Showing papers on "Polymer blend published in 1969"
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14 Oct 1969TL;DR: In this paper, a graft copolymer is grafted with a second monomer formulation containing at least 60 percent by weight of ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers.
Abstract: A polyblend with good impact properties, good light stability, good heat stability, low water vapor transmission and low oxygen permeability has a polymerization graft component with a rubbery substrate and a composite superstrate. Initially, the rubbery substrate is grafted with a monomer mixture containing little or no nitrile monomer and generally comprised of monomers selected from the group consisting of monovinylidene aromatic hydrocarbon, alkyl esters of unsaturated carboxylic acids, unsaturated carboxylic acids, vinyl alkanoates and vinyl ethers. Thereafter, the resultant graft copolymer is admixed and grafted with a second monomer formulation containing at least 60 percent by weight of ethylenically unsaturated nitrile monomers. The resultant composite graft copolymer is then blended with a matrix of an ethylenically unsaturated nitrile polymer to provide the desired impact modified polymer blends.
25 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the deformation mechanism in polyblends of polypropylene with ethylene-propylene rubber having different compositions was clarified by simultaneous measurements of the infrared dichroism with stress and strain under a constant rate of strain of 1.64%/min.
Abstract: To clarify the deformation mechanism in polyblends of polypropylene with ethylene–propylene rubber having different compositions, simultaneous measurements of the infrared dichroism with stress and strain under a constant rate of strain of 1.64%/min have been carried out. The orientation function of the crystallographic c axis of polypropylene in the blends has been obtained as a function of strain ranging from 0 to 20% and of polypropylene content ranging from 0.3 to 1.0. These results have been compared with the temperature dependences of the dynamic Young's modulus and of the loss modulus, as well as of stress–strain curves for the same blends. The modulus data analyzed by Kerner's equation reveal the occurrence of phase inversion at polypropylene contents higher than about 0.5, and this is supported by the infrared dichroism data. The strong effect of quenching on crystalline structure and mechanical properties of pure polypropylene has also been elucidated.
25 citations
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23 Oct 1969TL;DR: An ELASTOMER COMPRISING A BLEND OF 2-50 PARTS by WEIGHT of POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) with 100 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF A SATURATED ELASTO-MERCHANTERIC COPOLYMER, and at least one other ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED FLUMEORINATED MONOMER as mentioned in this paper.
Abstract: AN ELASTOMER COMPRISING A BLEND OF 2-50 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF POLY(VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE) WITH 100 PARTS BY WEIGHT OF A SATURATED ELASTOMERIC COPOLYMER OF VINYLIDENE FLUORIDE AND AT LEAST ONE OTHER ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED FLUORINATED MONOMER. THESE ELASTOMERIC COMPOSITIONS EXHIBIT ENHANCED CURABILITY, AND VULCANIZATES THEREFROM HAVE IMPROVED PHYSICAL PROPERTIES.
20 citations
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01 Apr 1969TL;DR: In this article, the OXYETHYLENE CHAIN of UNIT II was used for the construction of a cyclo-aliphatic HYDROCARBON ring with 8 CARBON ATOMS.
