Topic
Polarization (waves)
About: Polarization (waves) is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 65352 publications have been published within this topic receiving 984723 citations. The topic is also known as: polarisation.
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04 Oct 2009TL;DR: In this article, the authors present a review of vector calculus and functions of a complex variable and Fraunhoffer diffraction by a circular hole, and a miscellany of bidirectional reflectances and related quantities.
Abstract: Acknowledgements 1. Introduction 2. Electromagnetic wave propagation 3. The absorption of light 4. Specular reflection 5. Single particle scattering: perfect spheres 6. Single particle scattering: irregular particles 7. Propagation in a nonuniform medium: the equation of radiative transfer 8. The bidirectional reflectance of a semi-infinite medium 9. The opposition effect 10. A miscellany of bidirectional reflectances and related quantities 11. Integrated reflectances and planetary photometry 12. Photometric effects of large scale roughness 13. Polarization 14. Reflectance spectroscopy 15. Thermal emission and emittance spectroscopy 16. Simultaneous transport of energy by radiation and conduction Appendix A. A brief review of vector calculus Appendix B. Functions of a complex variable Appendix C. The wave equation in spherical coordinates Appendix D. Fraunhoffer diffraction by a circular hole Appendix E. Table of symbols Bibliography Index.
1,951 citations
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TL;DR: It is experimentally demonstrate for the first time that a radially polarized field can be focused to a spot size significantly smaller than for linear polarization.
Abstract: We experimentally demonstrate for the first time that a radially polarized field can be focused to a spot size significantly smaller [$0.16(1){\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$] than for linear polarization ($0.26{\ensuremath{\lambda}}^{2}$). The effect of the vector properties of light is shown by a comparison of the focal intensity distribution for radially and azimuthally polarized input fields. For strong focusing, a radially polarized field leads to a longitudinal electric field component at the focus which is sharp and centered at the optical axis. The relative contribution of this component is enhanced by using an annular aperture.
1,906 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, King-Smith and Vanderbilt developed a complete theory in which the polarization difference between any two crystal states in a null electric field takes the form of a geometric quantum phase.
Abstract: The macroscopic electric polarization of a crystal is often defined as the dipole of a unit cell. In fact, such a dipole moment is ill defined, and the above definition is incorrect. Looking more closely, the quantity generally measured is differential polarization, defined with respect to a "reference state" of the same material. Such differential polarizations include either derivatives of the polarization (dielectric permittivity, Born effective charges, piezoelectricity, pyroelectricity) or finite differences (ferroelectricity). On the theoretical side, the differential concept is basic as well. Owing to continuity, a polarization difference is equivalent to a macroscopic current, which is directly accessible to the theory as a bulk property. Polarization is a quantum phenomenon and cannot be treated with a classical model, particularly whenever delocalized valence electrons are present in the dielectric. In a quantum picture, the current is basically a property of the phase of the wave functions, as opposed to the charge, which is a property of their modulus. An elegant and complete theory has recently been developed by King-Smith and Vanderbilt, in which the polarization difference between any two crystal states---in a null electric field---takes the form of a geometric quantum phase. The author gives a comprehensive account of this theory, which is relevant for dealing with transverse-optic phonons, piezoelectricity, and ferroelectricity. Its relation to the established concepts of linear-response theory is also discussed. Within the geometric phase approach, the relevant polarization difference occurs as the circuit integral of a Berry connection (or "vector potential"), while the corresponding curvature (or "magnetic field") provides the macroscopic linear response.
1,867 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors demonstrated ultrathin, broadband, and highly efficient metamaterial-based terahertz polarization converters that are capable of rotating a linear polarization state into its orthogonal one.
Abstract: Polarization is one of the basic properties of electromagnetic waves conveying valuable information in signal transmission and sensitive measurements. Conventional methods for advanced polarization control impose demanding requirements on material properties and attain only limited performance. We demonstrated ultrathin, broadband, and highly efficient metamaterial-based terahertz polarization converters that are capable of rotating a linear polarization state into its orthogonal one. On the basis of these results, we created metamaterial structures capable of realizing near-perfect anomalous refraction. Our work opens new opportunities for creating high-performance photonic devices and enables emergent metamaterial functionalities for applications in the technologically difficult terahertz-frequency regime.
1,531 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, surface plasmon excitation in pairs of identical Au nanoparticles by optical transmission spectroscopy was studied and it was shown that with decreasing interparticle distance the surface plasm resonance shifts to longer wavelengths for a polarization direction parallel to the long particle pair axis whereas a blueshift is found for the orthogonal polarization.
1,432 citations