Showing papers on "Politics published in 2001"

The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time

Abstract: But the fount and matrix of the system was the self-regulating market. It was this innovation which gave rise to a specific civilization. The gold standard was merely an attempt to extend the domestic market system to the international field; the balance of power system was a superstructure erected upon and, partly, worked through the gold standard; the liberal state was itself a creation of the self-regulating market. The key to the institutional system of the 19 century lay in the laws governing market economy. (p. 3).

The Colonial Origins of Comparative Development: An Empirical Investigation

Abstract: In Acemoglu, Johnson, and Robinson, henceforth AJR, (2001), we advanced the hypothesis that the mortality rates faced by Europeans in different parts of the world after 1500 affected their willingness to establish settlements and choice of colonization strategy. Places that were relatively healthy (for Europeans) were—when they fell under European control—more likely to receive better economic and political institutions. In contrast, places where European settlers were less likely to go were more likely to have “extractive” institutions imposed. We also posited that this early pattern of institutions has persisted over time and influences the extent and nature of institutions in the modern world. On this basis, we proposed using estimates of potential European settler mortality as an instrument for institutional variation in former European colonies today. Data on settlers themselves are unfortunately patchy—particularly because not many went to places they believed, with good reason, to be most unhealthy. We therefore followed the lead of Curtin (1989 and 1998) who compiled data on the death rates faced by European soldiers in various overseas postings. 1 Curtin’s data were based on pathbreaking data collection and statistical work initiated by the British military in the mid-nineteenth century. These data became part of the foundation of both contemporary thinking about public health (for soldiers and for civilians) and the life insurance industry (as actuaries and executives considered the

Varieties of Capitalism

Abstract: Scholarship on varieties of capitalism (VofC) explores the ways in which the institutions structuring the political economy affect patterns of economic performance or policy making and the distribution of well-being. Contesting the claim that there is one best route to superior economic performance, a number of schemas have been proposed to explain why countries have often been able to secure substantial rates of growth in different ways, often with relatively egalitarian distributions of income. Prominent among them is a VofC analysis focused on the developed democracies that distinguishes liberal and coordinated market economies according to the ways in which firms coordinate their endeavors. On the basis of institutional complementarities among subspheres of the political economy, it suggests that the institutional structure of the political economy confers comparative institutional advantages, notably for radical and incremental innovation, which explains why economies have not converged in the context of globalization. Although this framework is contested, it has inspired new research on many subjects, including the basis for innovation, the determinants of social policy, the grounds for international negotiation, and the character of institutional change. In this issue area, there is promising terrain for further research into the origins of varieties of capitalism, the factors that drive institutional change in the political economy, how institutional arrangements in the subspheres of the political economy interact with one another, the normative underlay for capitalism, and the effects of varieties of capitalism on multiple dimensions of well-being. Keywords: capitalism; political economy; globalization; politics; institutional change; economic growth; macroeconomics; innovation; complementarities; social policy

New tools in comparative political economy : the database of political institutions

Abstract: This article introduces a large new cross-country database, the database of political institutions. It covers 177 countries over 21 years, 1975-95. The article presents the intuition, construction, and definitions of the different variables. Among the novel variables introduced are several measures of checks and balances, tenure and stability, identification of party affiliation with government or opposition, and fragmentation of opposition and government parties in the legislature.

Methods of critical discourse analysis

Abstract: What CDA is About - Ruth Wodak A Summary of It's History, Important Concepts and It's Development Between Theory, Method and Politics - Michael Meyer Positioning of the Approach to CDA Discourse and Knowledge - Siegfried J[um]ager Theoretical and Methodological Aspects of a Critical Discourse and Dispositive Analysis The Discourse - Historical Approach - Ruth Wodak Multidisciplinary CDA - Teun A van Dijk A Plea for Diversity Critical Discourse Analysis as a Method in Social Scientific Research - Norman Fairclough Action and Text - Ron Scollon Towards an Integrated Understanding of the Place of Text in Social (Inter)action, Mediated Discourse Analysis and the Problem of Social Action