Abstract: CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN, ALKYL, HALO, AND ALKOXY; A IS THE OXY GROUP; X IS AN INTEGER FROM 1 TO 4; Y IS AN INTEGER FROM 1 TO 4; Z IS AN INTEGER OF ZERO OR ONE; WITH THE PROVISOS THAT (A) THE SUM OF X+Y+Z IS AT LEAST 4 AND NOT GREATER THAN 7, AND (B) THE TOTAL NUMBER OF R VARIABLES WHICH ARE SUBSTITUENTS OTHER THAN HYDROGEN DOES NOT EXCEED 3, WITH OR WITHOUT RECURRING UNITS OF THE FORMULA -(O-CH(-R'')-CH(-R''))WHEREIN EACH R'' IS SELECTED FROM THE CLASS CONSISTING OF, INDIVIDUALLY, HYDROGEN, ALKYL, CYCLOALKYL, ARYL AND CHLORALKYL, AND, TOGETHER WITH THE ETHYLENE MOIETY OF THE OXYETHYLENE CHAIN OF UNIT II, A SATURATED CYCLOALIPHATIC HYDROCARBON RING HAVING FROM 4 TO 8 CARBON ATOMS. THESE NOVEL CRYSTALLINE BLENDS ARE USEFUL IN THE PRODUCTION OF FIBERS, FILMS, WIRE AND CABLE COATING, MOLDING MATERIALS AND THE LIKE, HAVING UNIQUE PROPERTIES SUCH AS, DYEABILITY, STRESS CRACK RESISTANCE, LOW HAZE, HIGH GLOSS AND/OR HIGH LIGHT TRANSMISSION. -(O-(C(-R)2)X-(A)Z-(C(-R)2)Y-CO)- CRYSTALLINE POLYMER BLENDS CONTAINING CRYSTALLINE ALKENE POLYMERS AND CRYSTALLINE CYCLIC ESTER POLYMERS CONTAINING RECURRING UNITS OF THE FORMULA
16 citations
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TL;DR: In this paper, the authors measured the interphase thickness of polypropylene-polyethylene pairs in a microheterogeneous polymer mixture, and the layer thickness between two bonded sheets has also been measured by phase-contrast microscopy.
Abstract: The thickness of the interphase layer as a function of time at 160°C has been determined directly in a microheterogeneous polymer mixture, and the layer thickness between two bonded sheets has also been measured by phase-contrast microscopy. Two mixtures of polymers, isotatic polypropylene with polyethylene and poly(vinyl chloride) with polyethylene, were prepared by mixing size-sorted powders in suspension, followed by evaporating the suspension medium and compacting the powdered mixtures. The mutual penetration initially obeyed Fick's second law; then diffusion was retarded and stopped after 15–20 min. An equilibrium state was reached which did not correspond to the classical thermodynamic equilibrium, at which the so-called equilibrium thickness of the interphase layer for the pair isotactic polypropylene-polyethylene was about 28,000 A and for the pair poly(vinyl chloride)-polyethylene was about 89,600 A. The equilibrium values can be used as a quantitative criterion for the compatibility of the polymer pairs.
14 citations
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16 Apr 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a process for increasing the white-eness of a movie was described, based on the weight of the polyamide and the polyester, in a deterministic manner.
Abstract: A PROCESS FOR INCREASING THE WHITENESS OF A FILAMENT EXTRUDED FROM A POLYMER BLEND COMPRISED OF POLYESTER AND POLYAMIDE WHICH COMPRISES INCORPORATING IN THE POLYMER BLEND, PRIOR TO EXTRUSION THEREOF, ABOUT 0.1 TO 5 WEIGHT PERCENT, BASED UPON THE WEIGHT OF THE POLYAMIDE AND POLYESTER, OF A STERICALLY HINDERED PHENOLIC COMPOUND AND MELT EXTRUDING THE POLYMER BLEND TO FORM A FILAMENT HAVING INCREASED WHITENESS.
14 citations
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22 Sep 1969TL;DR: In this article, a blend of from about 10% to about 90% by weight of a high-isotactic content polypropylene (CPP) was compared with the weight of an ETHYLENE-butene-1 COPOLYMER resin.
Abstract: RESINOUS BLEND COMPOSITIONS, PARTICULARLY SUITABLE FOR THE PREPARATION OF ORIENTED SHRINK FILM PRODUCTS, COMPRISING A BLEND OF FROM ABOUT 10% TO ABOUT 90% BY WEIGHT OF A HIGH ISOTACTIC CONTENT POLYPROPYLENE BLENDED WITH FROM ABOUT 10 TO ABOUT 90% BY WEIGHT OF AN ETHYLENE-BUTENE-1 COPOLYMER RESIN CONTAINING A MINOR AMOUNT OF ETHYLENE.
12 citations
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29 Apr 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a process for increasing the whiteness of a movie was described, based on a movie made from a mixture of a stylized version of the Pymer blend and a deterministic version of it.
