Showing papers on "Population published in 1978"
TL;DR: In this article, the influence of diet on the distribution of nitrogen isotopes in animals was investigated by analyzing animals grown in the laboratory on diets of constant nitrogen isotopic composition and found that the variability of the relationship between the δ(15)N values of animals and their diets is greater for different individuals raised on the same diet than for the same species raised on different diets.
5,562 citations
Book•
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01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: In this paper, the authors compared the short-term advantages of sex and recombination in a finite population with the long-term consequences of recombination and sex and showed that recombination has shortterm advantages for both sexes.
Abstract: Preface 1. The problem 2. Some consequences of sex and recombination - I. The rate of evolution 3. Some consequences of sex and recombination - II. Muller's ratchet 4. Could sex be maintained by group selection? The comparative data 5. Recombination - the problem 6. Short-term advantages for sex and recombination - I. An unpredictable environment 7. Short-term advantages for sex and recombination - II. Selection in a finite population 8. Hermaphroditism, selfing and outcrossing 9. Anisogamy and the sex ratio 10. Sexual selection 11. Mutation.
3,087 citations
TL;DR: This paper analyzed the earnings of foreign-born adult white men, as reported in the 1970 Census of Population, through comparisons with the native born and among the foreign born by country of origin, years in the United States, and citizenship.
Abstract: The earnings of foreign-born adult white men, as reported in the 1970 Census of Population, are analyzed through comparisons with the native born and among the foreign born by country of origin, years in the United States, and citizenship. Differences in the effects of schooling and postschool training are explored. Although immigrants initially earn less than the native born, their earnings rise more rapidly with U.S. labor market experience, and after 10 to 15 years their earnings equal, and then exceed, that of the native born. Earnings are unrelated to whether the foreign born are U.S. citizens.
2,998 citations
TL;DR: Since Metschnikoff's discovery, hundreds of scientists studying dozens of species have reported thousands of studies on these cells, perhaps the most widely recognized of which are those of the eminent English scientists.
Abstract: (First of Two Parts) THE part played by phagocytes in defense against invading pathogens has been recognized since 1883. In that year, Metschnikoff, a Russian zoologist, reported that foreign particles injected into metazoans (in Metschnikoff's experiments, starfish larvae) were taken up by a population of "wandering mesodermal cells" that resided in interstitial tissues.1 He postulated a crucial role in host defense for these wandering cells, which he named "phagocytes." Since Metschnikoff's discovery, hundreds of scientists studying dozens of species have reported thousands of studies on these cells, perhaps the most widely recognized of which are those of the eminent English . . .
2,457 citations
Journal Article•
TL;DR: Several experimental findings that are inconsistent with the view that the spleen colony-forming cell (CFU-S) is the primary haemopoietic stem cell are reviewed and a hypothesis is proposed in which the stem cell is seen in association with other cells which determine its behaviour.
Abstract: Several experimental findings that are inconsistent with the view that the spleen colony-forming cell (CFU-S) is the primary haemopoietic stem cell are reviewed. Recovery of CFU-S, both quantitatively and qualitatively, can proceed differently depending upon the cytotoxic agent or regime used to bring about the depletion. The virtual immortality of the stem cell population is at variance with evidence that the CFU-S population has an 'age-structure' which has been invoked by several workers to explain experimental and clinical observations. To account for these inconsistencies, a hypothesis is proposed in which the stem cell is seen in association with other cells which determine its behaviour. It becomes essentially a fixed tissue cell. Its maturation is prevented and, as a result, its continued proliferation as a stem cell is assured. Its progeny, unless they can occupy a similar stem cell 'niche', are first generation colony-forming cells, which proliferate and mature to acquire a high probability of differentiation, i.e., they have an age-structure. Some of the experimental situations reviewed are discussed in relation to the proposed hypothesis.
2,407 citations
1,546 citations
TL;DR: The equilibria generated by the model agree closely with the results of genetical studies of those dioecious species with male-determining Y chromosomes that have been investigated, in which both male-and female-sterility factors have been found, showing complementary dominance relations and no crossing-over between the loci.
