Showing papers on "Politics published in 1990"

Justice and the Politics of Difference

Abstract: This book challenges the prevailing philosophical reduction of social justice to distributive justice. It critically analyzes basic concepts underlying most theories of justice, including impartiality, formal equality, and the unitary moral subjectivity. Starting from claims of excluded groups about decision making, cultural expression, and division of labor, Iris Young defines concepts of domination and oppression to cover issues eluding the distributive model. Democratic theorists, according to Young do not adequately address the problem of an inclusive participatory framework. By assuming a homogeneous public, they fail to consider institutional arrangements for including people not culturally identified with white European male norms of reason and respectability. Young urges that normative theory and public policy should undermine group-based oppression by affirming rather than suppressing social group difference. Basing her vision of the good society on the differentiated, culturally plural network of contemporary urban life, she argues for a principle of group representation in democratic publics and for group-differentiated policies. "This is an innovative work, an important contribution to feminist theory and political thought, and one of the most impressive statements of the relationship between postmodernist critiques of universalism and concrete thinking.... Iris Young makes the most convincing case I know of for the emancipatory implications of postmodernism." --Seyla Benhabib, State University of New York at Stony Brook

Rethinking the Public Sphere: A Contribution to the Critique of Actually Existing Democracy

Abstract: One important object of interpublic contestation is the appropriate boundaries of the public sphere. The civic republican model stresses a view of politics as people reasoning together to promote a common good that transcends the mere sum of individual preferences. The idea is that through deliberation the members of the public can come to discover or create such a common good. In the process of their deliberations, participants are transformed from a collection of self-seeking, private individuals into a public-spirited collectivity, capable of acting together in the common interest. The rhetoric of domestic privacy seeks to exclude some issues and interests from public debate by personalizing and/or familiarizing them; it casts these as private-domestic or personal-familial matters in contradistinction to public, political matters. The public sphere, in short, is not the state; it is rather the informally mobilized body of nongovernmental discursive opinion that can serve as a counterweight to the state.

Governing economic life

Abstract: This paper proposes some new ways of analysing the exercise of political power in advanced liberal democratic societies These are developed from Michel Foucault's conception of ‘governmentality’ and addresses political power in terms of ‘political rationalities’ and ‘technologies of government’ It draws attention to the diversity of regulatory mechanisms which seek to give effect to government, and to the particular importance of indirect mechanisms that link the conduct of individuals and organizations to political objectives through ‘action at a distance’ The paper argues for the importance of an analysis of language in understanding the constitution of the objects of politics, not simply in terms of meaning or rhetoric, but as ‘intellectual technologies’ that render aspects of existence amenable to inscription and calculation It suggests that governmentality has a characteristically ‘programmatic’ form, and that it is inextricably bound to the invention and evaluation of technologies that seek to g

New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time

Abstract: New Reflections on the Revolution of Our Time continues the innovative exploration of major issues concerning democracy and socialism which was staked out in Hegemony and Socialist Strategy. Examining the meanings of social struggle in the context of late capitalism, Laclau situates the re-making of political identities within a framework of democratic revolution. The critical method is one which describes major structural changes in the contemporary world-system at the same time as it theorizes a coherent and radical interpretative form. This marriage of politics and theory allows the book to embrace topics ranging from the relationship between Marxism and psychoanalysis to the historical significance of May 1968 and forms of political struggle in the third world. In a final section of illuminating interviews the author expounds his most recent thought on politics and philosophy.

Assessing the political landscape: Structure, cognition, and power in organizations.

Abstract: David Krackhardt Comell University This paper argues that an accurate cognition of informal networks can itself be a base of power, above and beyond power attributable to informal and formal structural positions. To explore this claim, a small entrepreneurial firm was studied. Perceptions of the friendship and advice networks were compared to \"actual\" networte. Those who had more accurate cognitions of the advice network were rated as more powerful by others in the organization, although accuracy of the friendship network was not related to reputational power.*

Democracy and Its Critics

Abstract: The course is focused on historical texts, most of them philosophical. Context for understanding the texts and the course of democratic development will be provided in lecture and discussions, and by some background readings (Dunn). We begin with the remarkable Athenian democracy, and its frequent enemy the Spartan oligarchy. In Athens legislation was passed directly by an assembly of all citizens, and executive officials were selected by lot rather than by competitive election. Athenian oligarchs such as Plato more admired Sparta, and their disdain for the democracy became the judgment of the ages, until well after the modern democratic revolutions. Marsilius of Padua in the early Middle Ages argued for popular sovereignty. The Italian citystates of the Middle Ages did without kings, and looked back to Rome and Greece for republican models. During the English Civil War republicans debated whether the few or the many should be full citizens of the regime. The English, French, and American revolutions struggled with justifying and establishing a representative democracy suitable for a large state, and relied on election rather than lot to select officials. The English established a constitutional monarchy, admired in Europe, and adapted by the Americans in their republican constitution. The American Revolution helped inspire the French, and the French inspired republican and democratic revolution throughout Europe during the 19 century.

