Showing papers on "Polycarbonate published in 1969"

Copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide with organometallic compounds

Abstract: Attempts to copolymerize carbon dioxide with epoxide led us to the first success in using carbon dioxide as a direct starting material for synthesizing high polymers. Some organometallic catalyst systems were found to catalyze the alternate copolymerization of carbon dioxide and epoxide, resulting in the formation of polycarbonates, the structures of which were confirmed with the aid of IR, NMR and elemental analysis. Diethylzinc-water system produced a methanol insoluble aliphatic polycarbonate of much higher molecular weight than that produced by polycondensation. Thermal properties of the methanol insoluble polycarbonate were studied by differential thermal analysis and thermogravimetric analysis.

Crazing, yielding, and fracture of polymers. I. Ductile brittle transition in polycarbonate

Abstract: Most thermoplastics far below their glass transition give a brittle fracture when de-formed in uniaxial tension. Bisphenol-A polycarbonates are an exception and deform in a ductile manner. However, it has been observed in Izod impact studies of notched samples that the mode of failure changes from a ductile to a brittle fracture on annealing samples below Tg. It has been found that, when notched samples are stressed, a Griffith type flaw is formed under the notch. The criterion for the ductile brittle transition is evaluated in terms of σG (the stress required to propagate the Griffith flaw), and σy, the yield stress for the polymer. It has been found that the density and yield stress for the samples annealed at various temperatures are dependent upon previous thermal history and in particular on the molecular weiAght. On the basis of these measurements, it is concluded that many of the so-called anomalous effects observed with polycarbonate can be explained.

Tensile yield‐stress behavior of poly(vinyl chloride) and polycarbonate in the glass transition region

Abstract: The yield-stress behavior of two glassy polymers is studied through the glass transition region over a wide range of strain rates. For temperatures below the glass transition temperature, the yield stress behavior could be described as a non-Newtonian flow in agreement with Eyring's theory, if one excepts a narrow range relating to the slowest strain rates. For temperatures above Tg, the yield-stress behavior is still nonlinear but fits the relations based on the concept of free volume.

Stability of Polycarbonate

Abstract: Although a wide range of aromatic polycarbonates has been synthesized and examined [1–3], the term polycarbonate usually refers to the commercially available poly[2,2-propane-bis(4-phenyl carbonate)], i.e., and this polymer is discussed exclusively in the present review. Polycarbonate possesses a number of attractive mechanical properties [1,3] e.g., high impact strength, high elastic modulus, and creep resistance. These features, coupled with the fact that the polymer is almost unaffected by water and many inorganic and organic solvents, permit its use in a variety of applications. In such applications the mechanical properties may alter with time because of the viscoelastic nature of the material.

Glass-polycarbonate resin laminates

Abstract: A GLASS LAYER IS BONDED TO A POLYCARBONATE RESIN LAYER BY USING AS AN ADHERSIVE INTERLAYER A COMPOSITION WHICH ESSENTIALLY CONSISTS OF ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER. PREFERABLY, AS ORGANO-SILCON COMPOUND IS USED AS AN ADHESION PROMOTING AGENT AND IS APPLIED EITHER AS A PRIMER ON ONE OR MORE OF THE LAMINA TO BE BONDED TO EACH OTHER, OR AS AN ADDITIVE IN THE ABOVE-MENTIONED COPOLYMR ADHESIVE COMPOSITION. THE LAMINATED ASSEMBLIES, PRODUCED AS DESCRIBED ABOVE, MAY BE USED AS STRUCTURAL WINDSHIELDS IN MOTOR VEHICLES.

Oxidation of bisphenol a polymers

Abstract: Polysulfone, polycarbonate, and phenoxy resins were aged under thermal and ultraviolet light conditions. Thermoxidative processes in polysulfone and polycarbonate are of such minor significance as not to impart noticeable losses in these materials below 125°C. In phenoxy, however, thermal oxidation above 100°C results in rapid deterioration of all physical properties. This probably results from the low glass transition temperature of this polymer. Photo-oxidation rapidly degrades polysulfone. This appears to be a consequence of scission at the sulfone link. In polycarbonate, however, the only serious result of short-term irradiation is discoloration. For phenoxy resin, crosslinking through reactions at the hydroxyl group is the principal result of photo-oxidation. In all processes the bisphenol A portion of the three polymers appears to play only a small role.

