, PhD, DVMTrish Perl, MD, MScPhilip K. Russell, MDKevin Tonat, PhDfor the Working Group onCivilian Biodefense
1,514 citations
••
TL;DR: Developmental trajectories for all structures, except caudate, remain roughly parallel for patients and controls during childhood and adolescence, suggesting that genetic and/or early environmental influences on brain development in ADHD are fixed, nonprogressive, and unrelated to stimulant treatment.
Abstract: ContextVarious anatomic brain abnormalities have been reported for attention-deficit/hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD), with varying methods, small samples, cross-sectional designs,
and without accounting for stimulant drug exposure.ObjectiveTo compare regional brain volumes at initial scan and their change over
time in medicated and previously unmedicated male and female patients with
ADHD and healthy controls.Design, Setting, and ParticipantsCase-control study conducted from 1991-2001 at the National Institute
of Mental Health, Bethesda, Md, of 152 children and adolescents with ADHD
(age range, 5-18 years) and 139 age- and sex-matched controls (age range,
4.5-19 years) recruited from the local community, who contributed 544 anatomic
magnetic resonance images.Main Outcome MeasuresUsing completely automated methods, initial volumes and prospective
age-related changes of total cerebrum, cerebellum, gray and white matter for
the 4 major lobes, and caudate nucleus of the brain were compared in patients
and controls.ResultsOn initial scan, patients with ADHD had significantly smaller brain
volumes in all regions, even after adjustment for significant covariates.
This global difference was reflected in smaller total cerebral volumes (−3.2%,
adjusted F1,280 = 8.30, P = .004) and
in significantly smaller cerebellar volumes (−3.5%, adjusted F1,280 = 12.29, P = .001). Compared with controls,
previously unmedicated children with ADHD demonstrated significantly smaller
total cerebral volumes (overall F2,288 = 6.65; all pairwise comparisons
Bonferroni corrected, −5.8%; P = .002) and
cerebellar volumes (−6.2%, F2,288 = 8.97, P<.001). Unmedicated children with ADHD also exhibited strikingly
smaller total white matter volumes (F2,288 = 11.65) compared with
controls (−10.7%, P<.001) and with medicated
children with ADHD (−8.9%, P<.001). Volumetric
abnormalities persisted with age in total and regional cerebral measures (P = .002) and in the cerebellum (P =
.003). Caudate nucleus volumes were initially abnormal for patients with ADHD
(P = .05), but diagnostic differences disappeared
as caudate volumes decreased for patients and controls during adolescence.
Results were comparable for male and female patients on all measures. Frontal
and temporal gray matter, caudate, and cerebellar volumes correlated significantly
with parent- and clinician-rated severity measures within the ADHD sample
(Pearson coefficients between −0.16 and −0.26; all P values were <.05).ConclusionsDevelopmental trajectories for all structures, except caudate, remain
roughly parallel for patients and controls during childhood and adolescence,
suggesting that genetic and/or early environmental influences on brain development
in ADHD are fixed, nonprogressive, and unrelated to stimulant treatment.
1,511 citations
••
TL;DR: Results generally support the hypothesis that exposure to interpersonal violence increases the risk of these disorders and of diagnostic comorbidity.
Abstract: With a national household probability sample of 4,023 telephone-interviewed adolescents ages 12–17, this study provides prevalence, comorbidity, and risk-factor data for posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode (MDE), and substance abuse/dependence (SA/D). Roughly 16% of boys and 19% of girls met criteria for at least 1 diagnosis. Six-month PTSD prevalence was 3.7% for boys and 6.3% for girls, 6-month MDE prevalence was 7.4% for boys and 13.9% for girls, and 12-month SA/D prevalence was 8.2% for boys and 6.2% for girls. PTSD was more likely to be comorbid than were MDE and SA/D. Results generally support the hypothesis that exposure to interpersonal violence (i.e., physical assault, sexual assault, or witnessed violence) increases the risk of these disorders and of diagnostic comorbidity. Limited information exists about the prevalence and comorbidity of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), major depressive episode (MDE), and substance abuse/dependence (SA/D) among probability samples of adolescents. The extent to which interpersonal violence increases risk of these disorders also remains understudied. We examined these issues using data from the National Survey of Adolescents (NSA). In addition to presenting national prevalence and comorbidity data for these three disorders, we tested the hypothesis that exposure to interpersonal violence increases risk of each disorder and of comorbidity. To date, the best estimates of these mental health problems and their comorbidity among younger age groups at the national level come from the National Comorbidity Survey (NCS; Kessler et al., 1994; Kessler, Sonnega, Bromet, Hughes, & Nelson, 1995; Kessler
1,511 citations
••
TL;DR: Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness, a state of cognitive deconstruction that brings irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable.
Abstract: Suicide is analyzed in terms of motivations to escape from aversive self-awareness. The causal chain begins with events that fall severely short of standards and expectations. These failures are attributed internally, which makes self-awareness painful. Awareness of the self's inadequacies generates negative affect, and the individual therefore desires to escape from self-awareness and the associated affect. The person tries to achieve a state of cognitive deconstruction (constricted temporal focus, concrete thinking, immediate or proximal goals, cognitive rigidity, and rejection of meaning), which helps prevent meaningful self-awareness and emotion. The deconstructed state brings irrationality and disinhibition, making drastic measures seem acceptable. Suicide can be seen as an ultimate step in the effort to escape from self and world.
1,509 citations