Abstract: A PROCESS FOR INCREASING THE WHITENESS OF A FILAMENT EXTRUDED FROM A POLYMER BLEND COMPRISED OF POLYESTER AND POLYAMIDE WHICH COMPRISES INCORPORATING IN THE POLYMER BLEND, PRIOR TO EXTRUSION THEREOF, ABOUT 0.05 TO 3 WEIGHT PERCENT, BASED UPON THE WEIGHT OF THE POLYAMIDE AND POLYESTER, OF AN ORGANIC PHOSPHORUS COMPOUND AND ABOUT 0.05 TO 3 WEIGHT PERCENT, BASED UPON THE WEIGHT OF THE POLYAMIDE AND POLYESTER, OF A STERICALLY HINDERED PHENOLIC COMPOUND AND MELT EXTRUDING THE POLYMER BLEND TO FORM A FILAMENT HAVING INCREASED WHITNESS.
11 citations
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07 Jul 1969TL;DR: In this article, a technique for recovering or separating polyphenylene oxide in a useable form from poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4)-oxide blends is presented.
Abstract: Poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide) can be separated from a blend of this polymer with any other polymer which is soluble in dichloromethane, dibromomethane or bromochloromethane. Initially, the entire blend is soluble in these solvents, but on standing the polyphenylene oxide precipitates and can be separated from the balance of the solution. Exposing the polymer blend to vapors of these solvents, also causes the polyphenylene oxide to become insoluble, so that the polymer or polymers with which it is blended can be extracted away from the insoluble polyphenylene oxide by use of these solvents. The separated, insoluble polyphenylene oxide can be rendered soluble by vacuum treatment, evaporation of the contained solvent, washing with a polyphenylene oxide nonsolvent, etc. Therefore, this technique is useful for recovering or separating this polyphenylene oxide in a useable form from such blends.
10 citations
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27 Feb 1969TL;DR: In this paper, the authors present a stable comparison of a POLYMER BLEND of a MAJOR PROPORTION of POLYVINYLPYRIDINE and a MONOR PLI-THEREOF, with a weight ratio of about 5:1 to about 1:5.
Abstract: AN OXIDATION AND LIGHT STABLE COMPOSITION OF MATTER COMPRISING A POLYMER BLEND OF A MAJOR PROPORTION OF A POLYPROPYLENE AND A MONOR PROPORTION OF POLYVINYLPYRIDINE, AND FROM ABOUT 0.1% TO ABOUT 5%, BASED ON THE WEIGHT OF THE POLYMER BLEND, OF A STABILIZING COMBINATION OF: (A) A 2-HYDROXYBENZOPHENONE ULTRAVIOLET ABSORBER OF THE FORMULA: 2-((R2-PHENYL)-CO-),5-(R1-O-)PHENOL WHEREIN R1 IS ALKYL HAVING 8 TO 18 CARBON ATOMS, AND R2 IS A MEMBER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF HYDROGEN, METHYL, CARBOMETHOXY, CARBETHOXY, AND HALOGEN; AND (B) AN ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT ABSORBER SELECTED FROM THE GROUP CONSISTING OF (2 - HYDROXYARYL)-S-TRIAZINES, 2-(2-HYDROXYARYL) BENZOTRIAZOLES AND MIXTURES THEREOF; THE WEIGHT RATIO OF (A) AND (B) BEING IN THE RANGE OF FROM ABOUT 5:1 TO ABOUT 1:5.
9 citations
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06 Mar 1969TL;DR: A composition for forming articles composed essentially of two thermoplastic polymers, one of which is at least partially grafted on the other and a particle-form, cellulosic high-polymer substance impregnated with a thermoplastic polymer, is described in this paper.
Abstract: A composition for forming articles composed essentially of two thermoplastic polymers one of which is at least partially grafted on the other and a particle-form, cellulosic high-polymer substance impregnated with a thermoplastic polymer, and an effective method for producing such compositions which comprises imparting polymerization conditions to a mixture of a particleform thermoplastic polymer, a particle-form, cellulosic highpolymer substance, and a vinyl monomer for producing the thermoplastic polymer.