Curable polycarbonate compositions

Abstract: POLYCARBONATE COMPOSITIONS ARE PROVIDED COMPRISING POLYCARBONATES SUBSTITUTED WITH AT LEAST ONE CHEMICALLYCOMBINED ALIPHATICALLY UNSATURATED IMIDO RADICAL, SUCH AS A MALEIMIDO RADICAL. THE IMIDO-SUBSTITUTED POLYCARBONATES CAN BE BLENDED WITH VARIOUS ALIPHATICALLY UNSATURATED MONOMERS, SUCH AS STYRENE, CHLOROSTYRENE, N-PHENYL MALEIMIDE, DIALLYLPHTHALATE, TRIALLYLCYANURATE, ETC. AND VARIOUS ORGANIC POLYMERS, SUCH AS POLYSTYRENE, POLYCARBONATE, POLYSULFONE, POLYPHENYLENEOXIDE, POLYURETHANE, ETC. THE POLYCARBONATE, COMPOSITIONS OF THE PRESENT INVENTIONS CAN BE EMPLOYED AS MOLDING COMPOUNDS, FOR MAKING FILMS, LAMINATES, ETC.

Dynamic mechanical properties of polymers

Abstract: A technique, employing samples in the form of tuning forks, to measure the mechanical properties of polymers is presented. Results for low density polyethylene, polypropylene, and polycarbonates are shown. A large transition is observed for polypropylene at approximately +10°C and a small transition at −100°C for the polycarbonates. Polycarbonate data has also been obtained from 20 to 150°C, at approximately 70 cps. Effects of time, temperature, and history are presented.

Method for continuously preparing polycarbonate oligomer

Abstract: POLYCARBONATE OLIGOMER HAVING A MOLECULAR WEIGHT OF 450 TO 500 IS PREPARED WITH A GOOD REPRODUCIBILITY AND THEORETICAL CONSUMPTION OF PHOSGENE BY INTRODUCING AN AQUEOUS CAUSTIC ALKALI SOLUTION OF A DIHYDROXY COMPOUND AND AN ORGANIC SOLVENT FOR POLYCARBONATE OLIGOMER INTO A TUBULAR REACTOR, FORMING A MIXED PHASE STREAM THEREOF AND FEEDING THERETO PHOSGENE TO EFFECT REACTION WITH THE MIXED PHASE STREAM THEREOF IN A PARALLEL-CURRENT FLOW, WHILE TEMPORARILY REMOVING THE HEAT OF REACTION GENERATED AT THE REACTION IN THE FORM OF THE LATENT HEAT OF VAPORIZATION OF THE SAID ORGANIC SOLVENT.

Laminated transparent abrasion resistant article

Abstract: A transparent polycarbonate resin article, such as an automobile windshield, is prepared having a three-layer, scratch resistant film (about 1 mil in thickness) on a surface thereof. The film contains three layers as formed; an inner layer of a suitable hydroxylated polycarbonate resin, an intermediate layer of silica and poly(vinyl butyral), and an outer layer of silica and poly(vinyl alcohol). The three layers are formed sequentially by wetting a surface of the polycarbonate body with a solution of the specific material in the first layer, evaporating the solvent to form a thin residual solid coating, and repeating this process with respect to the materials specified for the other two layers until the three-layer film is completed.

Mechanical-optical properties of polycarbonate resin and some relations with material structure - Polycarbonate is an excellent model material, but heat treatment is required. Dependence of birefringence on time and wavelength is described by normalized creep and normalized retardation parameters. Dispersion of birefringence is related to the spectral transmittance

