Showing papers on "Politics published in 1978"

The External Control of Organizations: A Resource Dependence Perspective

Abstract: Among the most widely cited books in the social sciences, The External Control of Organizations has long been required reading for any student of organization studies. The book, reissued on its 25th anniversary as part of the Stanford Business Classics series, includes a new preface written by Jeffrey Pfeffer, which examines the legacy of this influential work in current research and its relationship to other theories.The External Control of Organizations explores how external constraints affect organizations and provides insights for designing and managing organizations to mitigate these constraints. All organizations are dependent on the environment for their survival. As the authors contend, "it is the fact of the organization's dependence on the environment that makes the external constraint and control of organizational behavior both possible and almost inevitable." Organizations can either try to change their environments through political means or form interorganizational relationships to control or absorb uncertainty. This seminal book established the resource dependence approach that has informed so many other important organization theories.

Policing the Crisis: Mugging, the State, and Law and Order

Abstract: Preface to the Second Edition Introduction to the First Edition PART I The Social History of a Moral Panic The Origins of Social Control The Social Production of News PART II Balancing Accounts: Cashing in on Handsworth Orchestrating Public Opinion Explanations and Ideologies of crime PART III Crime, Law and the State The Law-and-Order Society: the Exhaustion of 'Consent' The Law-and-Order Society: Towards the 'Exceptional State' PART IV The Politics of 'Mugging' Conclusion to the Second Edition: Reflections and new considerations

Equity : theory and research

Abstract: Chapter 1 Thinking About American Politics Chapter 2 Political Culture Chapter 3 The Constitution Chapter 4 Federalism Chapter 5 Civil Liberties and Civil Rights Chapter 6 Public Opinion and the Media Chapter 7 Political Participation, Voting, and Elections Chapter 8 Political Parties Chapter 9 Interest Groups Chapter 10 Congress Chapter 11 The Presidency Chapter 12 The Federal Court System Chapter 13 The Bureaucracy Chapter 14 Domestic and Foreign Policy

The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics

Abstract: Foreword to the Third Edition by Andrew HurrellForeword to the Second Edition by Stanley HoffmannPart 1. The Nature of Order in World Politics 1. The Concept of Order in World Politics2. Does Order Exist in World Politics?3. How is Order Maintained in World Politics?4. Order versus Justice in World PoliticsPart 2. Order in the Contemporary International System 5. The Balance of Power and International Order6. International Law and International Order7. Diplomacy and International Order8. War and International Order9. The Great Powers and International OrderPart 3. Alternative Paths to World Order 10. Alternatives to the Contemporary States System11. The Decline of the States System?12. The Obsolescence of the States System?13. The Reform of the States System?14. Conclusion

The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph

Abstract: In this volume, Albert Hirschman reconstructs the intellectual climate of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries to illuminate the intricate ideological transformation that occurred, wherein the pursuit of material interests--so long condemned as the deadly sin of avarice--was assigned the role of containing the unruly and destructive passions of man. Hirschman here offers a new interpretation for the rise of capitalism, one that emphasizes the continuities between old and new, in contrast to the assumption of a sharp break that is a common feature of both Marxian and Weberian thinking. Among the insights presented here is the ironical finding that capitalism was originally supposed to accomplish exactly what was soon denounced as its worst feature: the repression of the passions in favor of the \"harmless,\" if one-dimensional, interests of commercial life. To portray this lengthy ideological change as an endogenous process, Hirschman draws on the writings of a large number of thinkers, including Montesquieu, Sir James Steuart, and Adam Smith. Featuring a new afterword by Jeremy Adelman and a foreword by Amartya Sen, this Princeton Classics edition of \"The Passions and the Interests\" sheds light on the intricate ideological transformation from which capitalism emerged triumphant, and reaffirms Hirschman's stature as one of our most influential and provocative thinkers.

Political Control of the Economy

Abstract: Speculations about the effects of politics on economic life have a long and vital tradition, but few efforts have been made to determine the precise relationship between them. Edward Tufte, a political scientist who covered the 1976 Presidential election for "Newsweek," seeks to do just that. His sharp analyses and astute observations lead to an eye-opening view of the impact of political life on the national economy of America and other capitalist democracies.The analysis demonstrates how politicians, political parties, and voters decide who gets what, when, and how in the economic arena. A nation's politics, it is argued, shape the most important aspects of economic life--inflation, unemployment, income redistribution, the growth of government, and the extent of central economic control. Both statistical data and case studies (based on interviews and Presidential documents) are brought to bear on four topics. They are: 1) the political manipulation of the economy in election years, 2) the new international electoral-economic cycle, 3) the decisive role of political leaders and parties in shaping macroeconomic outcomes, and 4) the response of the electorate to changing economic conditions. Finally, the book clarifies a central question in political economy: How can national economic policy be conducted in both a "democratic" and a "competent" fashion?

