Showing papers on "Politics published in 2016"

The Political Economy of Development in India

Abstract: This paper seeks to review the political economy of the low-level equilibrium trap of slow growth in the Indian economy. Written in the context of Professor Bardhan's 1983 Radhakrishnan lectures, the review makes three sets of observ? ations. First, within the limits of his own analysis, Bardhan has left out a major pressure group, namely, the unionised labour. Secondly, he has under-estimated the economic and political role played by the small-scale industrialists and middle peasants in the political economy of Indian growth. Finally, his analysis in terms of the coalition of the dominant proprietory classes is a static relationship and lacks the historical dimension as to how and why the low level, slow growth equilibrium come about. It is argued that the economic system Bardhan talks about is not viable any more because it can no longer manage the old way the pressures and compulsions it has generated.

Behavioural Assumptions of Policy Tools

Abstract: This paper provides a framework to analyze the implicit or explicit behavioral theories found in laws, regulations, and programs. The analysis focuses on policy tools or instruments and the underlying behavioral assumptions that guide their choice. We begin with the premise that public policy almost always attempts to get people to do things they otherwise would not have done, or it enables them to do things they might not have done otherwise. Policy tools are used to overcome impediments to policy-relevant actions. The five broad categories of tools we iden- tify-authority, incentives, capacity-building, symbolic and hortatory, and learning-make dif- ferent assumptions about how policy relevant behavior can be fostered. We contend that policy tools are essentially political phenomena, and that policy participation in the form of com- pliance, utilization, and other forms of "coproduction" is an important form of political behavior deserving of greater attention by political science.

The Politics of Resentment: Rural Consciousness in Wisconsin and the Rise of Scott Walker

Abstract: ‘Why do working class people vote against their own interests?’ is a chronically vexing question in liberal and academic circles. In Wisconsin, Scott Walker was elected governor in 2010, and then, after a legislative assault on public employees, he prevailed in a recall election in 2012 and won re-election in 2014. These events led many to cry: ‘How could this possibly have happened? Don’t people understand what he has done?’ In her book The Politics of Resentment, University of Wisconsin-Madison political science scholar Katharine J. Cramer presents a reply to this conundrum: rural working class voters did indeed have an understanding of at least part of what Walker was doing – and they supported it.

Powers Of Freedom Reframing Political Thought

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Between Camps : Nations, Cultures and the Allure of Race

Abstract: In this provocative book, now reissued with a new introduction, Paul Gilroy contends that race-thinking has distorted the finest promises of modern democracy. He compels us to see that fascism was the principal political innovation of the twentieth century - and that its power to seduce did not die in a bunker in Berlin. Between Camps addresses questions such as: * Why do we still divide humanity into different identity groups based on skin colour? * Did all the good done by the Civil Rights Movement and the decolonization of the Third World have such little lasting effect? Gilroy examines the ways in which media and commodity culture have become pre-eminent in our lives in the years since the 1960s and especially in the 1980s with the rise of hip-hop and other militancies. With this trend, he contends, much that was valuable about black culture has been sacrificed in the service of corporate interests and new forms of cultural expression tied to visual technologies. He argues that the triumph of the image spells death to politics and reduces people to mere symbols. At its heart, Between Camps is a Utopian project calling for the renunciation of race. Gilroy champions a new humanism, global and cosmopolitan, and he offers a new political language and a new moral vision for what was once called 'anti-racism'.

Telling Lies Clues To Deceit In The Marketplace Politics And Marriage

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Caring democracy: Markets, equality and justice

Abstract: Caring Democracy Markets Equality And Though keenly aware of the personal and private character of many care activities, Tronto makes a compelling case for care as a public good and for rethinking the way in which caring responsibilities are carried out in order to achieve the freedom, equality, and justice that are necessary not only to better care, but to better democracy. Her notion of & caring with as a fundamental democratic ideal brings a much-needed corrective to the literature on care that enables us to think more ...

The Global Rise of Populism: Performance, Political Style, and Representation

Abstract: Once seen as a fringe phenomenon, populism is back. While some politicians and media outlets present it as dangerous to the U.S., Europe, and Latin America, others hail it as the fix for broken dem ...

