Showing papers on "Politics published in 1995"

Voice and Equality: Civic Voluntarism in American Politics

Abstract: * *1. Introduction * Part I: The World of Participation *2. Defining Political Participation *3. Political Participation: How Much? About What? *4. Interpreting Political Activity: A Report from Activists *5. Recruiting Political Activists * Part II: Participation and Representation *6. Thinking about Participatory Representation *7. Who Participates? Economic Circumstances and Needs *8. Who Participates? Race, Ethnicity, and Gender * Part III: The Civic Voluntarism Model *9. Explaining Participation: Introductory Considerations *10. Resources for Politics: Time and Money *11. Resources for Politics: Civic Skills *12. Resources, Engagement, and Political Activity *13. Institutions and Recruitment *14. Participation and the Politics of Issue Engagement *15. From Generation to Generation: The Roots of [incomplete]

The politics of environmental discourse

Abstract: This path-breaking study open the way for a better understanding of the environmental conflict, showing how language can be seen to shape our view of what environmental politics is really about and how those perceptions can differ between countries. The book identifies the emergence and increasing political importance of 'ecological modernization' as a new concept in the language of environmental politics. This concept, which has come to replace the antagonistic debates of the 1970s, stresses the opportunities of environmental policy for modernizing the economy and stimulating the technological innovation. Combining abstract social theory with detailed empirical analysis, the author illustrates the social and political dynamics of ecological modernization in a detailed analysis of the acid rain controversies in Great Britain and the Netherlands. The book concludes by reflecting on the institutional challenge of the environmental politics in the years to come.

Tuning In, Tuning Out: The Strange Disappearance of Social Capital in America

Abstract: It is a daunting honor to deliver the inaugural Pool Lecture. Ithiel de Sola Pool was a brilliant, broad-gauged scholar whose interests ranged from the Nazi elite to direct satellite broadcasting, from the first rigorous computer simulation of electoral behavior to the development of network theory, from which he invented "small world" research. He helped found the field of political communications. A graduate of the University of Chicago's political science department during its classic golden age, and first chair of the MIT political science department, Pool must also have been a remarkable teacher, for his students continue to contribute to our understanding of technology, communications, and political behavior. When I accepted this honor, I did not guess how close my own inquiry would lead me to Pool's own professional turf. I shall return to the contemporary relevance of Pool's insights at the conclusion of this talk.

The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics

Abstract: Foreword to the Third Edition: The Anarchical Society 25 years on by Andrew Hurrell Foreword to the Second Edited: Revisiting The Anarchical Society by Stanley Hoffmann Preface Introduction PART 1: THE NATURE OF ORDER IN WORLD POLITICS The Concept of Order in World Politics Does Order Exist in World Politics? How is Order Maintained in World Politics? Order versus Justice in World Politics PART 2: ORDER IN THE CONTEMPORARY INTERNATIONAL SYSTEM The Balance of Power and International Order International Law and International Order Diplomacy and International Order War and International Order The Great Powers and International Order PART 3: ALTERNATIVE PATHS TO WORLD ORDER Alternatives to the Contemporary States System The Decline of the States System? The Obsolescence of the States System? The Reform of the States System? Conclusion

Beyond SES: A Resource Model of Political Participation

Abstract: This paper develops a resource model of political participation. The resources considered are time, money, and civic skills—those communications and organizational capacities that are essential to political activity. These skills are not only acquired early in life but developed in the nonpolitical institutional settings of adult life: the workplace, organizations, and churches and synagogues. These resources are distributed differentially among groups defined by socioeconomic status. A two-stage least squares analysis shows these resources have powerful effects on overall political activity, thus explaining why socioeconomic status has traditionally been so powerful in predicting participation. We disaggregate overall activity into three kinds of acts: those that involve giving time, those that entail donating money, and voting. Each requires a different configuration of resources resulting in different patterns of stratification across various political acts.

