Poison control

About: Poison control is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 394709 publications have been published within this topic receiving 15781638 citations.

Bullies Move Beyond the Schoolyard A Preliminary Look at Cyberbullying

Abstract: Bullying in a school setting is an important social concern that has received increased scholarly attention in recent years. Specifically, its causes and effects have been under investigation by a number of researchers in the social and behavioral sciences. A new permutation of bullying, however, has recently arisen and become more common: Techsavvy students are turning to cyberspace to harass their peers. This exploratory article discusses the nature of bullying and its transmutation to the electronic world and the negative repercussions that can befall both its victims and instigators. In addition, findings are reported from a pilot study designed to empirically assess the nature and extent of online bullying. The overall goal of the current work is to illuminate this novel form of deviance stemming from the intersection of communications and computers and to provide a foundational backdrop on which future empirical research can be conducted.

Interventions for preventing falls in elderly people

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Approximately 30 per cent of people over 65 years of age and living in the community fall each year; the number is higher in institutions Although less than one fall in 10 results in a fracture, a fifth of fall incidents require medical attention OBJECTIVES: To assess the effects of interventions designed to reduce the incidence of falls in elderly people (living in the community, or in institutional or hospital care) SEARCH STRATEGY: We searched the Cochrane Bone, Joint and Muscle Trauma Group Specialised Register (January 2003), Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (The Cochrane Library, Issue 1, 2003), MEDLINE (1966 to February 2003), EMBASE (1988 to 2003 Week 19), CINAHL (1982 to April 2003), The National Research Register, Issue 2, 2003, Current Controlled Trials (wwwcontrolled-trialscom accessed 11 July 2003) and reference lists of articles No language restrictions were applied Further trials were identified by contact with researchers in the field SELECTION CRITERIA: Randomised trials of interventions designed to minimise the effect of, or exposure to, risk factors for falling in elderly people Main outcomes of interest were the number of fallers, or falls Trials reporting only intermediate outcomes were excluded DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two reviewers independently assessed trial quality and extracted data Data were pooled using the fixed effect model where appropriate MAIN RESULTS: Sixty two trials involving 21,668 people were includedInterventions likely to be beneficial:Multidisciplinary, multifactorial, health/environmental risk factor screening/intervention programmes in the community both for an unselected population of older people (4 trials, 1651 participants, pooled RR 073, 95%CI 063 to 085), and for older people with a history of falling or selected because of known risk factors (5 trials, 1176 participants, pooled RR 086, 95%CI 076 to 098), and in residential care facilities (1 trial, 439 participants, cluster-adjusted incidence rate ratio 060, 95%CI 050 to 073) A programme of muscle strengthening and balance retraining, individually prescribed at home by a trained health professional (3 trials, 566 participants, pooled relative risk (RR) 080, 95% confidence interval (95%CI) 066 to 098) Home hazard assessment and modification that is professionally prescribed for older people with a history of falling (3 trials, 374 participants, RR 066, 95% CI 054 to 081) Withdrawal of psychotropic medication (1 trial, 93 participants, relative hazard 034, 95%CI 016 to 074) Cardiac pacing for fallers with cardioinhibitory carotid sinus hypersensitivity (1 trial, 175 participants, WMD -520, 95%CI -940 to -100) A 15 week Tai Chi group exercise intervention (1 trial, 200 participants, risk ratio 051, 95%CI 036 to 073) Interventions of unknown effectiveness:Group-delivered exercise interventions (9 trials, 1387 participants) Individual lower limb strength training (1 trial, 222 participants) Nutritional supplementation (1 trial, 46 participants) Vitamin D supplementation, with or without calcium (3 trials, 461 participants) Home hazard modification in association with advice on optimising medication (1 trial, 658 participants), or in association with an education package on exercise and reducing fall risk (1 trial, 3182 participants) Pharmacological therapy (raubasine-dihydroergocristine, 1 trial, 95 participants) Interventions using a cognitive/behavioural approach alone (2 trials, 145 participants) Home hazard modification for older people without a history of falling (1 trial, 530 participants) Hormone replacement therapy (1 trial, 116 participants) Correction of visual deficiency (1 trial, 276 participants)Interventions unlikely to be beneficial:Brisk walking in women with an upper limb fracture in the previous two years (1 trial, 165 participants) AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Interventions to prevent falls that are likely to be effective are now available; less is known about their effectiveness in preventing fall-related injuries Costs per fall prevented have been established for four of the interventions and careful economic modelling in the context of the local healthcare system is important Some potential interventions are of unknown effectiveness and further research is indicated Language: en

Student Engagement in Instructional Activity: Patterns in the Elementary, Middle, and High School Years

Abstract: Although student engagement with the intellectual work of school is important to students' achievement and to their social and cognitive development, studies over a span of two decades have documented low levels of engagement, particularly in the classroom. Examining several theoretical perspectives that attempt to explain engagement through comprehensive frameworks, this study evaluates the effect on engagement of school reform initiatives that are consistent with the theories. The study also investigates whether patterns exist in students' engagement, whether the patterns are consistent across grade levels, and whether class subject matter (mathematics or social studies) differentially affects engagement. The sample includes 3,669 students representing 143 social studies and mathematics classrooms in a nationally selected sample of 24 restructuring elementary, middle, and high schools. Because of the nature of the nested data (students nested within classrooms nested within schools), the analysis is conducted using hierarchical linear modeling in its three-level application (HLM3L). The reform initiatives, which are consistent with the theories, eliminate personal background effects. Together with classroom subject matter, they substantially influence engagement. The results are generally consistent across grade levels.