Sexual Orientation, Controversy, and Science:

Abstract: SummaryOngoing political controversies around the world exemplify a long-standing and widespread preoccupation with the acceptability of homosexuality. Nonheterosexual people have seen dramatic surges both in their rights and in positive public opinion in many Western countries. In contrast, in much of Africa, the Middle East, the Caribbean, Oceania, and parts of Asia, homosexual behavior remains illegal and severely punishable, with some countries retaining the death penalty for it. Political controversies about sexual orientation have often overlapped with scientific controversies. That is, participants on both sides of the sociopolitical debates have tended to believe that scientific findings-and scientific truths-about sexual orientation matter a great deal in making political decisions. The most contentious scientific issues have concerned the causes of sexual orientation-that is, why are some people heterosexual, others bisexual, and others homosexual? The actual relevance of these issues to social, political, and ethical decisions is often poorly justified, however.

Political ideology and views about climate change in the European Union

Abstract: There is a strong political divide on climate change in the US general public, with Liberals and Democrats expressing greater belief in and concern about climate change than Conservatives and Republicans. Recent studies find a similar though less pronounced divide in other countries. Its leadership in international climate policy making warrants extending this line of research to the European Union (EU). The extent of a left–right ideological divide on climate change views is examined via Eurobarometer survey data on the publics of 25 EU countries before the 2008 global financial crisis, the 2009 ‘climategate’ controversy and COP-15 in Copenhagen, and an increase in organized climate change denial campaigns. Citizens on the left consistently reported stronger belief in climate change and support for action to mitigate it than did citizens on the right in 14 Western European countries. There was no such ideological divide in 11 former Communist countries, likely due to the low political salience of...

The Public and Its Problems: An Essay in Political Inquiry

Abstract: Originally published in 1927, John Dewey’s The Public and Its Problems is a landmark work in pragmatist political philosophy. Today many commentators appreciate it as the mature expression of the American pragmatist’s democratic theory (though at least two later essays are perhaps more representative). It is also considered a classic text for students of twentieth-century American political thought. The book was originally a series of lectures given at Kenyon College in 1926. Many of its central ideas grew out of debate Dewey had with a fellow public intellectual, Walter Lippmann. Besides its inclusion in the collected works (1996, edited by Larry Hickman), the only other edition to be released was by Swallow Press in 1954, containing Dewey’s half-page foreword (1927) and his twelve-page afterword (1946).

Political News in the News Feed: Learning Politics from Social Media

Abstract: Although literature about the relationship between social media and political behaviors has expanded in recent years, little is known about the roles of social media as a source of political information. To fill this gap, this article considers the question of whether and to what extent learning political information occurs via Facebook and Twitter. Theory suggests that social media may play a significant role in the learning of political information within the modern media environment. Making use of a combination of experimental and survey-based studies, the data suggest that the potential for users to learn political information from social media exists but is not always realized within the general population.

The Political Legacy of American Slavery

Abstract: We show that contemporary differences in political attitudes across counties in the American South in part trace their origins to slavery’s prevalence more than 150 years ago. Whites who currently live in Southern counties that had high shares of slaves in 1860 are more likely to identify as a Republican, oppose affirmative action, and express racial resentment and colder feelings toward blacks. We show that these results cannot be explained by existing theories, including the theory of contemporary racial threat. To explain the results, we offer evidence for a new theory involving the historical persistence of political attitudes. Following the Civil War, Southern whites faced political and economic incentives to reinforce existing racist norms and institutions to maintain control over the newly freed African American population. This amplified local differences in racially conservative political attitudes, which in turn have been passed down locally across generations.

Vulnerability in resistance

Abstract: Vulnerability and resistance have often been seen as opposites, with the assumption that vulnerability requires protection and the strengthening of paternalistic power at the expense of collective resistance. Focusing on political movements and cultural practices in different global locations, including Turkey, Palestine, France, and the former Yugoslavia, the contributors to Vulnerability in Resistance articulate an understanding of the role of vulnerability in practices of resistance. They consider how vulnerability is constructed, invoked, and mobilized within neoliberal discourse, the politics of war, resistance to authoritarian and securitarian power, in LGBTQI struggles, and in the resistance to occupation and colonial violence. The essays offer a feminist account of political agency by exploring occupy movements and street politics, informal groups at checkpoints and barricades, practices of self-defense, hunger strikes, transgressive enactments of solidarity and mourning, infrastructural mobilizations, and aesthetic and erotic interventions into public space that mobilize memory and expose forms of power. Pointing to possible strategies for a feminist politics of transversal engagements and suggesting a politics of bodily resistance that does not disavow forms of vulnerability, the contributors develop a new conception of embodiment and sociality within fields of contemporary power. Contributors. Meltem Ahiska, Athena Athanasiou, Sarah Bracke, Judith Butler, Elsa Dorlin, Basak Ertur, Zeynep Gambetti, Rema Hammami, Marianne Hirsch, Elena Loizidou, Leticia Sabsay, Nukhet Sirman, Elena Tzelepis