The second image reversed: the international sources of domestic politics

Abstract: The international system is not only an expression of domestic structures, but a cause of them. Two schools of analysis exploring the impact of the international system upon domestic politics (regime types, institutions, coalitions, policies) may be distinguished: those which stress the international economy, and those which stress political-military rivalry, or war. Among the former are such arguments as: late industrialization (associated with Gershenkron); dependencia or core-periphery arguments (Wallerstein); liberal development model (much American writing in the 50s and 60s); transnational relation-modernization (Nye, Keohane, Morse); neo-mercantilists (Gilpin); state-centered Marxists (Schurmann). Arguments stressing the role of war include those which focus on the organizational requirements of providing security (Hintze, Anderson), the special nature of foreign relations (classical political theory), territorial compensation (diplomatic history), and strains of foreign involvement (analysis of revolutions). These arguments provide the basis for criticism of much of the literature which uses domestic structure as an explanation of foreign policy, in particular those which (such as the strong-state weak-state distinction) tend, by excessive focus on forms, to obscure the connection between structures and interests, and the role of politics. These arguments also permit criticism of the notion of a recent fundamental discontinuity in the nature of international relations.

Just and Unjust Wars: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations

Abstract: This classic work examines the issues surrounding military theory, war crimes, and the spoils of war from the Athenian attack on Melos to the My Lai massacre.. A revised and updated classic treatment of the morality of war written by one of our country's leading philosophers. Just and Unjust Wars examines a variety of conflicts in order to understand exactly why, according to Walzer, "the argument about war and justice is still a political and moral necessity." Walzer's classic work draws on historical illustrations that range all the way from the Athenian attack on Melos to this morning's headlines, and uses the testimony of participants-decision makers and victims alike-to examine the moral issues of warfare.

What is sociology

Abstract: What is Sociology? presents in concise and provocative form the major ideas of a seminal thinker whose work-spanning more than four decades-is only now gaining the recognition here it has long had in Germany and France. Unlike other post-war sociologists, Norbert Elias has always held the concept of historical development among his central concerns; his dynamic theories of the evolution of modern man have remedied the historical and epistemological shortcomings of structualism and ethno-methodology. What is Sociology? refines the arguments that were first found in Elias' massive work on the civilizing process, in which he formulated his major assertions about the interdependence of the making of modern man and modern society. It is Elias' contention that changes in personality structure-embodied in phenomena ranging from table manners and hygiene habits to rites of punishment and courtly love-inevitably reflect and mould patterns of control generated by new political and social instututions. Elias' rejection of a dichotomy between individual and society, and his use of psychoanalysis, political theory, and social history, help restore a fullness of resource to sociology.

Participation and Political Equality: A Seven-Nation Comparison

Abstract: In this survey of political participation in seven nations-Nigeria, Austria, Japan, India, the Netherlands, Yugoslavia, and the United States-the authors examine the relationship between social, economic, and educational factors and political participation.

Physiology of Behavior

Abstract: I. Politics 1. Politics: Who Gets What, When, and How 2. Political Culture: Ideas in Conflict II. Constitution 3. The Constitution 4. Federalism: Dividing Governmental Power III. Participants 5. Opinion and Participation: Thinking and Acting in Politics 6. Mass Media: Setting the Political Agenda 7. Political Parties: Organizing Politics. 8. Campaigns and Elections: Deciding Who Governs. 9. Interest Groups: Getting Their Share and More. IV. INSTITUTIONS. 10. Congress: Politics on Capitol Hill. 11. The President: White House Politics. 12. The Bureaucracy: Bureaucratic Politics. 13. Courts: Judicial Politics. V. OUTCOMES. 14. Politics and Personal Liberty. 15. Politics and Civil Rights. 16. Politics and the Economy. 17. Politics and Social Welfare. 18. Politics and National Security.