States of Injury: Power and Freedom in Late Modernity

Abstract: Whether in characterizing Catherine MacKinnon's theory of gender as itself pornographic or in identifying liberalism as unable to make good on its promises, this text pursues a central question: how does a sense of woundedness become the basis for a sense of identity? Brown argues that efforts to outlaw hate speech and pornography powerfully legitimize the state: such apparently well-intentioned attempts harm victims further by portraying them as so helpless as to be in continuing need of governmental protection. "Whether one is dealing with the state, the Mafia, parents, pimps, police, or husbands," writes Brown, "the heavy price of institutionalized protection is always a measure of dependence and agreement to abide by the protector's rules." True democracy, she insists, requires sharing power, not regulation by it; freedom, not protection. Refusing any facile identification with one political position or another, Brown applies her argument to a panoply of topics, from the basis of litigiousness in political life to the appearance on the academic Left of themes of revenge and a thwarted will to power. These and other provocations in contemporary political thought and political li

Why parties? : the origin and transformation of political parties in America

Abstract: Acknowledgments Pt. 1: Political Parties and Democracy 1: Politics and Parties in America 2: Why Parties Form Pt. 2: Party Formation in America, 1790-1860 3: Founding the First Parties: Institutions and Social Choice 4: Jacksonian Democracy: The Mass Party and Collective Action 5: Whigs and Republicans: Institutions, Issue Agendas, and Ambition Pt. 3: The New Political Party in Contemporary America 6: Party Activists and Partisan Cleavages in Contemporary Elections 7: Political Parties and Governance 8: The Critical Era of the 1960s Pt. 4: Conclusions 9: Political Parties, Historical Dynamics, and Democratic Politics Notes References Index

The Economic Role of Political Institutions: Market-Preserving Federalism and Economic Development

Abstract: Thriving markets require not only an appropriately designed economic system, but a secure political foundation that limits the ability of the state to confiscate wealth. This requires a form of limited government, that is, political institutions that credibly commit the state to honor economic and political rights. This article studies how limited government arose in the developed West, focusing on the critical role of federalism for protecting markets in both England and the United States. Federalism proved fundamental to the impressive economic rise of England in the 18th century and the United States in the 19th and early 20th centuries. The article also shows that federalism underpins the spectacular economic growth in China over the past 15 years. Copyright 1995 by Oxford University Press.

blurred boundaries: the discourse of corruption, the culture of politics, and the imagined state

Abstract: In this article I attempt to do an ethnography of the state by examining the discourses of corruption in contemporary India. I focus on the practices of lower levels of the bureaucracy in a small north Indian town as well as on representations of the state in the mass media. Research on translocal institutions such as “the state” enables us to reflect on the limitations of participant-observation as a technique of fieldwork. The analysis leads me to question Eurocentric distinctions between state and civil society and offers a critique of the conceptualization of “the state” as a monolithic and unitary entity. [the state, public culture, fieldwork, discourse, corruption, India]

The Politics of Presence

Abstract: 1. From a Politics of Ideas to a Politics of Presence? 2. Political Equality and Fair Representation 3. Quotas for Women 4. Race-Conscious Districting in the USA 5. Canada and the Politics of Inclusion 6. Deliberation, Accountability, and Interest 7. Loose Ends and Larger Ambitions

From immigrant to transmigrant: theorizing transnational migration

Abstract: Contemporary immigrants can not be characterized as the "uprooted." Many are transmigrants, becoming firmly rooted in their new country but maintaining multiple linkages to their homeland. In the United States anthropologists are engaged in building a transnational anthropology and rethinking their data on immigration. Migration proves to be an important transnational process that reflects and contributes to the current political configurations of the emerging global economy. In this article we use our studies of migration from St. Vincent, Grenada, the Philippines, and Haiti to the U.S. to delineate some of the parameters of an ethnography of transnational migration and explore the reasons for and the implications of transnational migrations. We conclude that the transnational connections of immigrants provide a subtext of the public debates in the U.S. about the merits of immigration. [transnationalism, immigration, nation-state, nationalism, identity]