Abstract: A model for the evolution of gynodioecy from the hermaphrodite or monoecious condition is described, taking into account the effects of partial selfing and inbreeding depression. It is shown that a mutant causing male-sterility can be selected even if the female plants have the same ovule output as the hermaphrodites, but that the conditions for this are very stringent: The product of the selfing rate and the inbreeding depression must exceed one-half. If the females have an increased ovule output, gynodioecy can evolve with lower values of the selfing and inbreeding depression parameters. Expressions for the equilibrium frequency of females and of the male-sterility gene in both the dominant and the recessive case are given. By a similar technique, conditions for the evolution of androdioecy are derived. In a selfing population, these conditions are much less easily satisfied than those for gynodioecy, though in a randomly mating population the conditions are similar: If ovule production is abolished, po...
1,193 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, it is shown that ties represent negative "personal" externalities which are usually, but not always, internalized by the family, and that ties tend to deter migration, to reduce the employment and earnings of migrating wives, and to increase the employment of their husbands.
Abstract: An economic definition of family ties relevant to migration decisions leads to the exploration of their effects on the probability of migration, on consequent changes in employment and earnings of family members, and on family stability. It is shown that ties represent negative "personal" externalities which are usually, but not always, internalized by the family. ties tend to deter migration, to reduce the employment and earnings of migrating wives, and to increase the employment and earnings of their husbands. The growth of labor market attachment of women creates an increase in migration ties, which both deters migration and contributes to marital instability. Conversely, growing marital instability stimulates migration and reinforces the upward trends in women's labor force participation.
1,169 citations
Book•
01 Dec 1978
TL;DR: In this article, the authors examined inter-and intra-cohort changes in educational and occupational achievement and in earnings and social stratification in a service economy and made comparisons between blacks and whites with a further analysis by region and migrant status.
Abstract: Inter- and intra-cohort changes in educational and occupational achievement and in earnings are examined and social stratification in a service economy is discussed. Comparisons are made between blacks and whites with a further analysis by region and migrant status. Patterns of ethnic achievement are also explored (ANNOTATION)
1,157 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, the importance of parasitic species as regulators of host population growth is examined in light of empirical evidence and the type of information required from field studies to facilitate critical assessment of theoretical predictions.
Abstract: SUMMARY (1) Three categories of biological processes are shown to have a destabilizing influence on the dynamical behaviour of model host-parasite associations: parasite induced reduction in host reproductive potential, parasite reproduction within a host which directly increases parasite population size and time delays in parasite reproduction and transmission. (2) The importance of parasitic species as regulators of host population growth is examined in light of empirical evidence. Data from two particular laboratory studies used to indicate the magnitude of this regulatory influence. Suggestions are made concerning the type of information required from field studies to facilitate critical assessment of theoretical predictions.
1,118 citations
TL;DR: In this paper, a theory of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction, and experimental observations establish the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish.
Abstract: Time-dependent increase of static friction is characteristic of rock friction undera variety of experimental circumstances. Data presented here show an analogous velocity-dependent effect. A theor of friction is proposed that establishes a common basis for static and sliding friction. Creep at points of contact causes increases in friction that are proportional to the logarithm of the time that the population of points of contact exist. For static friction that time is the time of stationary contact. For sliding friction the time of contact is determined by the critical displacement required to change the population of contacts and the slip velocity. An analysis of a one-dimensional spring and slider system shows that experimental observations establishing the transition from stable sliding to stick-slip to be a function of normal stress, stiffness and surface finish are a consequence of time-dependent friction.
TL;DR: In this article, a causal model of the final response rate, including initial response, was presented to show that high response rates are achievable by manipulating the costs of responding and the perceived importance of both the research and the individual response.
Abstract: Two hundred fourteen manipulations of the independent variables in 98 mailed questionnaire response rate experiments were treated as respondents to a survey, yielding a mean final response rate of 60.6% with slightly over two contacts. The number of contacts and the judged salience to the respondent were found to explain 51% of the variance in final response. Government organization sponsorship, the type of population, the length of the questionnaire, questions concerning other individuals, the use of a special class of mail or telephone on the third contact, and the use of metered or franked mail on the outer envelope affected final response independent of contacts and salience. A causal model of the final response rate, including initial response, explaining 90% of the variance, and a regression equation predicting final response rates are presented to show that high response rates are achievable by manipulating the costs of responding and the perceived importance of both the research and the individual response.
TL;DR: This research shows reported well-being to be most strongly related to health, followed by socioeconomic factors and degree of social interaction, for the general population of Americans over 60, and tentatively indicates that negative life situation exigencies create a greater vulnerability to the impact of other negative conditions.