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14 May 1969
TL;DR: Improved, vulcanisable rubber-like hydrocarbon copolymers produced by block, emulsion or preferable solution polymerisation of 5-30% styrene with 95-70% of butadiene to obtain a random copolymer with a mean mol. wt. of at least 10,000 preferably 80,000-500,000 and hydrogenating 10-65% of the the butadienes units in the polymer in the presence of a catalyst made by mixing Ni carboxylates with trialkyl Al as discussed by the authors.
Abstract: Improved, vulcanisable rubber-like hydrocarbon copolymers produced by block, emulsion or preferable solution polymerisation of 5-30% styrene with 95-70% of butadiene to obtain a random copolymer with a mean mol. wt. of at least 10,000 preferably 80,000-500,000 and hydrogenating 10-65% of the the butadiene units in the polymer in the presence of a catalyst made by mixing Ni carboxylates with trialkyl Al. High tensile strength, elasticity and resistance to heat; compatible with other rubbers; high vulcanisation rate; good oil stretchability. Ni carboxylates are salts of hexanoic, palmitic, oleic, acids etc. all types of alkyl residue suitable for Al; catalyst should be soluble in polymer mixture; catalyst removed by precipitation of polymer with a polar solvent (alcohol, acetone).
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10 Apr 1969
TL;DR: In this paper, a sheet product consisting of needle-like or thread-like crystalline formations having an average diameter of 0A5-10 microns is made by colloidally mixing while molten the crystallizable high molecular weight polymeric material A with the polymer material B, which is chemically different from A and has a lower melting point and a higher melt index than A, extruding the melt mixture as a sheet and phase orientating the sheet by strongly stretching the sheet in the direction of extrusion while the sheet is still molten.
Abstract: 1,148,382. Film fibrillation. O. RASMUSSEN. 23 Feb., 1966 [23 Feb., 1965; 10 July, 1965], Nos. 7870/65 and 29332/65. Headings B5B and B5N. [Also in Division D1] A sheet product comprises a high molecular weight polymeric material, A, in the form of needle-like or thread-like crystalline formations having an average diameter of 0A5-10 microns which are oriented predominantly in one direction and are linked together across the intervening spaces by connections of colloidal dimensions, which connections are of the same material as that of the crystalline formations and are integral therewith, the intervening spaces being partially filled with another polymeric material, B, consisting of a polymer or a polymer mixture which is chemically different from the polymeric material A, and in which some of the needle-like or thread-like crystalline formations are deflected out of the said direction, to form an open network of the said formations, by transverse stretching. The polymeric material A may be a polyamide or a polyester, or may consist of isotactic or syndiotactic polypropylene, polyformaldehyde, an isotactic or syndiotactic polyvinyl compound, or highly crystalline polyethylene, or of a segmented polymer with alternating crystalline and elastomeric segments, e.g. crystalline segments consisting of polypropylene or polyethylene and elastomeric segments consisting of a copolymer of propylene and ethylene. Suitably the melt index of the polymeric material A is between 0A05 and 1A0 as determined according to ASTM No. D1238-57T(E) at a temperature 50‹ C. above the crystalline melting point of the polymeric material A. The polymeric material B may be polyethylene, or may be a water-soluble polymeric material, e.g. polyoxyethylene. Thus the polymeric material A may be a polyamide or a polyester and the polymeric material B may be polyoxyethylene. In another preferred embodiment, the polymeric material A consists of iso- or syndiotactic polypropylene and the polymeric material B consists of an ethylene polymer or copolymer having a melt index, determined at the same temperature as for material A, which is 5 to 200 times greater than that of the polymeric material A. In order to obtain an unhindered development of the thread-like crystal formations of the A material it is preferred that the B material is either crystalline with a crystalline melting point substantially lower than that of the A material or amorphous. The sheet product is made by colloidally mixing while molten the crystallizable high molecular weight polymeric material A with the polymeric material B, which is chemically different from A and has a lower melting point and a higher melt index than A, extruding the melt mixture as a sheet and phase