Science in a Free Society

Abstract: No study in the philosophy of science created such controversy in the seventies as Paul Feyerabend's "Against Method." In this work, Feyerabend reviews that controversy, and extends his critique beyond the problem of scientific rules and methods, to the social function and direction of science today. In the first part of the book, he launches a sustained and irreverent attack on the prestige of science in the West. The lofty authority of the "expert" claimed by scientists is, he argues, incompatible with any genuine democracy, and often merely serves to conceal entrenched prejudices and divided opinions with the scientific community itself. Feyerabend insists that these can and should be subjected to the arbitration of the lay population, whose closes interests they constantly affect--as struggles over atomic energy programs so powerfully attest. Calling for far greater diversity in the content of education to facilitate democratic decisions over such issues, Feyerabend recounts the origin and development of his own ideas--successively engaged by Brecht, Ehrenhaft, Popper, Mill and Lakatos--in a spirited intellectual self-portrait. " Science in a Free Society" is a striking intervention into one of the most topical debates in contemporary culture and politics.

Class, crisis and the state

Abstract: One of the major works of the new American Marxism, Wright's book draws a challenging new class map of the United States and other, comparable, advanced capitalist countries today. It also discusses the various classical theories of economic crisis in the West and their relevance to the current recession, and contrasts the way in which the major political problem of bureaucracy was confronted by two great antagonists Weber and Lenin. A concluding essay brings together the practical lessons of these theoretical analyses, in an examination of the problems of left governments coming to power in capitalist states."

Defending the National Interest: Raw Materials Investments and U.S. Foreign Policy

Abstract: Stephen Krasner's assumption of a distinction between state and society is the root of his argument for the superiority of a statist interpretation of American foreign policy. Here he challenges the two dominant and rival interpretations of the relationship between state and society: interest group liberalism and Marxism. He contends that the state is an autonomous entity acting on behalf of the national interest, and that state behavior cannot be explained by group or class interest. On the basis of fifteen case studies drawn from extensive public records and published literature on American raw materials policy in the twentieth-century, Professor Krasner provides empirical substance to the debate about the meaning of the "national interest," the importance of bureaucratic politics, and the influence of business on American foreign policy.

The Resisting Reader: A Feminist Approach to American Fiction

Abstract: Preface Introduction: On the Politics of Literature 1. Palpable Designs: Four American Short Stories An American Dream: Rip Van Winkle Growing Up Male in America: I Want to Know Why Women Beware Science: The Birthmark A Rose for A Rose for Emily 2. A Farewell to Arms: HemingwayOs Resentful Cryptogram 3. The Great Gatsby: FitzgeraldOs droit de seigneur 4. The Bostonians: Henry JamesOs Eternal Triangle 5. An American Dream: Hula, Hula, Said the Witches Notes

An Empirical Study of Politico-Economic Interaction in the United States: A Reply

Abstract: N modern society, where government has assumed a major role in economic affairs and where the electorate has made it increasingly responsible for material well-being, it has become important to analyse the interaction between economic and political systems. Government should no longer be regarded as exogenous to the economic system. This is particularly the case with respect to econometric model building. As some authors have noted, an econometric model may be subject to serious misspecification if an endogenous variable (such as government expenditure) is treated as if it were exogenous.' The study of politico-economic interdependence also has important consequences for forecasting. As the future course of economic events is strongly dependent on government action, existing macroeconometric models that regard government as exogenous are of limited use for prediction. Furthermore, economic policy advice is often unsuccessful because it does not take political repercussions into account. A deflationary policy, for example, will hardly be adopted by a government just before an election because it carries with it a high risk of leading to government's losing the election. Politicoeconometric modelling helps economists concerned with government advising to advance proposals that have a reasonable chance of being put into action. This study puts forward some simple theoretical hypotheses concerning the nature of the interrelationship between the economy and the polity, particularly with respect to (central) government. The basic relationships are reflected in the popularity function, which describes the impact of economic conditions on government popularity; and in the reaction function, which shows how government uses policy instruments to steer the economy in a desired direction. These relationships are econometrically tested with quarterly data for the United States for the period 1953-1975. In the model both voters and government are assumed to be utility maximizers, and government's behavior is restricted by various economic, political and administrative constraints. The analysis shows that the government's (or in the case here dealt with, the president's) popularity is significantly reduced when the rate of unemployment and/or of inflation rises, and that it is significantly increased when the growth rate of private consumption rises. Government reacts to changes in its popularity because this is taken as an indicator of future electoral outcome. When popularity is low, it tries to steer the economy so as to increase its re-election chances; when popularity is high enough, it can afford to pursue ideologicallyoriented policies, which need not always be popular with the electorate. There have been a number of papers that have dealt with the influence of economic variables on election outcomes and on government popularity, most of which are unsatisfactory on theoretical and statistical grounds. There are, on the other hand, only a few that have been concerned with government reaction functions. Moreover, these studies have been either apolitical and interested only in the implied weights of a welfare function (e.g., Friedlaender, 1973); or they have related to only a particular section of the economy (e.g., Received for publication June 14, 1976. Revision accepted for publication November 30, 1976. * University of Zurich. A first version of this paper was written during a stay at the Cowles Foundation, Yale University. It was revised in the light of comments received when it was presented at the Cowles Foundation Seminar and at seminars at Princeton University, the University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Center for Study of Public Choice, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University. The authors are especially grateful to A. S. Blinder, J. M. Buchanan, R. C. Fair, G. M. Heal, D. F. Hendry, C. Goodrich, G. H. Kramer, G. Kirchgaessner, D. MacRae, W. D. Nordhaus, W. E. Oates, E. R. Tufte, G. Tullock, R. Wagner, and to the anonymous referees. ' See Crotty (1973), Goldfeld and Blinder (1972), Blinder and Solow (1974, pp. 69-77).