The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions

Abstract: List of Figures and TablesPreface and AcknowledgmentsIntroduction: The Political Economy of Democratic Transitions3Ch. 1The Political Economy of Authoritarian Withdrawals25Ch. 2Economic Crisis and Authoritarian Withdrawal45Ch. 3Surviving Crises, Withdrawing in Good Times75Ch. 4Comparing Authoritarian Withdrawals109Ch. 5Democratic Transitions and Economic Reform151Ch. 6New Democracies and Economic Crisis183Ch. 7Economic Management in Non-crisis Democracies228Ch. 8Economic and Political Reform in Dominant-Party Systems: Mexico and Taiwan267Ch. 9Economic Reform and Democratic Consolidation309Ch. 10Institutions, Democratic Consolidation, and Sustainable Growth335Conclusion: Comparing Democratic Transitions365Index381

Incumbent behavior: Vote-seeking, tax-setting, and yardstick competition

Abstract: This paper develops a model of the political economy of tax-setting in a multijurisdictional world, where voters' choices and incumbent behavior are determined simultaneously. Voters are assumed to make comparisons between jurisdictions to overcome political agency problems. This forces incumbents into a (yardstick)competition in which they care about what other incumbents are doing. We provide a theoretical framework and empirical evidence using U.S. state data from 1960 to 1988. The results are encouraging to the view that vote-seeking and tax-setting are tied together through the nexus of yardstick competition.

The Birth of the Museum: History, Theory, Politics

Abstract: In a series of richly detailed case studies from Britian, Australia and North America, Tony Bennett investigates how nineteenth- and twentieth-century museums, fairs and exhibitions have organized their collections, and their visitors. Discussing the historical development of museums alongside that of the fair and the international exhibition, Bennett sheds new light upon the relationship between modern forms of official and popular culture. Using Foucaltian perspectives The Birth of the Museum explores how the public museum should be understood not just as a place of instruction, but as a reformatory of manners in which a wide range of regulated social routines and performances take place. This invigorating study enriches and challenges the understanding of the museum, and places it at the centre of modern relations between culture and government. For students of museum, cultural and sociology studies, this will be an asset to their reading list.

Federalism, Chinese Style: The Political Basis for Economic Success in China

Abstract: China's remarkable economic success rests on a foundation of political reform providing a considerable degree of credible commitment to markets. This reform reflects a special type of institutionalized decentralization that the authors call “federalism, Chinese style.” This form of decentralization has three consequences. First, it fosters competition, not only in product markets, but also among local governments for labor and foreign capital. This competition, in turn, encourages local government experimentation and learning with new forms of enterprises, regulation, and economic relationships. Second, it provides incentives for local governments to promote local economic prosperity. Finally, it provides a significant amount of protection to local governments and their enterprises from political intrusion by the central government.

Social Mobility and Redistributive Politics

Abstract: Just like economists, voters have conflicting views about redistributive taxation because they estimate its incentive costs differently. We model rational agents as trying to learn from their dynastic income mobility experience the relative importance of effort and predetermined factors in the generation of income inequality and therefore the magnitude of these incentive costs. In the long run, "left-wing dynasties" believing less in individual effort and voting for more redistribution coexist with "right-wing dynasties." This allows us to explain why individual mobility experience and not only current income matters for political attiitudes and how persistent differences in perceptions about social mobility can generate persistent differences in redistribution across countries.

Who Shall Govern? CEO/Board Power, Demographic Similarity, and New Director Selection

Abstract: Both authors contributed equally to the paper. The helpful comments of Joe Baumann, Jerry Davis, Joe Moag, Mark Shanley, Brian Uzzi, Christine Oliver, and three anonymous ASQ reviewers are appreciated. We also thank Linda Pike for her excellent editorial work. An earlier version of the paper received the 1994 Best Paper Award in the Organization and Management Theory Division of the Academy of Management. This study examines CEO influence in the board of director selection process and the theoretical mechanism by which CEO influence is presumed to affect subsequent board decision making on CEO compensation. We address both of these issues by linking political and social psychological perspectives on organizational governance. We propose that powerful CEOs seek to appoint new board members who are demographically similar, and therefore more sympathetic, to them. Using a longitudinal research design and data on 413 Fortune/Forbes 500 companies from 1986 to 1991, we examine whether increased demographic similarity affects board decision making with respect to CEO compensation contracts. The results show that (1) when incumbent CEOs are more powerful than their boards of directors, new directors are likely to be demographically similar to the firm's CEO; (2) when boards are more powerful than their CEOs, new directors resemble the existing board; and (3) greater demographic similarity between the CEO and the board is likely to result in more generous CEO compensation contracts. We discuss the implications of the strong effect of demographic similarity for corporate control issues.'