CHANGING THE RULES: THE POLITICS OF LIBERALIZATION AND THE URBAN INFORMAL ECONOMY IN TANZANIA. ByAili

Abstract: Changing the Rules is about the changing political economy of Tanzania. It describes the collapse of the formal Tanzanian state and economy as a result of pressures emanating from both internal and external sources. It is the story of how individuals and households survived in the fluid urban economy as the political and economic frameworks have altered. The book is about Tanzania; the lessons are about changing political economies. The surface investigation masks an import that extends far beyond the country. The work also has implications regarding transformations taking place throughout much of the Third World, both in cities and in national economies. The book is prefaced with a question that guides the subsequent investigation: "[H]ow [were] urban dwellers [surviving] when the cost of living was many times greater than ... wage incomes" (p. xii); that is, how did people cope in austerity? At the same time, the investigation notes how people disengaged from the state-their noncompliance and survival tactics in response to government harassment; how official trade figures mask reality; and how the informal economy has assumed a central position in Tanzania. The reader learns that the economic livelihood of the household has metamorphosed from dependence on a male breadwinner to a new norm, as financial resources increasingly derive from the earnings of women, children, and the elderly. Author Aili Tripp's research is fascinating because it ventures into a new world. It involves both formal questionnaires and informal discussions. It marries newspaper reports, official documents, academic and administrative investigations, party and government statements, official statistics, seminar reports, street smarts, and many otherwise fugitive sources with the stories of vendors, sellers, and entrepreneurs. Such a catholic data base is given life when it is placed within the context of extant literature to provide a theoretically informed empirical investigation. It surpasses the expected academic standard in the analytical, editorial, and story-telling senses. Although the investigation, which is set in two wards in Dar es Salaam, may appear particular or local, it is of wider significance in that it recounts the impact of globalization and economic liberalization as they play out in this comer of the Third World. It informs us how and why the informal economy grows to replace the earlier formal system. Only with such empirically rich studies can an investigator or researcher begin to truly understand the new African or Third World city.

Do Political Connections Buffer Firms from or Bind Firms to the Government? A Study of Corporate Charitable Donations of Chinese Firms

Abstract: Do political connections buffer firms from or bind firms to the government? To examine this theoretical puzzle, we distinguish two types of managerial political connections, ascribed and achieved, ...

Continental Divide: The Values and Institutions of the United States and Canada

Abstract: Preface 1. Revolution and Counter-revolution: The Introduction 2. The American Ideology 3. The Canandian Identity 4. Literature and Myths: Canadian Perspectives 5. The Impact of Religion 6. Law and Deviance 7. Economic Behaviour and Culture 8. Government, Welfare, and Philanthropy 9. Social Stratification, Trade Unions, and Politics 10. Mosaic and Melting Pot 11. Center Periphery 12. Still Whig, Still Tory Notes Bibliography Index

Accidental exposure to politics on social media as online participation equalizer in Germany, Italy, and the United Kingdom

Abstract: We assess whether and how accidental exposure to political information on social media contributes to citizens’ online political participation in comparative perspective. Based on three online surveys of samples representative of German, Italian, and British Internet users in the aftermath of the 2014 European Parliament elections, we find that accidental exposure to political information on social media is positively and significantly correlated with online participation in all three countries, particularly so in Germany where overall levels of participation were lower. We also find that interest in politics moderates this relationship so that the correlation is stronger among the less interested than among the highly interested. These findings suggest that inadvertent encounters with political content on social media are likely to reduce the gap in online engagement between citizens with high and low interest in politics, potentially broadening the range of voices that make themselves heard.

Rebelocracy: Social Order in the Colombian Civil War

Abstract: Conventional wisdom portrays war zones as chaotic and anarchic. In reality, however, they are often orderly. This work introduces a new phenomenon in the study of civil war: wartime social order. It investigates theoretically and empirically the emergence and functioning of social order in conflict zones. By theorizing the interaction between combatants and civilians and how they impact wartime institutions, the study delves into rebel behavior, civilian agency and their impact on the conduct of war. Based on years of fieldwork in Colombia, the theory is tested with qualitative and quantitative evidence on communities, armed groups, and individuals in conflict zones. The study shows how armed groups strive to rule civilians, and how the latter influence the terms of that rule. The theory and empirical results illuminate our understanding of civil war, institutions, local governance, non-violent resistance, and the emergence of political order.