Seeing through clothes

Abstract: In this excellent and strikingly original book, anne hollander explores the rich and complex heritage of western pictorial art as it has represented the human image - clothed, partially clothed,draped and nude. The civilized eye, she suggests,is always eager for human images,and even more eager for styles in the human image. And we get our ideas about how we look and how we should look not so much from each other - or from political or economic contraints or from notions of comfort and social correctness - as from the powerful and persuasive aethetic ideal that is suggested by the human image as we know it in art. In linked chapters devoted to the topics of drapery,nudity,dress and undress,costumes and mirrors, anne hollander demonstrates how clothes in art have contributed to our imaginative and idealized visualizations of the human body. UK YES

Managing the commons

Abstract: Foreword: Putting the Commons First Managing Commons and Community: Pacific Northwest People, Salmon, Rivers, and Sea (William D. Ruckelshaus) Classic Tragedy of the Commons The Tragedy of the Commons (Garrett Hardin) The Economic Theory of a Common-Property Resource: The Fishery (H. Scott Gordon) Group Size and Group Behavior (Mancur Olson, Jr.) A New Primer for the Management of Common-Pool Resources and Public Goods (John A. Baden) Developing Theories of the Commons Environmental Resource Management: Public or Private? (Robert L. Bish) The Tragedy of the Commons: Twenty-Two Years Later (David Feeny, Fikret Berkes, Bonnie L. McCay, James M. Acheson) Reflections on the Commons (Elinor Ostrom) Organizing the Commons From Free Grass to Fences: Transforming the Commons of the American West (Terry L. Anderson and P. J. Hill) Communitarianism and the Logic of the Commons (John A. Baden) A Community Corporation Approach to Management of Marine Fisheries: With Some Potential Applications to Hawaii (Samuel G. Pooley and Ralph E. Townsend) International Fisheries Management Institutions: Europe and the South Pacific (Douglas S. Noonan) Problematic Conceptions of the Commons: Alternative Perspectives Dealing with Problematic Commons: The Viewshed (Randal O'Toole) Internet Decentralization, Feedback, and Self-Organization (Douglas S. Noonan) Environmental Versus Political Pollution (Dwight R. Lee) The Federal Treasury as a Common Pool Resource: The Predatory Bureaucracy as a Management Tool (John A. Baden and Douglas S. Noonan) Living on a Lifeboat (Garrett Hardin) Clear Thinking About the Earth (Lynn Scarlett) Index

The army and politics in Indonesia

Abstract: That broad area lying between China and India which since World War ll has generally been known as Southeast Asia is one of the most heterogeneous in the world. Though it is generally referred to as a region, the principal basis for this designation is simply the geographic propinquity of its component states, and the fact that collectively they occupy the territory between China and the Indian subcontinent. The fundamental strata ofthe tradi- tional cultures of nearly all the numerous peoples of Southeast Asia do set them apart from those of India and China. Beyond that, however, there are few common denominators among the states that currently make up the area.