The Internet Galaxy: Reflections on the Internet, Business, and Society

Abstract: From the Publisher: Manuel Castells is one of the world's leading thinkers on the new information age, hailed by The Economist as "the first significant philosopher of cyberspace," and by Christian Science Monitor as "a pioneer who has hacked out a logical, well-documented, and coherent picture of early 21st century civilization, even as it rockets forward largely in a blur" Now, in The Internet Galaxy, this brilliantly insightful writer speculates on how the Internet will change our lives Castells believes that we are "entering, full speed, the Internet Galaxy, in the midst of informed bewilderment" His aim in this exciting and profound work is to help us to understand how the Internet came into being, and how it is affecting every area of human life--from work, politics, planning and development, media, and privacy, to our social interaction and life in the home We are at ground zero of the new network society In this book, its major commentator reveals the Internet's huge capacity to liberate, but also its ability to marginalize and exclude those who do not have access to it Castells provides no glib solutions, but asks us all to take responsibility for the future of this new information age The Internet is becoming the essential communication and information medium in our society, and stands alongside electricity and the printing press as one of the greatest innovations of all time The Internet Galaxy offers an illuminating look at how this new technology will influence business, the economy, and our daily lives

The Great Reversals: The Politics of Financial Development in the 20th Century

Abstract: Indicators of the development of the financial sector do not improve monotonically over time. In particular, we find that by most measures, countries were more financially developed in 1913 than in 1980 and only recently have they surpassed their 1913 levels. This pattern cannot be explained by structural theories that attribute cross-country differences in financial development to time-invariant factors, such as a country's legal origin or culture. We propose an "interest group" theory of financial development where incumbents oppose financial development because it breeds competition. The theory predicts that incumbents' opposition will be weaker when an economy allows both cross-border trade and capital flows. This theory can go some way in accounting for the cross-country differences and the time series variation of financial development. When we recognize that different kinds of institutional heritages afford different scope for private interests to express themselves, we obtain a synthesis between the structural theories and private interest theory, which is supported by the data.

The Transnational Villagers

Abstract: Acknowledgments Introduction PART ONE 1. The Historical Context 2. Social Remittances PART TWO 3. Reshaping the Stages of the Life Cycle 4. Making Values from Two Worlds Fit PART THREE 5. When Domestic Politics Becomes Transnational 6. "God Is Everywhere": Religious Life Across Borders 7. Transnationalizing Community Development Conclusion Appendix: Methodology Notes Bibliography Index

Mapping Policy Preferences: Estimates for Parties, Electors, and Governments 1945-1998

Abstract: CONTENT ANALYSIS AND POLITICAL TEXTS 1. FINALLY! COMPARATIVE OVER-TIME MAPPING OF POLICY MOVEMENT, 1945-1998 4. QUANTIFYING ELECTION PROGRAMMES OVER TIME AND SPACE: CODING PROCEDURES AND CONTROLS

States and Power in Africa: Comparative Lessons in Authority and Control

Abstract: Preface to the New Paperback Edition xi Introduction 3 PART ONE: THE CHALLENGE OF STATE-BUILDING IN AFRICA 9 1 The Challenge of State-Building in Africa 11 PART TWO: THE CONSTRUCTION OF STATES IN AFRICA 33 2 Power and Space in Precolonial Africa 35 3 The Europeans and the African Problem 58 4 The Political Kingdom in Independent Africa 97 PART THREE: NATIONAL DESIGN AND DOMESTIC POLITICS 137 5 National Design and the Broadcasting of Power 139 6 Chiefs, States, and the Land 173 PART FOUR: BOUNDARIES AND POWER 199 7 The Coin of the African Realm 201 8 The Politics of Migration and Citizenship 227 PART FIVE: CONCLUSION 249 9 The Past and the Future of State Power in Africa, Revised for the New Paperback Edition 251 Index 273

Toward a Democratic Civil Peace? Democracy, Political Change, and Civil War, 1816-1992