Abstract: Thirty years of research among older Americans on life satisfaction, morale, and related constructs has yielded a consistent body of findings. Parallel results for measures of these contructs and high intercorrelations justifies considering them in terms of a single summary construct, subjective well-being. As this research has relied almost exclusively on survey measures, interpretations are limited to the social-psychological level of people's day-to-day verbal behavior. This research shows reported well-being to be most strongly related to health, followed by socioeconomic factors and degree of social interaction, for the general population of Americans over 60. Marital status and aspects of people's living situations are also conclusively related to well-being. Age, sex, race, and employment show no consistent independent relation to well-being. In addition to indicating that negative life situation exigencies, such as poor health and low income are related to lower well-being, the results tentatively indicate that these exigencies create a greater vulnerability to the impact of other negative conditions.
TL;DR: All types of antisocial behaviour in childhood predict a high level of antissocial behaviour in adulthood and each kind of adult antisocialbehaviour is predicted by the number of childhood antisocial behaviours, indicating that adult and childhood antis social behaviour both form syndrome and that these syndromes are closely interconnected.
Abstract: Results are compared in studies of 4 male cohorts - 1 all white, 1 all black, and 2 racially representative of the population - growing up in different eras, followed past varying portions of their adult lives, living in different parts of the US. Despite sample differences and differences in sources of information and in the variables used to measure both childhood predictors and adult outcomes, some striking replications appear with respect to childhood predictors of adult antisocial behaviour. All types of antisocial behaviour in childhood predict a high level of antisocial behaviour in adulthood and each kind of adult antisocial behaviour is predicted by the number of childhood antisocial behaviours, indicating that adult and childhood antisocial behaviour both form syndromes and that these syndromes are closely interconnected. Also confirmed across studies are: (1) adult antisocial behaviour virtually requires childhood antisocial behaviour; (2) most antisocial children do not become antisocial adults; (3) the variety of antisocial behaviour in childhood is a better predictor of adult antisocial behaviour than is any particular behaviour; (4) adult antisocial behaviour is better predicted by childhood behaviour than by family background or social class of rearing; (5) social class makes little contribution to the prediction of serious adult antisocial behaviour.
TL;DR: Analysis of allozymic variation in natural populations of plants, animals, and humans based on studies published prior to early 1976 and involving 243 species, suggests that the amounts of genetic polymorphism and heterozygosity vary nonrandomly between loci, populations, species, habitats, and life zones, and are correlated with ecological heterogeneity.
TL;DR: Patients with a history of parotid enlargement, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopahy had an increased risk of lymphoma and clinical conditions did not appear to be early manifestations of undiagnosed lymphoma but rather seemed to identify a subgroup of patients with sicca syndrome with marked lymphoid reactivity, who had a particularly high risk of subsequently developing lymphoma.
Abstract: The risk of cancer was ascertained in 136 women with sicca syndrome followed at the National Institutes of Health (NIH). Seven patients developed non-Hodgkin's lymphoma from 6 months to 13 years after their first admission to NIH. This was 43.8 times (P less than 0.01) the incidence expected from the rates of cancer prevailing among women of the same age range in the general population during this time. In addition, three cases of Waldenstrom's macroglobulinemia occurred in this study group. Eight patients developed cancers other than lymphoma, similar to the number expected based on the rates prevailing in the general population. Patients with a history of parotid enlargement, splenomegaly, and lymphadenopahy had an increased risk of lymphoma. These clinical conditions did not appear to be early manifestations of undiagnosed lymphoma but rather seemed to identify a subgroup of patients with sicca syndrome with marked lymphoid reactivity, who had a particularly high risk of subsequently developing lymphoma.
TL;DR: These experiments provide further evidence that the Ti-plasmid is responsible for the oncogenic properties of A tumefaciens and for its capacity to induce “opine” synthesis in Crown-gall plant cells.
Abstract: The freeze thaw transfection procedure of Dityatkin et al. (1972) was adapted for the transfection and transformation of A. tumefaciens. Transfection of the strains B6S3 and B6-6 with DNA of the temperate phage PS8cc186 yielded a maximum frequency of 2 10-7 transfectants per total recipient population. In transformation of the strain GV3100 with the P type plasmid RP4 a maximum frequency of 3.5 10-7 transformants per total recipient population was obtained. Agrobacterium Ti-plasmids were introduced in the strain GV3100 with a maximal efficiency of 4.5 10-8. These experiments provide further evidence that the Ti-plasmid is responsible for the oncogenic properties of A tumefaciens and for its capacity to induce “opine” synthesis in Crown-gall plant cells.