Tax Ethics and Taxpayer Attitudes: A Survey

Abstract: Politically and economically, few matters are as important as the taxes people pay to their government. Justice Holmes once described taxes as a mark of the privilege of citizenship in a civilized society, but for most of us it is an unwelcomed burden to be endured. Remote and intangible governmental benefits, vast as they may be, are less likely to be appreciated than the immediate benefits individuals receive for their money in the private market. The issue of the tyranny of taxation without representation provided a significant momentum for the political movement which led to the Declaration of Independence and subsequent formation of the union. The revoluntionaries of the day, with diverse regional, economic, and political backgrounds, were united in their opposition to the new taxes which the British Parliament attempted to impose on the colonies. Two hundred years of population growth accompanied by industrialization, urbanization, and wars have produced crushing tax burdens at a time when the nation and its people are suffering from both high unemployment and high inflation. Randy Hamilton, past president of the American Society for Public Administration, warned the Society's members that as the nation's tax burden approaches 35 per cent of the Gross National Product, the United States should anticipate the same sort of massive taxpayer revolt now being experienced in certain European countries.' The complexities of the tax laws, which leave even the better educated taxpayer confused and bewildered, have added insult to injury. Economists have long been exploring various economic aspects of taxation, including tolerable and maximum levels of taxation; its effects on price stability, economic growth, and unemployment; and the distribution of tax burdens among various groups of taxpayers. This study, on the other hand, is an attempt to explore the tax attitudes of the people who pay taxes to government-directly or indirectly, knowingly or, in some cases, unknowingly. Abstract economic analyses are undoubtedly important to an understanding of tax systems, but of equal importance in a democratic system is the taxpayer's perception, evaluation and compliance with the tax laws.

RN: The Memoirs of Richard Nixon

Abstract: The former president recounts his life and political rises and falls, concentrating on the events, domestic and international, of his presidency and those leading up to his unprecedented resignation

The cultural environment of international business

Abstract: This book provides comprehensive coverage of international business relationships, and goes further to explain how deeply these relationships are affected by cultural differences, such as religious beliefs, values, education, social strata and politics. The third edition reflects recent changes in the global business environment. Real-world examples show how major corporations have dealt successfully with cultural differences, and provide readers with guidelines for understanding and managing relationships between organizations from different cultures.

Information concepts for information science

Abstract: Information science, or informatics, has almost from its beginnings been characterized by a seemingly inordinate self‐consciousness, exemplified by concern with its status vis‐a‐vis other disciplines, with its status as a science, and with the significance of its objects of investigation and the goals of that investigation. The bibliography by Port, and the survey by Wellisch, of definitions of information science, and the historical survey by Harmon, all give substantial evidence of this self‐consciousness. Some aspects of this attitude are of course due to the social and political problems facing any new discipline (or field of investigation aspiring to such status), such as indifference or hostility from the established academic community, the fight for a share of limited research and development funds, the inferiority complex associated with having no well‐defined methods of investigation in a social situation which requires them for acceptance, and so on. Other aspects of this self‐consciousness may, however, be more related to strictly internal, ‘scientific’ concerns; that is, to problems within the theoretical structure of information science which must be solved in order for substantial progress in solving its practical problems to be made. This review surveys contributions to one such problem: the question of a suitable concept of information for information science.

Growth, Politics, and the Stratification of Places'

Abstract: Systematic inequalities among interdependent places are described here as a dimension of stratification of persons and organizations. The "stratification of places" is compared with the classic dimensions of class and status as a basis of collective action, and it is argued that the competition of places is a significant cause of the territorial differentiation of human communities. This is an essay on the process of spatial differentiation of human communities. I argue that the differentiation of places implies sets of advantages and disadvantages for persons who are tied to each place and thus affects the chances for individual upward or downward mobility. A common response to this fact is a continuing collective effort to influence the pattern of development among places through political action. Places with early advantages, by making full political use of their superior resources, can potentially reinforce their relative position within the system of places. I hypothesize therefore that spatial differentiation tends to be transformed over time into an increasingly rigid stratification of places. The study of the development of systems of places found its classical formulation in human ecology. By emphasizing the stratification aspect of spatial differentiation I am proposing a reorientation toward a more political human ecology, with spatial differentiation seen not only as the population's natural selective response to its habitat but also as a means of organizing inequality.

The Populist moment : a short history of the agrarian revolt in America

Abstract: This condensed version of Lawrence Goodwyn's Democratic Promise, the highly-acclaimed study on American Populism which the Civil Liberties Review called "a brilliant, comprehensive study," offers new political language designed to provide a fresh means of assessing both democracy and authoritarianism today.