Multiparty Government: The Politics of Coalition in Europe

Abstract: The politics of coalition in Europe who plays the coalition game? what are the stakes? how do you win? who gets in? will it last? who gets what? coalitions in a constrained real world.

Discursive Democracy: Politics, Policy, and Political Science

Abstract: Preface Part I. Introduction: 1. Democratizing rationality Part II. Political Institutions: 2. Discursive designs 3. Complexity 4. Discursive dynamics 5. International discursive designs (with Susan Hunter) Part III. Public Policy: 6. Policy sciences of democracy 7. The ambitions of policy (with Brian Ripley) Part IV. Political Science: 8. The mismeasure of political man 9. The measure of political man - and woman 10. Progress and rationality Part V. Conclusion: 11. On extending democracy Notes Bibliography Index.

State Theory: Putting the Capitalist State in Its Place

Abstract: Preface and Acknowledgements. General Introduction. Part I. On Marxist Theories of Law, the State, and their Relative Autonomy from the Capitalist Economy and Class Struggles:. 1. Recent Theories of the Capitalist State. 2. Recent Theories of Law, the State, and Juridico-Political Ideology. 3. Marxism, Economic Determinism, and Relative Autonomy. Part II. Political Representation, Social Bases, and State Forms: Corporatism, Parliamentarism, and the National Interest:. 4. Corporatism, Parliamentarism, and Social Democracy. 5. Capitalist States, Capitalist Interests, and the Rule of Capital. 6. The Democratic State and the National Interest. Part III. The Value Form, The Capitalist State, and Hegemonic Projects: From State Forms and Functions to the State as Strategy:. 7. Accumulation Strategies, State Forms, and Hegemonic Projects. 8. Poulantzas and Foucault on Power and Strategy. 9. The State as Strategy. Part IV. Putting States in their Place: Towards a Strategic-Relational Theory of Societalization:. 10. Anti-Marxist Reinstatement and Post-Marxist Deconstruction. 11. Societalization, Regulation, and Self-Reference. 12. Putting States in their Place. Selected Writings of Bob Jessop. General Bibliography. Index.

Administrative Reform in Public Management: Paradigms, Principles, Paradoxes and Pendulums

Abstract: The universal administrative reform movement in public management of the past two decades, as illustrated in the three articles on administrative reform in Britain, Australia and New Zealand which follow this article, has obviously been driven in large part by the requirement that governments respond to the fiscal stresses brought about by changes in the international economic system on the one hand and by the unrelenting demands for government services and regulations in national political systems on the other. These stresses have led to the paramountcy of policy responses aimed at budgetary restraint and at downsizing the public services of governments, as well as - various measures to privatize government operations and to deregulate private economic enterprises. Within the context of these developments, two major sets of ideas have come to influence the design of governance and management therein. They are not unrelated to the policy responses which have come to be characterized as ”neo-conservative,” but they have a separate identity. The first set of ideas, emanating from the school of thought known as public choice theory, focuses on the need to reestablish the primacy of representative government over bureaucracy. The second set of ideas, now generally referred to as the “managerialist” school of thought, focuses on the need to reestablish the primacy of managerial principles over bureaucracy. Taken together, they have had a profound impact on the ways in which governments are structured for the purposes of administering public affairs. Although the changes which have been introduced or proposed as a result of these two sets of ideas might be regarded as a ”return to the basics” of representative government and public administration, there is an important sense in which the fundamental prescriptions of the two proceed from quite different premises about what constitutes public management. The coupling of the two thus must inevitably give rise to tensions, if not outright contradictions, in the implementation of these ideas. At the same time it is clear that these tensions and contradictions are inherent in the governance of modern administrative states (Waldo 1984). It is not illogical, therefore, that governments should attempt to pursue the