Abstract: Polycarbonate resin possesses optical and mechanical properties which make it particularly suitable for certain experimental investigations, including two-and three-dimensional photoelastic analysis. The ductility and transparency of this material might be usefully employed in photomechanical investigations of plastic and viscoelastic response. The similarity of the stress-strain law of polycarbonate to that of mild steel could simplify the similitude problem. In addition, its spectral transmittance in visible and infrared makes polycarbonate useful for studies of material properties and structure. The optical creep of polycarbonate is respresented by a normalized creep coefficient. The relationship of this factor to the theory of viscoelasticity is discussed, and the conditions for a valid calibration of birefringent materials are reviewed. The wavelength dependence of relative retardation is represented by the normalized retardation, from which the dispersion of birefringence can be deduced. The stress-birefringence-time-wavelength characteristics of two brands of polycarbonate resin were determined. Because of residual birefringence, it was necessary to heat treat the resin at about 146°C, and properties of both annealed and unannealed resins are presented. Retardation was measured over the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum (407 nm to 1900 nm). There exists a definite relationship between dispersion of birefringence, which amounts to 14 percent in visible, and the infrared spectral transmittance, which is indicative of material structure.

Thermoplastic polycarbonate/polysulfone/flame retardant blends

Abstract: A THERMOPLASTIC COMPOSITION, WHICH EXHIBITS EXCELLENT FIRE RETARDANT CHARACTERISTICS AND HIGH HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURES, COMPRISED OF A BLEND OF ABS GRAFT POLYMER, POLYCARBONATE AND/OR POLYSULFONE WITH A FLAME RETARDANT ADDITIVE. THE ADDITIVE IS A FLAME RETARDANT THAT IS COMPATIBLE WITH THE THERMOPLASTIC BLEND AND DOES NOT SUBSTANTIALLY DEGRADE THE PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF THE COMPOSITION. THE ADDITIVE ALSO RETAINS THE HIGH TEMPERATURE PROPERTIES TO A GREATER DEGREE THAN OTHER KNOWN FIRE RETARDANTS.

Graft copolymer-polycarbonate-polysulfone blends

Abstract: THIS INVENTION RELATES TO TERNARY BLENDS OF ABS GRAFT POLYMER, POLYCARBONATE AND POLYSULFONES WHICH ARE USEFUL FOR A VARIETY OF APPLICATIONS WHEREIN HIGH IMPACT STRENGTHS AND HIGH HEAT DISTORTION TEMPERATURE ARE REQUIRED.

Ethylene Copolymers and Laminates made therewith

Abstract: 1,166,443. Glass laminates. IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd. 26 Jan., 1967 [14 Feb., 1966], No. 6389/66. Heading B5N. [Also in Division C3] Glass laminates comprise at least one layer of glass adhered to a layer of a novel ethylene copolymer (see Division C3) which comprises at least 35% by weight of ethylene units, units of one or more hydroxy or epoxy aliphatic or cycloaliphatic monoesters of acrylic or methacrylic acid, in which the (cyclo)aliphatic radical consists only of C, H and O and contains not more than 6 carbon atoms, and 0-55% by weight of units of a further comonomer having one ethylenic double bond which is an ester of acrylic or methacrylic acid (e.g. an alkyl ester) or a vinyl ester (e.g. vinyl acetate). The hydroxy or epoxy ester may be a hydroxyalkyl or glycidyl acrylate or methacrylate. Generally, the copolymer layer is present as an interlayer between sheets of glass or between a sheet of glass and a transparent or translucent, substantially rigid plastics material, e.g. polymethyl methacrylate, rigid polyvinyl chloride, polystyrene or a polycarbonate. Such a laminate can be prepared by sandwiching the copolymer layer between two sheets of glass or between a sheet of glass and a sheet of the plastics material, and heating the assembly to a temperature above the melting point of the copolymer (e.g. 110-130‹ C.) for a sufficient time and at a sufficient pressure to effect bonding; the copolymer layer may be ridged or roughened to prevent blocking. In one particular embodiment, the assembly is placed in a flexible plastics or rubber bag which is then evacuated, and the bag and the assembly are heated in an oven or, preferably, in an autoclave at elevated pressure; the assembly is then cooled before being removed from the bag. The glass surfaces to be bonded may, if desired, be pre-treated with an adhesion promoter, e.g. silanes of the type described in Specification 1,095,700. In examples, the copolymer is admixed with 4,4 1 - thiobis - (3 - methyl) - 6 - t. - butylphenol), as antioxidant, before being formed into a film layer. The glass laminates are useful as safety glass in such applications as vehicle windscreens, bandit- or bullet-resistant windows or display cases, doors and wall panels in buildings, and transparent or translucent light fittings.