Official Knowledge: Democratic Education in a Conservative Age

Abstract: 1. Introduction: The Politics of Official Knowledge 2. The Politics of Common-sense: Why the Right is Winning 3. Cultural Politics and the Text 4. Regulating Official Knowledge 5. Creating the Captive Audience: Channel One and the Political Economy of the Text 6. Whose Curriculum is This Anyway? (with Susan Jungck) 7. Hey Man, I'm Good! The Art and Politics of Creating New Knowledge in Schools 8. The Politics of Pedagogy and the Building of Community Appendix Education, Power, and Personal Biography: An Interview.

Strange Multiplicity: Constitutionalism in an Age of Diversity

Abstract: Part I. Demands for Constitutional Recognition: 1. The constitutional question raised by the politics of cultural recognition: six examples and three similarities 2. The mutual recognition of cultural diversity: three features of the common ground and three historical movements 3. The spirit of Haida Gwaii as a symbol of the age of cultural diversity 4. A constitutional dialogue in The spirit of Haida Gwaii Part II. Diversity and Contemporary Constitutionalism: 5. Anwering the constitutional question: an outline 6. Two languages of contemporary constitutionalism and the three schools of modern constitutionalism 7. The challenge of post-modernism and cultural feminism 8. The challenge of interculturalism Part III. The Historical Formation of Modern Constitutionalism: The Empire of Uniformity: 9. Constitutions ancient and modern 10. Seven features of modern constitutionalism 11. Example of forging the seven features: Locke and Aboriginal peoples 12. Vattel, Kant and their followers 13.The reform of diversity in Europe and the colonies 14. The American revolution and the guardians of empire today Part IV. The Historical Formation of Common Constitutionalism: The Rediscovery of Cultural Diversity, Part I: 15. The hidden constitutions of contemporary societies 16. Understanding constitutionalism: Wittgenstein and Hale 17. Examples of the three conventions: the Aboriginal and common-law system and the conventions of mutual recognition and consent 18. The Aboriginal and common law system and the convention of continuity 19.The Aboriginal and common law system and constitutional dialogue Part V. The Historical Formation of Common Constitutionalism: The Rediscovery of Cultural Diversity. Part II: 20. Diverse federalism and the conventions of mutual recognition, continuity and consent 21. Diverse federalism and continuity: the Quebec act and the ancient constitution 22. Diverse federalism, the three conventions and the American revolution 23. The modern attack on diverse federalism: the Durham report and its followers 24. Linguistic minorities and the three conventions: the form of reasoning appropriate to mutual recognition and accommodation 25. Intercultural citizens, gender differences and the three conventions Part VI. Constitutionalism in an Age of Cultural Diversity: 25. A summary of contemporary constitutionalism 26. Replies to four objections to contemporary constitutionalism 27. Two public goods of contemporary constitutionalism: belonging and critical freedom Conclusion: the philosophy and practice of contemporary constitutionalism Notes Bibliography Index.

Saint Foucault: Towards a Gay Hagiography

Abstract: This study explores why Foucault has become a culture hero for the gay movement by delving into the basis of his influence. It describes how Foucault's writings have been seized upon and turned to political account in gay/lesbian activism, arguing that Foucault's critique advances a radical brand of gay/lesbian politics.

Making work visible

Abstract: This chapter represents an adopt a view of representations of work whether created from within the work practices represented or in the context of externally based design initiatives as interpretations in the service of particular interests and purposes, created by actors specifically positioned with respect to the work. It argues the importance of deepening the resources for conceptualizing the intimate relations between work, representations and the politics of organizations. It then aims to a design practice in which representations of work are taken not as proxies for some independently existent organizational processes, but as part of the fabric of meanings within and out of which all working practices the own and others' are made. The sense in which it rings true is particularly remarkable, the large and growing body of literature dedicated to work-flow modeling, business process re-engineering and other methods aimed at representing work in the service of transforming it.