Structures of capital : the social organization of the economy

Abstract: 1. Editors' introduction PART I: THEORY BUILDING IN ECONOMIC SOCIOLOGY 2. Clean models vs. dirty bands: differences between economics and sociology PAUL HIRSCH, STUART MICHAELS and RAY FRIEDMAN 3. The paradigm of economic sociology: premises and promises RICHARD SWEDBERG, ULF HIMMELSTRAND and GORAN BRULIN 4. Marxism, functionalism and game theory JON ELSTER PART II: ALTERING ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ORGANIZATIONS 5. Economic theories of organisation CHARLES PERROW 6. The growth of public and private bureaucracies MARSHALL W. MEYER PART III: FINANCE CAPITAL 7. Capital market effects on external control of corporations LINDA BREWSTER STEARNS 8. Bank hegemoney in the United States BETH MINTZ and MICHAEL SCHWARTZ 9. Accounting rationality and financial legitimation PAUL MONTAGNA PART IV: THE STATE AND CAPITAL 10. Business and politics in the United States and the United Kingdom MICHAEL USEEM 11. Political choice and the multiple 'logics' of capital FRED BLOCK 12. Private and social wage expansion in the advanced market economies ROGER FRIEDLAND and JIMY SANDERS PART V: MANAGEMENT, ENTREPRENEURS, AND CAPITAL 13. Visions of American managements in post-war France LUC BOLTANSKI 14. Markets, managers and technical autonomy PETER WHALLEY 15. A critique and reformulation of immigrant enterprise ROGER WALDINGER.

Turbulence in World Politics: A Theory of Change and Continuity

Abstract: In this ambitious work a leading scholar undertakes a full-scale reconceptualization of international relations Turbulence in World Politics is an entirely new formulation that accounts for the persistent turmoil of today's world, even as it also probes the impact of the microelectronic revolution, the postindustrial order, and the many other fundamental political, economic, and social changes under way since World War II To develop this formulation, James N Rosenau digs deep into the workings of communities and the orientations of individuals that culminate in collective action on the world stage His concern is less with questions of epistemology and methodology and more with the development of a comprehensive theoryone that is different from other paradigms in the field by virtue of its focus on the tumult in contemporary international relations The book depicts a bifurcation of global politics in which an autonomous multi-centric world has emerged as a competitor of the long established state-centric world A central theme is that the analytic skills of people everywhere are expanding and thereby altering the context in which international processes unfold Rosenau shows how the macro structures of global politics have undergone transformations linked to those at the micro level: long-standing structures of authority weaken, collectivities fragment, subgroups become more powerful at the expense of states and governments, national loyalties are redirected, and new issues crowd onto the global agenda These turbulent dynamics foster the simultaneous centralizing and decentralizing tendencies that are now bifurcating global structures "Rosenau's new work is an imaginative leap into world politics in the twenty-first century There is much here to challenge traditional thought of every persuasion" --Michael Brecher, McGill University

Texts, Facts, and Femininity: Exploring the Relations of Ruling

Abstract: 'A crucial book for feminists, for sociology and the new "political anthropological historical school". It informs us how we are differently "situated" in and through social relations, which texts and images mediate, organise and construct.' Philip Corrigan, Professor of Applied Sociology, Exeter University Dorothy E. Smith is Professor of Sociology in Education, Ontario Institute for Studies in Education, Toronto. She is the author of The Everyday World as Problematic: A Feminist Sociology.

The Disorder of Women: Democracy, Feminism, and Political Theory

Abstract: 1. Introduction. 2. The Disorder of Women: Women, Love and the Sense of Justice. 3. The Fraternal Social Contract. 4. Justifying Political Obligation. 5. Women and Consent. 6. Sublimation and Reification: Locke, Wolin and the Liberal Democratic Conception of the Political. 7. Feminist Critiques of the Public/Private Dichotomy. 8. The Civic Culture: A Philosophic Critique. 9. The Patriarchal Welfare State. 10. Feminism and Democracy.

Throwing like a girl and other essays in feminist philosophy

Abstract: Feminist social theory and female body experience are the twin themes of Iris Marion Young's twelve outstanding essays written over the past decade and brought together here. Her contributions to social theory raise critical questions about women and citizenship, the relations of capitalism and women's oppression, and the differences between a feminist theory that emphasizes women's difference and one that assumes a gender-neutral humanity. Loosely following a phenomenological method of description, Young's essays on female embodiment discuss female movement, pregnancy, clothing, and the breasted body.In an introduction that situates her work in the context of shifts in feminist theory and politics over the past decade, Young emphasizes the rootedness of her theorizing in a dedicated and seasoned political activism. Iris Marion Young, Associate Professor of Public and International Affairs at the University of Pittsburgh, is author of "Justice and the Politics of Difference" and coeditor, with Jeffner Allen, of "The Thinking Muse: Feminism and Modern French Philosophy".