TL;DR: It is now necessary to distinguish antibodies against T and B lymphocytes and those that react in cold and in warm conditions, previously thought to be detectable only by lymphocyte-determined (LD) tests.
Abstract: The microdroplet lymphocyte cytotoxicity test is universally accepted as the standard test for HLA antigen determination. An update of the technical details of the test is given, based on the authors’ testing 160,000 persons. Methods for quality control of the test as well as reproducibility data are provided. International standardization of the specificities has been accomplished by seven international workshops and a continuous cell exchange involving testing of 108 cells since 1974 by as many as 180 laboratories. The test has recently become applicable to the detection of HLA-D determinants, previously thought to be detectable only by lymphocyte-determined (LD) tests. Purified peripheral blood lymphocytes are reacted with antisera from which HLA-A, -B, and -C antibodies have been removed. B lymphocytes were found to be smaller than T lymphocytes by Coulter counter sizing. The purity of cell suspensions enriched for B lymphocytes can be individually monitored, as shown by the reactions produced by 126 test samples. HLA-D antigens have a linkage disequilibrium with certain HLA-A and -B specificities as demonstrated by population and family studies. Haplotypes found in 34 parents of 18 families demonstrate the new haplotypes, which now consist of four antigens per haplotype. Studies of HLA-D frequencies in Caucasians, Negroes, and Orientals show a distinctive distribution in the races. B lymphocytes also appear to have an autoantigen against which autoantibodies are readily produced. The autoantibodies are more active against B than T lymphocytes and act most effectively at 5 C. Although they appear in many diseases, most notably in systemic lupus erythematosus, they also occur in 10% of normal males and females. In patients awaiting kidney transplants, antibodies against B lymphocytes are often found. Patients with cold B-cell antibodies (autoantibodies) were shown to have higher transplant survival rates than those with warm B-cell antibodies (allogeneic). Thus, in performing crossmatch tests it is now necessary to distinguish antibodies against T and B lymphocytes and those that react in cold and in warm conditions.
TL;DR: In this paper, it is argued that the higher divorce rate for remarriages after divorce than for first marriages is due to the incomplete institutionalization of remarriage after divorce in the United States.
Abstract: The higher divorce rate for remarriages after divorce than for first marriages, it is argued, is due to the incomplete institutionalization of remarriage after divorce in the United States. Persons who are remarried after a divorce and have children from previous marriages face problems unlike those encountered in first marriages. The institution of the family provides no standard solutions to many of these problems, with the result that the unity of families of remarriages after divorce often becomes precarious. The incomplete institutionalization of ramarriage shows us, by way of contrast, that family unity in first marriages is still supported by effective institutional controls, despite claims that the institutional nature of family life has eroded in the 20th century. Some suggestions for future research on remarriage and on the institutionalization of married life are presented.
TL;DR: In this article, a detailed theoretical treatment of different excitation and probing processes are outlined and a variety of results are presented and discussed, including the population lifetime of known vibrational modes and evidence for inter-and intra-molecular interactions.
Abstract: With well-defined coherent light pulses of several ${10}^{\ensuremath{-}12}$ sec duration we are in a position to investigate a variety of ultrafast vibrational processes in liquids and solids. Several new experimental techniques have been devised to study directly the dynamics of different vibrational modes and molecules in the electronic ground state. A first light pulse excites the vibrational system via stimulated Raman scattering or by resonant infrared absorption. A second interrogating pulse allows one to determine the instantaneous state of the excited system. Using a coherent probing technique one can measure the dephasing time of homogeneously broadened vibrational transitions and a collective beating of multiple isotope levels. In addition, one can investigate inhomogeneously broadened vibrational modes and observe the dephasing time of a small molecular subgroup. Different information is obtained when the coherent anti-Stokes Raman scattering of the probe pulse is measured. The population lifetime of known vibrational modes can be investigated and evidence for inter- and intra-molecular interactions is obtained. In a third probing technique, the vibrationally excited jolecules are promoted to the first electronic state by a second pulse and the fluorescence is measured. In this way it is possible to see the very rapid change of population of the primary excited vibrational mode. The article gives a detailed theoretical treatment of different excitation and probing processes. Several experimental techniques successfully applied in the authors investigations are outlined and a variety of results is presented and discussed. New information, not available from other experimental methods, is obtained.