Stabilized pigmented polycarbonate resin

Abstract: An aromatic polycarbonate composition that is color stable, which composition consists of an aromatic polycarbonate resin having in admixture therewith 0.01-0.1 weight percent of an organic phosphite and 0.001-0.05 weight percent of glycerol, all of which are based on the weight of the aromatic polycarbonate resin.

Effect of triethylamine on the synthesis of polycarbonates based on triphenylmethane diphenols by interfacial polycondensation

Abstract: POLYCARBONATES are obtainable by interracial polycondensation through the interaction of phosgene with sodium salts of diphenols in the presence of small amounts of tertiary amines used as catalysts. The phosgene is introduced into the organic phase, while the aqueous phase contains an alkaline solution of the diphenol and the optimum excess of alkali required for the preparation of polycarbonate of the highest molecular weight. The production of polycarbonates by interracial polycondensation therefore involves the participation of four main components: phosgene, diphenol, sodium hydroxide and the catylyst (triethylamine). The process will be determined by the ratio of the rates of two main types of reaction: those resulting in growth of the macromolecular chain, and those leading to chain termination. Without further reference to the factors considered in previous investigations [1-3] determining the optimum conditions for the process (the effect of the ratio of the components, the effect of an excess of one or other component, etc.) we have now attempted to analyse the processes limiting or facilitating chain propagation.

Dental fillings and devices composed of a polycarbonate filled with presized glass fibers

Abstract: A DENTAL FILLING OR DENTAL PROSTHESIS DEVICE HAVING AN ESSENTIAL STRUCTURAL ELEMENT COMPOSED OF A THERMOPLASTIC, HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYCARBONATE AND FROM 5 TO 40 PERCENT GLASS FIBERS PRESIZED WITH A THERMOPLASTIC, HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYCARBONATE OR WATER AND A METHOD OF MAKING SAME.

Microscopic observations of unreported crystalline formations in polycarbonate and polysulphone

Abstract: Apparent crystalline entities, not previously reported, have been observed in both polycarbonate and polysulphone; these are described and compared to similar entities reported for other polymers.

Improvements in and relating to Methods of Manufacturing Synthetic Resin Structures

Abstract: 1,150,656. Synthetic resin laminates. Y. KAWAMURA. 6 June, 1966, No. 15385/68. Divided out of 1,150,654. Heading B5N. A method of manufacturing a synthetic resin structure from two laminar synthetic resin outer wall members and at least one intermediate member, each outer wall member having a first layer of a softenable synthetic resin and a second layer of a different synthetic resin and the or each intermediate member comprising at least one layer of a softenable synthetic resin, comprises the steps of positioning the or each intermediate member between the outer wall members so that the or each intermediate member contacts a portion of the first layer of each outer wall member or a portion of an adjacent intermediate member, and treating the wall members such that the first layers soften and adhere to the intermediate member. In one embodiment, Fig. 1, outer wall members are spaced by one planar and two corrugated intermediate members, the members comprising layers 1, 2, 3, 4 and 5 of a low softening point material, and layers 6, 7, 8 and 9 of a relatively high softening point material, and being joined by softening the lower softening point material by heat. In a second embodiment there are two outer wall members and an intermediate honeycomb which consists entirely of low softening point material, and in a third embodiment two outer wall members are spaced by a corrugated member in which the crests of the corrugations zig-zag. A solvent may be used instead of heat to soften the first layers. As low softening point materials may be used (a) P.V.C. or polyvinylidene chloride, (b) low density polyethylene, or ethylenevinylacetate copolymer, (c) polystyrene and (d) polypropylene or polycarbonate, the corresponding high softening point resins being (a) polystyrol, cellulose ester, A.B.S. copolymer, polyacetal, polycarbonate, or polyolefine, (b) medium or high density polyethylene, polypropylene or polystyrene, (c) polypropylene, polycarbonate, or phenol resin, and (d) cellulose filled phenol resin, polyester, epoxy resin, urea resin and melamine resin. When solvents are used to soften the second layers they may be (a) ketones or esters, (b) chlorinated hydrocarbon, or (c) aromatic hydrocarbon the corresponding second layers being (a) polystyrene or polycarbonate, (b) cellulose ester, polyacetal, P.V.C., polyamide or polyvinyl, and (c) A.B.S. copolymer, P.V.C., cellulose ester polyacetal, polyamide or polyether, and the corresponding first layers being (a) P.V.C. or polyvinylidene chloride or A.B.S. copolymer, (b) polystyrene, methacrylic resin or polycarbonate, (c) polystyrene or polycarbonate, or (a), (b) and (c) polyester, epoxy resin, phenol resin, urea resin, melamine resin or polyolefine. The laminates may be used in containers, boats, furniture or constructions.