orientating the sheet by strongly stretching the sheet in the direction of extrusion while the sheet is still molten, cooling the stretched sheet first to make the polymeric material A crystallize and agglomerate while keeping the polymeric material B in fluid state, swelling or partially leaching out the polymeric material B and splitting the sheet material thus formed by stretching it in a direction transverse to the direction of orientation. In this method, the melt mixture to be extruded consists suitably of 60 to 80% by weight of polymeric material A and 40 to 20% by weight of polymeric material B, and the latter is preferably of a substantially lower viscosity than that of the polymeric material A, determined in the molten state at the same temperature. During the movement towards the extruder die, and owing to the change in velocity when the product leaves the die, a further stretching of the structural shape of the A material in the direction of movement takes place to give a phase orientation in the melted state. This orientation can be enhanced by stretching the sheet immediately after leaving the die and while still in the melted state, and/or by using a long and narrow die for the extrusion. Cooling of the sheet is suitably effected by a medium which is kept at a temperature slightly below the crystalline melting point of the polymeric material A. The sheet material may further be molecularly orientated by stretching the solidified sheet material in the direction of extrusion before stretching the material transversely. In this method the sheet after solidification and before or after the transverse stretching may be treated with a swelling agent or with a solvent for the polymeric material B, to remove the major part thereof. Before the transverse stretching, the crystalline formations are all oriented predominantly in one direction, i.e. parallel to one another. The transverse stretching results in an open network of the crystal formations being formed and in this network some of the crystal formations are deflected out of their original direction of orientation. The network may be split into fibres in known manner. Such treatments can also be effected after the transverse stretching. In another embodiment the splitting into fibres is carried out by subjecting the film to a rolling transversely to the longitudinal direction of the thread-like crystal formations while the B material is still present, subsequently washing out the latter. The B material thus helps in separating the future fibres of the A material so that the resulting sheet product gets a particularly bulky structure. In Example 1, a paper-like material is made from an A-phase consisting of isotactic polypropylene (75%), and a B-phase consisting of a low density polyethylene (25%). The polymers are mixed and repeatedly extruded and cooling of the extruded film is immediately followed by a longitudinal stretching for molecularly orienting the polypropylene. The main part of the polyethylene is removed from the oriented film by solution in xylene at 80‹ C. While still in the hot xylene bath, the film is drawn laterally to a 5-10 times greater width, thus producing a 3-dimensional flat network of fibres, in which the average width of the fine meshes was far below 1 mm., the product being of paper-like character in the dry state. The remaining residue of polyethylene forms membranes surrounding the fibres and to some extent acting as a binder for the fibres at their points of contact. The surface character of the paper is very hydrophobic because of the polyethylene, and this property makes the material useful for surgical dressings in direct contact with the wound. As both polymers are resistant to almost all chemicals at room temperature, the material is also suitable for filtration. The dissolved polyethylene can easily be precipitated by cooling of the solution and recovered by centrifuging. In Example 2, a paper-like material having a hydrophilic surface is made using polypropylene as the A- phase (75%), and an ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymer as the B-phase (25%). The said copolymer consisted of 29% vinyl acetate and 71% ethylene. The phases are mixed, extruded and cooled, and the extrudate longitudinally stretched for molecular orienting of the polypropylene. The product is then treated in a xylene bath at room temperature, to remove about 30% of the admixed copolymer, and whilst still moist with xylene, the material is laterally stretched to form a homogeneous paper-like material. While the material is still wet and sticky from the xylene, it is cut into short lengths, and cross-laminated by means