Abstract: The “third wave of democratization” (Huntington 1991; Vanhanen 2000) has raised hopes for a more peaceful world. The thesis of the democratic peace suggests that the spread of democracy will promote a decline in interstate warfare (Doyle 1986; Russett 1993), at least once the unsettling effects of the transition period are overcome (Ward and Gleditsch 1998). But does democratization also lead to civil peace? Considerable research has examined how regime type or the level of democracy relates to domestic conflict. Much of it focuses on the result that semidemocracies (regimes intermediate between a democracy and an autocracy) exhibit a higher propensity for civil conflict than either extreme. Another strand of research focuses on how changes in regime lead to domestic conflict. This has implications for the former finding, since semidemocracies are more prone to regime change. Indeed, is the greater propensity for violence of intermediate regimes equivalent to the finding that states in political transition experience more violence? Are the results relating civil violence to level and change, in fact, one and the same finding? Or, are both explanations relevant? That is the key issue examined in this article. We link level of democracy and regime change in an empirical analysis that uses data from 152 countries in the period 1816 ‐1992. We also explore the implications of the direction and magnitude of political change. The statistical model we formulate overcomes some of the problems in research that is based on country-years, such as the fact that these do not constitute independent observations, as well as the possibility that the amount of civil war in the system of states fluctuates over time. Finally, our work adopts a multivariate framework with several control variables, among them socioeconomic and cultural factors, as well as spatial and temporal contagion. A separate analysis, with a more extensive set of control variables, is performed for the post‐World War II period.

Educating the Right Way: Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality

Abstract: 1. Markets, Standards, God, and Inequality. Introduction. Joseph's Story. Conservative Agendas. Mapping the Right. Contested Freedom. Marketizing the World. Restoring. Cultural Order. Church and State. Economics and religion. Managerialism. Analyzing Conservative Modernization. 2. Whose Markets, Whose Knowledge? Introduction. Neoliberalism: Schooling, Choice, and Democracy. Neoconservatism: Teaching "Real Knowledge". Authoritarian Populism: Schooling as God Wanted It. The Professional and Managerial New Middle Class: More Testing, More Often 3. Producing Inequalities: Conservative Modernization in Policy and Practice. Gritty Materialities. Right Turn. New Markets, Old Traditions. Markets and Performance. National Standards, National Curriculum, and National Testing. Creating Educational Triage. Thinking Strategically. 4. Who "No Child Left Behind" Leaves Behind: Class and Race in Audit Cultures. Introduction: What No Child Left Behind Has Given Us. Accountability and Inequality. Changing Commonsense and the Growth of Audit Cultures. New Managerialism in Class Terms. The Dispossessed and Support for Audit Cultures and Markets. On Possibilities. Workable Alternatives. Being Honest About Educational Reform. 5. Endangered Christianity. Darwin, God, and Evil. Secular Dangers. From Insiders to Outsiders. Southern Cross. 6. God, Morality, and Markets. Bringing God to the World. Politics and the Clergy. The Electronic Clergy. A Christian Nation and Free Speech. Godless Schools. We Are Not Doing Anything Different. The Structures of Feeling of Authoritarian Populism. How Can Hate Seem So Nice. Turning Straw Into Gold. 7. Away with all Teachers: The Cultural Politics of Home Schooling. Situating Home Schooling. Satan's Threat and the Fortress Home. Attacking the State. Public and Private. Conclusion. 8. Inside Home Schooling: Gender, Technology, and Curriculum. Introduction. Resources and the Realities of Social Movements. Technology and the Growth of Home Schooling. Understanding Social Movements. Technology and Doing Home Schooling. Home Schooling as Gendered Labor. Solving Contradictions. Marketing God. Emotional Labor and the Daily Life of Curriculum and Teaching in the Home. Conclusion: Children and Living the "Right" Life. 9. Righting Wrongs and Interrupting the Right. Culture Counts Contradictory Reforms. "Racing" Toward Educational Reform. Making Challenges Public. Thinking Heretically. Can Alliances be Built Across the Religious and Secular Divide?. Making Critical Educational Practices Practical. Hope as a Resource