Dielectric solution containing a polycarbonate-polydimethylsiloxane block copolymer additive

Abstract: A dielectric solution with good wetting properties is disclosed as well as a dielectric material c

Glass reinforced polycarbonate/polyethylene - compositions of good impact strength

Abstract: A polymer composition contains (1) an aromatic polycarbonate, especially a polymer from bisphonel A and phosgene, (2) 0.5 to 15% by weight, especially 1 to 5%, of an ethylene homopolymer or copolymer containing at least 50% ethylene, and (3) 1 to 40%, especially 10 to 30%, of glass fibres. The polyethylene significantly improves the impact properties of the reinforced polycarbonate.

Metallised thermoplastic plastics materials

Abstract: 1,146,376. Coating insulating elements with metals. DYNAMIT NOBEL A.G. Feb.3, 1967 [Feb. 5, 1966], No. 5438/67. Headings C7B and C7F. A metal-coated shaped element is produced by (a) forming the desired shape from an electrically insulating composition comprising a thermoplastic and from 10 to 60% by weight of an inorganic fibrous material, (b) chemically reducing a metal salt solution in the presence of the element to coat it with metal, and (c) applying metal thereover by electro-plating. The thermoplastic may be PVC, after-chlorinated PVC, polyolefine, polyamide, polystyrene, polyester, polycarbonate, polyphenylene oxide, or ABS copolymer or mixtures of two or more polymers selected from polyacrylonitrile, polybutadiene and polystyrene; while the inorganic fibres may be asbestos, glass fibres or mineral wool. Examples are given for PVC, polypropylene for PVC, with tricresyl phosphate and epoxidized soya oil with asbestos or glass fibres. The initial metal coating may be of a Cu-Ni alloy, Cu, Ni or Ag and the electro-plated metal may be Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Cr. In a specific metallizing procedure, the element is degreased in sodium hydroxide, neutralized with sodium bisulphite, chemically roughened in potassium dichromate in sulphuric acid, sensitized with SnCl 2 , activated with PdCl 2 , chemically plated with Cu-Ni and finally electroplated with Cu.

Characterization of poly(dimethyl siloxane)-polycarbonate block copolymers.

Abstract: : Shear modulus-temperature curves and swelling behavior of poly(dimethyl siloxane)-bisphenol-A polycarbonate block copolymers were studied. Two glass transitions corresponding to the silicone and polycarbonate phases are found. The dependence of one phase transition on the presence of the second phase is discussed. A correlation of the shear modulus between the two glass transitions and the swelling ratio of the rubbery phase is suggested. (Author)

Development of Nonflammable Coating for Polycarbonate.

Abstract: : Sodium and potassium silicates were applied by drawing and dipping techniques to polycarbonate to provide a nonflammable coating. A polyurethane coating between the silicate and the substrate was required to achieve good adhesion. Polymeric films, usually polyurethane or polystyrene, were applied over the silicate to improve the long-time stability of the coating system. A limited number of organic-modified silica coatings were prepared but were significantly less effective than the alkali-silicate coatings in preventing flame damage to polycarbonate. Experimental glass compositions were formulated for plasma spraying studies from the alkali-B2O3-SiO2, soda-lime-silica, and BaO-A12O3-B2O3 systems. Commercial glasses were also employed. All plasma-sprayed coatings were too translucent to satisfy optical requirements in the intended application. Optically transparent pyrex coatings were applied to polycarbonate by RF sputtering, but substrate discoloration was observed in most cases. Most of the coatings prepared in the program were evaluated for flame resistance, light transmittance, optical uniformity and distortion, humidity and resistance, vacuum and ultraviolet stability, and flexural and impact strength.