Expert interpretations of party space and party locations in 42 societies

Abstract: The terms `left' and `right' are widely used to organize party competition and to shape connections between citizens and political parties. Recent and dramatic changes in the world, however, raise important questions about the meaning and importance of left-right ideology. Most notably, the collapse of communism has led to the development of a host of new democracies. And in advanced industrial societies, conflict has emerged over issues like the environment and immigration. This paper draws on a survey of political experts in 42 societies to address three questions raised by these changes. First, is the language of left and right still widely used, even in recently democratized countries? Second, do there exist secondary dimensions of political conflict that are orthogonal to the left-right dimension? Third, and most importantly, what substantive issues define the meaning of left-right ideology? In addition to addressing these questions, we present data on the left-right locations of political parties in...

Whose woods are these? counter‐mapping forest territories in kalimantan, indonesia

Abstract: This paper examines the politics of land and forest rights in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo) Forest mapping by government forestry planners allocates rights of resource use and land access according to forest types and economic objectives, only rarely recognizing indigenous occupancy rights or forest territories customarily claimed or managed by local people As maps and official plans based on them ignore, and in some cases criminalize, traditional rights to forest, forest products, and forest land for temporary conversion to swidden agriculture, indigenous activists are using sketch maps to re-claim territories - a process that requires re-defining many traditional forest rights The paper considers the political implications of mapping and the implications of a focus on land use rather than forest use

Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification

Abstract: Part 1 Living a lie: the significance of preference falsification private and public preferences private opinion, public opinion the dynamics of public opinion institutional sources of preference falsification. Part 2 Inhibiting change: collective conservatism the obstinacy of communism the ominous perseverance of the caste system the unwanted spread of affirmative action. Part 3 Distorting knowledge: public discourse and private knowledge the unthinkable and the unthought the caste ethic of submission the blind spots of communism the unfading spectre of white racism. Part 4 Generating surprise: unforeseen political revolutions the fall of communism and other sudden overturns the hidden complexities of social evolution from slavery to affirmative action preference falsification and social analysis.

Fairness and competence in citizen participation : evaluating models for environmental discourse

Abstract: Foreword Preface: Democracy and Science T Dietz 1 A Need for Discourse on Citizen Participation: Objectives and Structure of the Book O Renn, T Webler, P Wiedemann 2 A Brief Primer on Participation: Philosophy and Practice T Webler, O Renn 3 'Right' Discourse in Citizen Participation: An Evaluative Yardstick T Webler 4 The Redemption of Citizen Advisory Committees: A Perspective from Critical Theory F M Lynn, J D Kartez 5 Citizens' Advisory Committee as a Model For Public Participation: A Multiple-Criteria Evaluation A Vari 6 Planning Cells: A Gate to 'Fractal' Mediation P C Dienel, O Renn 7 Review of 'Planning Cells': Problems of Legitimation H-J Seiler 8 Citizens' Juries: One Solution for Difficult Environmental Questions N Crosby 9 The Citizens' Jury as Model of Public Participation: A Critical Evaluation A Armour 10 The Varresbecker Bach Participatory Process: The Model of Citizen Initiatives F Claus 11 The Varresbecker Bach Participatory Process: An Evaluation J Linnerooth- Bayer 12 Regulatory Negotiation as a Form of Public Participation D Fiorino 13 Regulatory Negotiation as Citizen Participation: A Critique S G Hadden 14 Mediation M Baughman 15 Environmental Mediation: Insights into the Microcosm and Outlooks for Political Implications W Nothdurft 16 Voluntary Siting of Noxious Facilities: The Role of Compensation H Kunreuther 17 Voluntary Siting of Noxious Facilities: Additional Thoughts and Empirical Evidence F Oberholzer-Gee, B S Frey 18 Direct Participation in Macro-Issues: A Multiple Group Approach An Analysis and Critique of the Dutch National Debate on Energy Policy, Fairness, Competence, and Beyond C J H Midden 19 The Dutch Study Groups Revisited J L Mumpower 20 The Pursuit of Fair and Competent Citizen Participation O Renn, T Webler, P Wiedemann Appendix: Biographies of Authors Index