The Personal Vote: Constituency Service and Electoral Independence

Abstract: Modern legislators are increasingly motivated to serve their constituents in personal ways. Representatives act like ultimate ombudsmen: they keep in close touch with their constituents and try to cultivate a relationship with them based on service and accessibility. "The Personal Vote" describes the behavior of representatives in the United States and Great Britain and the response of their constituents as well. It shows how congressmen and members of Parliament earn personalized support and how this attenuates their ties to national leaders and parties.The larger significance of this empirical work arises from its implications for the structure of legislative institutions and the nature of legislative action. Personalized electoral support correlates with decentralized governing institutions and special-interest policy making. Such systems tend to inconsistency and stalemate. The United States illustrates a mature case of this development, and Britain is showing the first movements in this direction with the decline of an established two-party system, the rise of a centrist third party, greater volatility in the vote, growing backbench independence and increasing backbench pressure for committees and staff.This book is essential for specialists in American national government, British politics, and comparative legislatures and comparative parties.

Political Networks: The Structural Perspective

Abstract: 1. Politics in structural perspective 2. Voting and political participation 3. Social movements Nancy Wisely 4. Organizational power Naomi J. Kaufman 5. Community power structures 6. Elites in the nation state 7. International relations Jodi Burmeister-May 8. Toward a structural political economy Appendix References Index.

Green Political Thought

Abstract: Acknowledgements Preface to the Second Edition Preface to the Third Edition Introduction Part 1: Thinking About Ecologism: sustainable societies reasons to care for the environment crisis and its political-strategic consequences universality and social change lessons from nature left and right: communism and capitalism historical specificity conclusion Part 2: Philosophical Foundations: Ethics: a code of conduct Ethics: a state of being anthropocentrism Part 3: The Sustainable Society: limits to growth possible positions more problems with growth questioning consumption questioning consumption: need questioning consumption: population questioning consumption: technology energy trade and travel work bioregionalism agriculture diversity decentralization and its limits Part 4: Strategies for Green Change: democracy and authoritarianism action through and around the legislature lifestyle communities direct action class conclusion Part 5: Ecologism and Other Ideologies: liberalism conservatism socialism eco-feminism conclusion. Conclusion Bibliography Index

Citizenship: The Civic Ideal in World History Politics and Education

Abstract: Part 1 History: the origins - polis and cosmopolis, from Rome to Renaissance, the threshold of modern citizenship consolidation of the modern state - the age of revolutions, the triumph of nationalism, nineteenth-century Liberalism and Socialism, the impact of political doctrines on education the twentieth century - states with a liberal tradition, totalitarianism, new nations, world citizenship historical legacies - the origins, consolidation of the modern state, the twentieth century, the perspective of history. Part 2 Analysis: the feeling of citizenship - citizenship as identity, the good citizen the political citizen - the political citizen of the state, the political citizen of the world the status of a citizen - civil and legal definitions, social status barriers to a holistic concept, general difficulties, the debate in Britain. Part 3 Synthesis: multiple citizenship - the cube of citizenship, the geographical dimension, the five elements, education.

To Craft Democracies: An Essay on Democratic Transitions

Abstract: Is democracy a hot-house plant? And is it difficult to transplant it into new soil? The fall of so many dictatorships in the last few years - first in Southern Europe, then in Latin America, now in Eastern Europe - opens new, more optimistic perspectives on democratic development. The crises of dictatorships and the search for a new political order offer fertile ground for an examination of how best to effect democratic transitions. By focusing on the objective conditions that make democracy probable, sociological and historical theories of democracy often lose sight of what is possible. Here Giuseppe Di Palma instead explores those conciliatory political undertakings that political actors on all sides now engage in to make the improbable possible. His emphasis is on political crafting: in regard to constitutional choices, to alliances and convergences between contestants, to trade-offs, to the pacing of the transitions. Di Palma also examines the reasons - stalemate, the high cost of repression, a loss of goals, international constraints and inducements - that may motivate incumbents and nondemocratic political actors to accept democracy, even in those cases, as in Central America and Eastern Europe, where acceptance would seem least likely. An original and imaginative work that, in the light of recent transitions, challenges our assumptions about fledgling democracies and breaks new theoretical ground, "To Craft Democracies" will appeal to anyone interested in the way we forge our political communities today.