of a set of rollers. No extra adhesive is necessary as the swollen copolymer acts as an adhesive upon drying. The surface of the laminated material shows satisfactory adhesion of ink and printing ink, and the product is highly water resistant. It is thus useful as a paper substitute. In Example 3, the procedure of Example 2 is used except that pentyl acetate at 90‹ C. is used instead of xylene. The product obtained has a character different from that of paper and is suitable for clothing purposes, the pentyl acetate treatment resulting in about 95% of the admixed copolymer being dissolved. In the dried state of the product it is extremely soft and relatively bulky, the surfaces of the fibres being relatively hydrophilic and of hairy appearance. To obtain a fabric with sufficient strength in all directions the web is cut into short lengths which are placed on top of each other in a cross-wise arrangement and stitched or glued together. The material, either in a single layer or laminated, is suitable as padding for fabrics, e.g. underwear, robes, sport-shirts and light curtains. In Example 4 a non-woven fabric of a structure similar to that of Example 3 is made from polycaprolactam using 35% of polyoxyethylene as the B-phase. The film forming process is in general similar to that of Example 1. Drawing is replaced by lateral rolling by cutting the film into sheets and by passing through a calender, and the resulting fibre product has the character of a paper without any bulk effect. A product of a bulky structure, similar to that of Example 3 is obtained by rolling to produce a stretching ratio of 5: 1 before washing out the B-phase. Corresponding results can be obtained, using a polyester as the A material instead of the polyamide. In Example 5, polyethylene terephthalate is used as the A-phase (70%) and 30% of the copolymer of caprolactam and hexamethylene diamine adipamide in a ratio of 60: 40 is admixed as the B-phase. The polymers are admixed and extruded and stretched longitudinally to a thickness of 50A. Subsequently the B-phase is strongly swollen at 50‹ C. and the sheet stretched transversely by rolling. The fibres produced by the splitting have a relatively hydrophilic cover of the copolymer. In Example 6, a block copolymer having segments of polyethylene terephthalate alternating with segments of macroglycol is split by admixing polyethylene as the B-phase. The ratio between macroglycol and polyester in the copolymer is 40: 60 and 35% of polyoxyethylene is admixed, the m
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13 Mar 1969TL;DR: In this article, the authors discussed the preparation of a novel polygonal polyhedron that exhibited a linear, non-cross-conjugged polygon with an ALIPHATIC or AROMATIC SUBSTITUTed AliphATIC DIKETONE.
Abstract: THERE IS DISCLOSED THE PREPARATION OF NOVEL POLYMER BLENDS THAT EXHIBIT FLUORESCENCE WHEN SUBJECTED TO SELECTED ACTIVATION ENERGY. THE PREPARATION COMPRISES REACTING AN ALIPHATIC OR AROMATIC SUBSTITUTED ALIPHATIC DIKETONE AND AN ALIPHATIC DIAMINE SUCH THAT THERE RESULTS A LINEAR, NON-CROSS-CONJUGATED POLYMER EXHIBITING FLUORESCENCE UNDER APPROPRIATE ENERGY EXCITATION, SAID POLYMER HAVING NO CHROMOPHORE GROUPS IN ITS STRUCTURE WHICH WILL INTERNALLY ABSORB THE FLUORESCENCE EMISSION OF THE POLYMER, AND THEN BLENDING SAID PREPARED POLYMER WITH ANOTHER POLYMER IN AN AMOUNT SUFFICIENT TO IMPART FLUORESCENCE TO THE RESULTING BLEND.
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10 Jul 1969
TL;DR: In this article, a multifilament fine denier latently crimpable yarn from a polymeric blend of incompatible thermoplastic polymers such as a polycaproamide/polyethylene terephthalate and/or polypropylene blend is described.
Abstract: A multifilament fine denier latently crimpable yarn from a polymeric blend of incompatible thermoplastic polymers such as a polycaproamide/polyethylene terephthalate and/or polypropylene blend; and process of producing it. The process involves subjecting a monofil, film or tape of the polymer blend, in semiamorphous state, to a rolling pressure applied progressively down the length against one crosswise dimension, and then applying a transverse force gradient preferably created by impelling the structure in a high velocity gas stream against a deflecting surface. The crimp is preferably developed by exposing the split yarn under low tension to hot gas or vapor.
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TL;DR: In this paper, the activation energies and frequency factors for the formation of the separate volatile products from polyethylene, polypropylene, their mixture and ethylene-propylene copolymer were determined.