An Introduction to Political Communication

Abstract: Part 1 Politics in the age of mediation: politics in the age of mediation politics, democracy and the media the effects of political communication the political media the media as political actors. Part 2 Communicating politics: party political communication I - advertising party political communication II - political public relations pressure group politics and the oxygen of publicity international political communication conclusion - perfomance politics and the democratic process.

Ecological Politics in an Age of Risk

Abstract: Translator's Note. Preface. Introduction: The Immortality of Industrial Society and the Contents of the Book. Part I: Dead Ends. 1. Barbarism Modernised: The Eugenic Age. 2. The Naturalistic Misunderstanding of the Ecological Movement: Environmental Critique as Social Critique. 3. Industrial Fatalism: Organised Irresponsibility. Part II: Antidotes. 4. The Self-Refutation of Bureaucracy: The Victory of Industralism over Itself. 5. Implementation as Abolition of Technocracy: The Logic of Relativistic Science. 6. The "Poisoned Cake": Capital and Labour in Risk Society. 7. Conflicts over Progress: The Technocratic Challenge to Democracy. Notes. Bibliography. Index.

Conditions of liberty : civil society and its rivals

Abstract: A slogan is born the two neighbours Islam the Marxist failure the successful Umma a contrast between the Abrahamic faiths civil society completes the circle Adam Ferguson east is east and west is west political decentralization and economic decentralization ideological pluralism and liberal doublethink, or the end of the enlightenment illusion modular man modular man is nationalist friend or foe? the time zones of Europe the varieties of nationalist experience easternmost zone resumed a note on atomization the end of a moral order from the interstices of a command-admin system the definition of socialism a new positive definition towards a desirable unholy alliance democracy or civil society historical overview future prospects internal problems the range of options validation?

Balkan Tragedy: Chaos and Dissolution after the Cold War

Abstract: Yugoslavia was well positioned at the end of the cold war to make a successful transition to a market economy and westernization. Yet two years later, the country had ceased to exist, and devastating local wars were being waged to create new states. Between the fall of the Berlin Wall in November 1989 and the start of the war in Bosnia-Herzegovina in March 1992, the country moved toward disintegration at astonishing speed. The collapse of Yugoslavia into nationalist regimes led not only to horrendous cruelty and destruction, but also to a crisis of Western security regimes. Coming at the height of euphoria over the end of the cold war and the promise of a "new world order," the conflict presented Western governments and the international community with an unwelcome and unexpected set of tasks. Their initial assessment that the conflict was of little strategic significance or national interest could not be sustained in light of its consequences. By 1994 the conflict had emerged as the most challenging threat to existing norms and institutions that Western leaders faced. And by the end of 1994, more than three years after the international community explicitly intervened to mediate the conflict, there had been no progress on any of the issues raised by the country's dissolution. In this book, Susan Woodward explains what happened to Yugoslavia and what can be learned from the response of outsiders to its crisis. She argues that focusing on ancient ethnic hatreds and military aggression was a way to avoid the problem and misunderstood nationalism in post-communist states. The real origin of the Yugoslav conflict, Woodward explains, is the disintegration of governmental authority and the breakdown of a political and civil order, a process that occurred over a prolonged period. The Yugoslav conflict is inseparable from international change and interdependence, and it is not confined to the Balkans but is part of a more widespread phenomenon of political disintegration. Woodward's analysis is based on her first-hand experience before the country's collapse and then during the later stages of the Bosnian war as a member of the UN operation sent to monitor cease-fires and provide humanitarian assistance. She argues that Western action not only failed to prevent the spread of violence or to negotiate peace, but actually exacerbated the conflict. Woodward attempts to explain why these challenges will not cease or the Yugoslav conflicts end until the actual causes of the conflict, the goals of combatants, and the fundamental issues they pose for international order are better understood and addressed.