The state, gender, and sexual politics

Abstract: The classic feminist slogan "the personal is political" states a basic feature of feminist and gay politics, a link between personal experience and power relations. In many cases the power relations are immediately present in personal life, in matters conventionally thought "private": housework, homophobic jokes, office sexuality, child rearing. Yet there is also a highly "public" dimension of these politics. During the 1970s, Western feminisms made open and substantial demands on the state in every country where a significant mobilization of women occurred. So did gay liberation movements, where they developed. The list of reforms sought includes the decriminalization of abortion in France, a constitutional guarantee of equal rights for women in the USA, rape law reform in Australia, decriminalization of homosexuality in many countries; not to mention expanded state provision of child care, nonsexist education, protection against sexual violence, equal employment opportunity, and anti-discrimination measures. By the early 1980s a women's peace movement had added disarmament and feminist environmentalists had added environmental protection neither conventionally thought of as gender politics but both now argued in gender terms.'

Political Parties and Confidence in Government: A Comparison of Norway, Sweden and the United States

Abstract: Comparable survey data from Norway, Sweden and the United States are used to examine trends in political trust for the period 1964–86. During the early part of that period trust declined in all three countries; later it recovered for Norway but continued to plummet in Sweden and the United States. Three major features of the party system are hypothesized to explain the difference in these trends for the three countries. These features are: the structural aspects of the party system; the public's cognitive judgements of the parties as representatives of the policy interests; and the possibility that a negative rejection of political parties as undesirable institutions may spill over to citizen evaluations of government more generally.

State, Economy and Society

Abstract: From the problems of Marxism to the primacy of politics deconstructing Marxism a hegemony approach to capitalist regulation the modern welfare state from the capitalist state to the political economy theorizing the capitalist state a strategic-relational account of economic state explaining the economic output of the state towards a society-wide research design.

Coalitions and cabinet government

Abstract: The formal study of coalitions is active in Europe, whereas the formal study of political institutions preoccupies American scholars. We seek to integrate aspects of these two bodies of research. For nearly thirty years models of coalition government have focused more on coalition than on government. Thus, these theories are essentially extensions of the theory of voting in legislatures. Unlike passing a bill or “dividing a dollar,” however, forming a government is not the end of politics but the beginning. During the formation process, rational actors must entertain expectations of subsequent government behavior. We provide a model of rational expectations with an emphasis on the credibility of the policy promises of prospective government partners as determined by the allocation of portfolios in the new government. Portfolio allocation becomes the mechanism by which prospective coalitions make credible promises and so inform the expectations of rational agents in the coalition formation process.

The Politics of India Since Independence

Abstract: List of figures and tables Preface List of abbreviations 1. Introduction: continuities and discontinuities between pre- and post-Independence India Part I. Political Change: Introduction 2. Political change, political structure and the functioning of government 3. Parties and politics 4. State and local politics Part II. Pluralism and National Integration: Introduction 5. Language problems 6. Crises of national unity: Punjab, the northeast and Kashmir 7. Communal and caste conflict: secularism, Hindu nationalism and the Indian state Part III. Political Economy: Introduction 8. Politics, economic development and social change 9. Political aspects of agricultural change 10. Conclusion: problems and prospects Bibliography Index.

The Changing Architecture of Politics: Structure, Agency and the Future of the State

Abstract: Preface and Introduction PART ONE: THE PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL STRUCTURATION: STRUCTURE, AGENCY, AND THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE MODERN STATE Political Structuration and Political Science The Elements of Political Structure Patterns of Agency Markets, Hierarchies and Political Allocation The Modern State at the Crossroads Structuring the Field of Political Action PART TWO: CHANGING PATTERNS OF POLITICAL STRUCTURATION AND THE FUTURE OF THE STATE The Limits of Political Power Personal Leadership and Party Systems The State and Interest Intermediation Patterns of Collaborative Behaviour The Paradox of Civil Society De-differentiation and Re-differentiation in the Contemporary State Transnational Structures and the State Responses From the Welfare State to the Competition State Epilogue Political Structuration and Political Ideas in the 21st Century

Inventing the people : the rise of popular sovereignty in England and America

Abstract: This book makes the provocative case here that America has remained politically stable because the Founding Fathers invented the idea of the American people and used it to impose a government on the new nation. His landmark analysis shows how the notion of popular sovereignty-the unexpected offspring of an older, equally fictional notion, the "divine right of kings"-has worked in our history and remains a political force today.

Is Latin America Turning Protestant?: The Politics of Evangelical Growth

Abstract: Protestants are making phenomenal gains in Latin America. This is the first general account of the evangelical challenge to Catholic predominance, with special attention to the collision with liberation theology in Central America. David Stoll reinterprets the 'invasion of the sects' as an evangelical awakening, part of a wider religious reformation which could redefine the basis of Latin American politics.