TL;DR: Secretion of infectious Abelson leukemia virus by two of the cloned cell lines provides conclusive evidence that the Abelson virus is capable of productively infecting the macrophage cell type.
TL;DR: This study analyzes available epidemiological data and recent mental health services research findings to estimate the percent of the population with a mental disorder and the proportion utilizing various types of specialty mental health and general medical treatment settings.
Abstract: • The President's Commission on Mental Health has highlighted a heretofore unmet need for the linkage of data on the prevalence of mental disorder with national data on the use of mental health services. This study analyzes available epidemiological data and recent mental health services research findings to estimate the percent of the population with a mental disorder and the proportion utilizing various types of specialty mental health and general medical treatment settings. Provisional estimates indicate that at least 15% of the US population is affected by mental disorders in one year. In 1975, only one fifth of these were served in the specialty mental health sector, with about three fifths identified in the general medical (primary care) sector.
TL;DR: Social psychological antecedents of entry into three sequential stages of adolescent drug use, hard liquor, marihuana, and other illicit drugs, are examined in a cohort of high school students in which the population at risk for initiation into each stage could be clearly specified.
Abstract: The social psychological antecedents of entry into three sequential stages of adolescent drug use, hard liquor, marihuana, and other illicit drugs, are examined in a cohort of high school students in which the population at risk for initiation into each stage could be clearly specified. The analyses are based on a two-wave panel sample of New York State public secondary students and subsamples of matched adolescent-parent and adolescent-best schoolfriend dyads. Each of four clusters of predictor variables, parental influences, peer influences, adolescent involvement in various behaviors, and adolescent beliefs and values, and single predictors within each cluster assume differential importance for each stage of drug behavior. Prior involvement in a variety of activities, such as minor delinquency and use of cigarettes, beer, and wine are most important for hard liquor use. Adolescents' beliefs and values favorable to the use of marihuana and association with marihuana-using peers are the strongest predictors of initiation into marihuana. Poor relations with parents, feelings of depression, and exposure to drug-using peers are most important for initiation into illicit drugs other than marihuana.
TL;DR: In this article, a model which allows capture probabilities to vary by individuals is introduced for multiple recapture studies on closed populations, where the set of individual capture probabilities is modelled as a random sample from an arbitrary probability distribution over the unit interval.
Abstract: SUMMARY A model which allows capture probabilities to vary by individuals is introduced for multiple recapture studies on closed populations. The set of individual capture probabilities is modelled as a random sample from an arbitrary probability distribution over the unit interval. We show that the capture frequencies are a sufficient statistic. A nonparametric estimator of population size is developed based on the generalized jackknife; this estimator is found to be a linear combination of the capture frequencies. Finally, tests of underlying assumptions are presented.
TL;DR: A modified critical-incident analysis technique was used in a retrospective examination of the characteristics of human error and equipment failure in anesthetic practice to uncover patterns of frequently occurring incidents that are in need of careful prospective investigation.
Abstract: A modified critical-incident analysis technique was used in a retrospective examination of the characteristics of human error and equipment failure in anesthetic practice. The objective was to uncover patterns of frequently occurring incidents that are in need of careful prospective investigation. Forty-seven interviews were conducted with staff and resident anesthesiologists at one urban teaching institution, and descriptions of 359 preventable incidents were obtained. Twenty-three categories of details from these descriptions were subjected to computer-aided analysis for trends and patterns. Most of the preventable incidents involved human error (82 per cent), with breathing-circuit disconnections, inadvertent changes in gas flow, and drug-syringe errors being frequent problems. Overt equipment failures constituted only 14 per cent of the total number of preventable incidents, but equipment design was indictable in many categories of human error, as were inadequate experience and insufficient familiarity with equipment or with the specific surgical procedure. Other factors frequently associated with incidents were inadequate communication among personnel, haste or lack of precaution, and distraction. Results from multi-hospital studies based on the methodology developed could be used for more objective determination of priorities and planning of specific investments for decreasing the risk associated with anesthesia.
