Polysomnography

About: Polysomnography is a research topic. Over the lifetime, 19527 publications have been published within this topic receiving 858718 citations. The topic is also known as: PSG & polysomnogram.

Modafinil for the treatment of daytime sleepiness in Parkinson's disease: a double-blind, randomized, crossover, placebo-controlled polygraphic trial.

Abstract: Objectives To assess the therapeutic efficacy of modafinil in the treatment of increased daytime sleepiness in patients with Parkinson's disease (PD). Design Double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled crossover study with two 2-week treatment blocks, separated by a 2-week washout phase. Setting Tertiary Parkinson's disease care center and sleep laboratory at university hospital neurology department. Patients Fifteen patients with idiopathic PD and daytime sleepiness (Epworth sleepiness score (ESS) 10 or more). Interventions Administration of placebo or modafinil as a single morning dose in a randomized crossover order. The modafinil dose was 100 mg in the first, and 200 mg in the second treatment week. Measurements and results At baseline and at the end of each treatment block, sleepiness was evaluated using subjective (perceived sleepiness with the ESS) and objective measures (maintenance of wakefulness test). Twelve patients completed the study (9 male, 3 female; mean age 65.0 +/- 7.6 years, mean disease duration 6.8 +/- 4.1 years). Epworth scores were significantly improved with modafinil (3.42 +/- 3.90) compared to placebo (0.83 +/- 1.99; p = 0.011). Latency to sleep in the maintenance of wakefulness test was not significantly altered by modafinil treatment: 10.9 (3-40)/15.1 (2.5-40) minutes before/after placebo and 12 (2.6-40)/17.8 (4.2-40) minutes before/after modafinil (p = 0.139) [data given as mean +/- standard deviation or median (range)]. Conclusions The results of this study suggest that modafinil improves daytime sleepiness in PD patients, at least on a subjective or behavioral level. Modafinil treatment may be considered for EDS in PD patients, in whom otherwise treatable causes of Excessive Daytime Sleepiness (EDS) are absent.

Monitoring and Staging Human Sleep

Abstract: Polysomnography involves recording a wide assortment of bioparameters while an individual sleeps. Knowledge of the fundamental principles of electrode application, equipment calibration, and recording technology is essential for high-quality data collection. The findings from the electroencephalogram (EEG), electrooculogram, and electromyogram (EMG) can be summarized according to specific scoring criteria as sleep stages N1, N2, N3, and R (previously called stage 1, 2, 3, 4, and REM). Scoring criteria depend on EEG bandwidth activity (delta, theta, alpha, and beta), EEG events (vertex sharp waves, sleep spindles, and K-complexes), eye movement activity (slow and rapid eye movements), and the level of muscle tone. Stage N1 is characterized by a low-voltage, mixed frequency background EEG, as well as EMG similar to relaxed wakefulness, and may include slow rolling eye movements and vertex sharp waves. Stage N2 is characterized by the presence of sleep spindles and K-complexes, combined with a low-voltage, mixed frequency background. Stage N3 is characterized by high-voltage slow-wave activity present for at least 20% of the epoch. Stage R (or REM) sleep is scored when rapid eye movements and low skeletal muscle tone accompany a low-voltage, mixed frequency background EEG. Central nervous system (CNS) arousals also may occur from sleep, either spontaneously or resulting from pathophysiologies or environmental stimuli (e.g., noise or touch). Quantitative analysis of sleep stages and CNS arousals provide evidence for, contribute to the definition of, and index severity of some sleep disorders. Similarly, these measures can provide objective outcome measures for assessing therapeutic interventions. This article summarizes recording, digital processing, and scoring techniques used for evaluating brain activity during human sleep and its disturbance by CNS arousals.

Contribution of night and day sleep vs. simple passage of time to the consolidation of motor sequence and visuomotor adaptation learning

Abstract: There is increasing evidence supporting the notion that the contribution of sleep to consolidation of motor skills depends on the nature of the task used in practice. We compared the role of three post-training conditions in the expression of delayed gains on two different motor skill learning tasks: finger tapping sequence learning (FTSL) and visuomotor adaptation (VMA). Subjects in the DaySleep and ImmDaySleep conditions were trained in the morning and at noon, respectively, afforded a 90-min nap early in the afternoon and were re-tested 12 h post-training. In the NightSleep condition, subjects were trained in the evening on either of the two learning paradigms and re-tested 12 h later following sleep, while subjects in the NoSleep condition underwent their training session in the morning and were re-tested 12 h later without any intervening sleep. The results of the FTSL task revealed that post-training sleep (day-time nap or night-time sleep) significantly promoted the expression of delayed gains at 12 h post-training, especially if sleep was afforded immediately after training. In the VMA task, however, there were no significant differences in the gains expressed at 12 h post-training in the three conditions. These findings suggest that “off-line” performance gains reflecting consolidation processes in the FTSL task benefit from sleep, even a short nap, while the simple passage of time is as effective as time in sleep for consolidation of VMA to occur. They also imply that procedural memory consolidation processes differ depending on the nature of task demands.