Deepening Democracy: Innovations in Empowered Participatory Governance

Abstract: As the tasks of the state have become more complex and the size of polities larger and more heterogeneous, the institutional forms of liberal democracy developed in the nineteenth century—representative democracy plus technobureaucratic administration—seem increasingly ill suited to the novel problems we face in the twenty-first century. “Democracy” as a way of organizing the state has come to be narrowly identified with territorially based competitive elections of political leadership for legislative and executive offices. Yet, increasingly, this mechanism of political representation seems ineffective in accomplishing the central ideals of democratic politics: facilitating active political involvement of the citizenry, forging political consensus through dialogue, devising and implementing public policies that ground a productive economy and healthy society, and, in more radical egalitarian versions of the democratic ideal, ensuring that all citizens benefit from the nation’s wealth. The Right of the political spectrum has taken advantage of this apparent decline in the effectiveness of democratic institutions to escalate its attack on the very idea of the affirmative state. The only way the state can play a competent and constructive role, the Right typically argues, is to dramatically reduce the scope and depth of its activities. In addition to the traditional moral opposition of libertarians to the activist state on the grounds that it infringes on property rights and

Product Innovation Strategy and the Performance of New Technology Ventures in China

Abstract: Investigating the effect of product innovation strategy on the performance of new technology ventures in China, we found the innovation-performance link was contingent on both environmental factors, including environmental turbulence and institutional support, and the relationship-based strategies of the ventures, such as strategic alliances for product development and political networking. Our results suggest the need for simultaneous consideration of environment- and relationship-based strategy factors as moderators in the discourse on product innovation strategy among new technology ventures.

What Are the Origins of Political Trust?: Testing Institutional and Cultural Theories in Post-communist Societies

Abstract: Popular trust in political institutions is vital to democracy, but in post-Communist countries, popular distrust for institutions is widespread, and prospects for generating increased political trust are uncertain given disagreements over its origins. Cultural theories emphasizing exogenous determinants of trust compete with institutional theories emphasizing endogenous influences, and both can be further differentiated into micro and macro variants. Competing hypotheses drawn from these theories are tested using data from 10 post-Communist countries in Eastern and Central Europe and the former Soviet Union. Aggregate data on economic and political performance are combined with survey data on interpersonal and political trust, political socialization experiences, and individual evaluations of national performance. Results strongly support the superiority of institutional explanations of the origins of political trust, especially micro-level explanations, while providing little support for either micro-cul...

Passionate Politics: Emotions and Social Movements

Abstract: Emotions are back. Once at the center of the study of politics, emotions have receded into the shadows during the past three decades, with no place in the rationalistic, structural, and organizational models that dominate academic political analysis. With this new collection of essays, Jeff Goodwin, James M. Jasper, and Francesca Polletta reverse this trend, reincorporating emotions such as anger, indignation, fear, disgust, joy, and love into research on politics and social protest. The tools of cultural analysis are especially useful for probing the role of emotions in politics, the editors and contributors to "Passionate Politics" argue. Moral outrage, the shame of spoiled collective identities, or the joy of imagining a new and better society, are not automatic responses to events. Rather, they are related to moral institutions, felt obligations and rights, and information about expected effects, all of which are culturally and historically variable. With its look at the history of emotions in social thought, examination of the internal dynamics of protest groups, and exploration of the emotional dynamics that arise from interactions and conflicts among political factions and individuals, "Passionate Politics" will lead the way toward an overdue reconsideration of the role of emotions in social movements and politics generally. Contributors: Rebecca Anne Allahyari Edwin Amenta Collin Barker Mabel Berezin Craig Calhoun Randall Collins Frank Dobbin Jeff Goodwin Deborah B. Gould Julian McAllister Groves James M. Jasper Anne Kane Theodore D. Kemper Sharon Erickson Nepstad Steven Pfaff Francesca Polletta Christian Smith Arlene Stein Nancy Whittier Elisabeth Jean Wood Michael P. Young