Varieties of Liberalization and the New Politics of Social Solidarity

Abstract: inization are not immediately intelligible as ‘disfigured’’’ (p. 82). I would challenge this framing, because while the Extreme Makeover candidates are viewed by the audience as having ordinary appearances before their surgeries, the women seeking FFS are often viewed as facially other by a transphobic society and subjected to discrimination and harassment. Talley’s conclusions about the way that surgeons market FFS to trans women are clear and credible: that the surgeons not only entrench sex binarism, but elaborate it, naming ever more facial features distinctively male or female and telling patients they will never be treated well by society unless they surgically alter all of them. While surgeons benefit financially and their patients express relief at their new, unremarkable features, the large majority of trans women who cannot afford these procedures suffer from the constantly rising bar for what doctors frame as a ‘‘successful’’ gender transition. Talley’s third case study is of Operation Smile, which organizes ‘‘medical missions’’ in which doctors from industrialized nations provide free facial surgery to impoverished children in the developing world. Generating funding through dramatic photographs of crying children with cleft lips, Operation Smile deploys a narrative of social death in which functional and aesthetic problems are conflated, disseminating the disfigurement imaginary to the public. Talley critiques the colonialist missionary language Operation Smile employs, in which (largely) ‘‘white saviors’’ redeem the lives of indigenous people and bask in the esteem they are granted. In her fourth case study, examining facial transplants, Talley notes that in order to make organ transplants possible in the twentieth century, medicine had to invent the concept of brain death, allowing the harvesting of viable organs from bodies with beating hearts. In order to justify the high risks of FT—without which the patients will live— advocates of FT reframe the patient as socially dead, and transplantation as therefore lifesaving. In Talley’s conclusion, she briefly addresses what changes she recommends: ‘‘we’’ can employ empathy rather than pity; ‘‘we’’ can own our facially-typical privileges; ‘‘we’’ can learn to recognize and protest ableist stereotypes in our culture industries (pp. 197–199). This call to individual reflection and action by the facially typical highlights my central disappointment in the book: how little we hear the voices of the facially different who suffer under the disfigurement imaginary. This relative silence is problematic, because if discrimination based upon a presumed obligation not to appear ‘‘ugly’’ to others is to end, it will most likely be due to a social movement of affected people protesting it. That said, I am sure this social movement will benefit from Talley’s analysis, and the ammunition it provides against the idea that the facially different are ‘‘dead.’’

The Breakdown of the Spanish Two-Party System: The Upsurge of Podemos and Ciudadanos in the 2015 General Election

Abstract: The 2015 general election marked the end of the two-party system that had existed in Spain since the restoration of democracy. Two new parties, ‘Podemos’ and ‘Ciudadanos’, entered the national arena for the first time and together obtained 34.6 per cent of the vote. This paper describes this election’s context and electoral results by analysing the individual determinants behind the change to the Spanish party system. The results indicate that economic factors predominantly explain the votes for the traditional parties, the PP and PSOE. On the other hand, political factors help distinguish why some voters remained ‘loyal’ to the traditional parties and others switched to the new formations. While Podemos switchers were mainly politically disaffected left-wing voters, electoral support for Ciudadanos came from younger and ideologically moderate voters who had lower levels of political trust.

Occupational Justice: Moral Imagination, Critical Reflection, and Political Praxis.

Abstract: Occupational justice is a term that has made its way onto the conceptual scene in occupational therapy and occupational science over the last two decades (Durocher, Gibson, & Rappolt, 2014; Durocher, Rappolt, & Gibson, 2014; Stadnyk, Townsend, & Wilcock, 2010; Townsend & Wilcock, 2004a, 2004b; Whiteford & Townsend, 2011; Wilcock, 2006; Wilcock & Hocking, 2015; Wilcock & Townsend, 2000). As a relatively new construct, debates are ongoing about its theoretical underpinnings, conceptualizations, definitions, and its relationship to related constructs such as social justice, human rights, and political practice. The articles in this special issue reveal the theoretical “fruitfulness” (Kuhn, 1977) of the construct of occupational justice for illuminating justice issues from an occupational perspective.

The Price of Political Uncertainty: Theory and Evidence from the Option Market

Abstract: We empirically analyze the pricing of political uncertainty, guided by a theoretical model of government policy choice. To isolate political uncertainty, we exploit its variation around national elections and global summits. We find that political uncertainty is priced in the equity option market as predicted by theory. Options whose lives span political events tend to be more expensive. Such options provide valuable protection against the price, variance, and tail risks associated with political events. This protection is more valuable in a weaker economy and amid higher political uncertainty. The effects of political uncertainty spill over across countries.