The Affirmative Action Empire: Nations and Nationalism in the Soviet Union, 1923-1939

Abstract: The Soviet Union was the first of Europe's multiethnic states to confront the rising tide of nationalism by systematically promoting the national consciousness of its ethnic minorities and establishing for them many of the institutional forms characteristic of the modern nation-state. In the 1920s, the Bolshevik government, seeking to defuse nationalist sentiment, created tens of thousands of national territories. It trained new national leaders, established national languages, and financed the production of national-language cultural products. This was a massive and fascinating historical experiment in governing a multiethnic state. Terry Martin provides a comprehensive survey and interpretation, based on newly available archival sources, of the Soviet management of the nationalities question. He traces the conflicts and tensions created by the geographic definition of national territories, the establishment of dozens of official national languages, and the world's first mass "affirmative action" programs. Martin examines the contradictions inherent in the Soviet nationality policy, which sought simultaneously to foster the growth of national consciousness among its minority populations while dictating the exact content of their cultures; to sponsor national liberation movements in neighboring countries, while eliminating all foreign influence on the Soviet Union's many diaspora nationalities. Martin explores the political logic of Stalin's policies as he responded to a perceived threat to Soviet unity in the 1930s by re-establishing the Russians as the state's leading nationality and deporting numerous "enemy nations."

Political Knowledge, Political Engagement, and Civic Education

Abstract: After decades of neglect, civic education is back on the agenda of political science in the United States. Despite huge increases in the formal educational attainment of the US population during the past 50 years, levels of political knowledge have barely budged. Today's college graduates know no more about politics than did high school graduates in 1950. Recent research indicates that levels of political knowledge affect the acceptance of democratic principles, attitudes toward specific issues, and political participation. There is evidence that political participation is in part a positional good and is shaped by relative as well as absolute levels of educational attainment. Contrary to findings from 30 years ago, recent research suggests that traditional classroom-based civic education can significantly raise political knowledge. Service learning—a combination of community-based civic experience and systematic classroom reflection on that experience—is a promising innovation, but program evaluations ha...

Measurement Validity: A Shared Standard for Qualitative and Quantitative Research

Abstract: Scholars routinely make claims that presuppose the validity of the observations and measurements that operationalize their concepts. Yet, despite recent advances in political science methods, surprisingly little attention has been devoted to measurement validity. We address this gap by exploring four themes. First, we seek to establish a shared framework that allows quantitative and qualitative scholars to assess more effectively, and communicate about, issues of valid measurement. Second, we underscore the need to draw a clear distinction between measurement issues and disputes about concepts. Third, we discuss the contextual specificity of measurement claims, exploring a variety of measurement strategies that seek to combine generality and validity by devoting greater attention to context. Fourth, we address the proliferation of terms for alternative measurement validation procedures and offer an account of the three main types of validation most relevant to political scientists.

African Economies and the Politics of Permanent Crisis, 1979–1999

Abstract: Introduction 1 Approaches to Africa's permanent crisis 2 Patterns in economic reform implementation, 1979-99 3 Decision making in post-colonial Africa 4 Understanding state responses to the crisis 5 The crisis and foreign aid 6 Democratization and the prospects for change 7 Conclusion

The social model of disability: An outdated ideology?

Abstract: The papers explore the background to British academic and political debates over the social model, and argue that the time has come to move beyond this position. Three central criticisms of the British social model are presented, focusing on: the issue of impairment; the impairment/disability dualism; and the issue of identity. It is suggested that an embodied ontology offers the best starting point for disability studies, and some signposts on the way to a more adequate social theory of disability are provided.

Ethics: An Essay on the Understanding of Evil

Abstract: Alain Badiou explodes the facile assumptions behind the recent ethical turn by governments of the West. He shows how our prevailing ethical principles serve to reinforce an ideology of the status quo and ultimately fail to provide a framework for an effective understanding of the fundamental concepts of good and evil. In contrast, Badiou summons up an "ethic of truths" which is designed to sustain and inspire a disciplined, subjective adherence to a militant cause (be it political, scientific, artistic or romantic) and to discern a finely demarcated zone of application for the concept of evil.

Trust, social capital, civil society, and democracy

Abstract: The importance of trust has long been emphasised by social and political theorists from Locke and Tocqueville to Putnam and civil society theorists. However, individual survey data casts substantial doubt on this powerful tradition of thought. There is little evidence of (1) an overlap between social and political trust, (2) a syndrome of trust and membership of voluntary organizations, and (3) the existence of trusting/distrusting dispositions among individuals. However, at the aggregate national level there is evidence to support the theory, and the author concludes that the classic theory is correct but needs modification and qualification.

Development as Freedom

Abstract: In Development as Freedom Amartya Sen explains how in a world of unprecedented increase in overall opulence millions of people living in the Third World are still unfree. Even if they are not technically slaves, they are denied elementary freedoms and remain imprisoned in one way or another by economic poverty, social deprivation, political tyranny or cultural authoritarianism. The main purpose of development is to spread freedom and its 'thousand charms' to the unfree citizens. Freedom, Sen persuasively argues, is at once the ultimate goal of social and economic arrangements and the most efficient means of realizing general welfare. Social institutions like markets, political parties, legislatures, the judiciary, and the media contribute to development by enhancing individual freedom and are in turn sustained by social values. Values, institutions, development, and freedom are all closely interrelated, and Sen links them together in an elegant analytical framework. By asking 'What is the relation between our collective economic wealth and our individual ability to live as we would like?' and by incorporating individual freedom as a social commitment into his analysis Sen allows economics once again, as it did in the time of Adam Smith, to address the social basis of individual well-being and freedom.

Modernizing Governance: New Labour, Policy and Society

Abstract: Introduction and the Question of Governance Understanding Governance The Dynamics of Institutional Change The Third Way Modernizing Social Democracy Modernizing Government The Politics of Reform Modernising Services The Politics of Performance Joined Up Government The Politics of Partnership Public Participation The Politics of Representation Remaking Civil Society The Politics of Inclusion Conclusion The Politics of Governance

Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry

Abstract: Introduction by Amy Gutmann vii HUMAN RIGHTS AS POLITICS AND IDOLATRY by Michael Ignatieff Human Rights as Politics 3 Human Rights as Idolatry 53 COMMENTS Grounding Human Rights by K. Anthony Appiah 101 Debates with the PTA and Others by David A. Hollinger 117 The Moral Imagination and Human Rights by Thomas W. Laqueur 127 Relativism and Religion by Diane F. Orentlicher 141 RESPONSE TO COMMENTATORS by Michael Ignatieff Dignity and Agency 161 Contributors 175 Index 177

Inequality and convergence in Europe’s regions: reconsidering European regional policies

Abstract: Europe's regions Income disparities and regional policies In this paper we take a critical look at current European regional policies. First, we document the motivation for such policies, that is, the large income disparities across the regions of the EU15. Large disparities are certainly present. Second, we illustrate the various instruments adopted and discuss their underpinnings in established economic theories. Next, we look at available data, searching for three kinds of evidence: (1) if disparities are either growing or decreasing, we conclude they are neither; (2) which are the major factors explaining such disparities and, in particular, if they are the factors predicted by the economic models adopted by the Commission to justify current policies, we conclude this is most certainly not the case; (3) if there are clear signs that EU policies, as opposed to other social and economic factors, are actually reducing such disparities, we cannot find any clear sign of such desired impact. Our conclusion is that regional and structural policies serve mostly a redistributional purpose, motivated by the nature of the political equilibria upon which the European Union is built. They have little relationship with fostering economic growth. This casts a serious doubt on their social value and, furthermore, strongly questions extending such policies to future members of the European Union. A successful EU enlargement, in our view, calls for an immediate and drastic revision of regional economic policies. — Michele Boldrin and Fabio Canova