Book•
01 Jan 1978
TL;DR: Freyerabend's "Science in a Free Society" as mentioned in this paper is a critique of the prestige of science in the West, arguing that the lofty authority of the "expert" claimed by scientists is incompatible with any genuine democracy, and often merely serves to conceal entrenched prejudices and divided opinions with the scientific community itself.
Abstract: No study in the philosophy of science created such controversy in the seventies as Paul Feyerabend's "Against Method." In this work, Feyerabend reviews that controversy, and extends his critique beyond the problem of scientific rules and methods, to the social function and direction of science today. In the first part of the book, he launches a sustained and irreverent attack on the prestige of science in the West. The lofty authority of the "expert" claimed by scientists is, he argues, incompatible with any genuine democracy, and often merely serves to conceal entrenched prejudices and divided opinions with the scientific community itself. Feyerabend insists that these can and should be subjected to the arbitration of the lay population, whose closes interests they constantly affect--as struggles over atomic energy programs so powerfully attest. Calling for far greater diversity in the content of education to facilitate democratic decisions over such issues, Feyerabend recounts the origin and development of his own ideas--successively engaged by Brecht, Ehrenhaft, Popper, Mill and Lakatos--in a spirited intellectual self-portrait. " Science in a Free Society" is a striking intervention into one of the most topical debates in contemporary culture and politics.
TL;DR: It is concluded that the flocculus is important for sustaining any smooth eye movements that are different from those evoked by head rotation in the dark, and the relatively weak modulation of P-cell firing rate during the VOR in thedark can be accounted for by the cancellation of equal but opposite head and eye velocity components.
Abstract: 1. Extracellular recordings were obtained from 124 Purkinje cells (P-cells) in the flocculus of alert monkeys. P-cell simple spike-firing rate was analyzed quantitatively during various combinations of smooth-pursuit eye movement and passive head rotation. 2. During sinusoidal smooth eye movements, 80% of the P-cells displayed increased firing rate during ipsilateral and 20% during contralateral eye movement. Over the frequency range 0.3--1.4 Hz, firing-rate modulation was proportional to and in phase with maximum eye velocity. During the steady state of triangle-wave tracking, firing rate increased monotonically as a function of eye velocity. Since firing rate was uncorrelated with retinal-error velocity, one component of P-cell firing rate was related to eye velocity. 3. During the transient phase of triangle-wave tracking, when an instantaneous change in the direction of target movement caused a large retinal-error velocity, 40% of the P-cells were related only to eye velocity. Sixty percent of the P-cells displayed an overshoot or undershoot in firing rate, indicating a relationship to either retinal-error velocity or eye acceleration as well as to eye velocity. 4. During the vestibuloocular reflex (VOR), evoked by head rotation in the dark, P-cell firing rate was only weakly modulated. In contrast, when the monkey suppressed the VOR by fixating a target that rotated with him, P-cell rate was deeply modulated. Since the modulation was proportional to and in phase with maximum head velocity, another component of P-cell firing rate was related to head velocity. 5. Of 36 P-cells tested, 35 displayed firing-rate modulation during both suppression of the VOR and smooth-pursuit eye movement. P-cells that reached peak firing rate during ipsilateral head rotation also reached peak firing rate during ipsilateral smooth eye rotation. Average population sensitivitites to head velocity and eye velocity were equal. In three conditions in which eye and head velocity were elicited simultaneously, P-cell firing rate could be predicted by the linear, vector addition of the separate eye and head velocity components of firing rate. Therefore, the relatively weak modulation of P-cell firing rate during the VOR in the dark can be accounted for by the cancellation of equal but opposite head and eye velocity components. 6. The connections of flocculus P-cells to interneurons in the brain stem VOR pathways have been established in other mammals. In the context of those connections, P-cell firing patterns were appropriate to facilitate the eye movements the monkey was required to make. We conclude that the flocculus is important for sustaining any smooth eye movements that are different from those evoked by head rotation in the dark. The eye velocity component may represent an efference copy signal that sustains ongoing eye velocity during smooth pursuit.
TL;DR: It is shown that homozygosity is also influenced by the presence of deleterious alleles and by other departures from neutrality, but at a lower order of magnitude of effect if the selection coefficients are of the same small order of order.
Abstract: An earlier paper showed that the homozygosity (of a population or sample) was a good statistic for testing departures from selective neutrality in the direction of heterozygote advantage or disadvantage. It is here shown that homozygosity is also influenced by the presence of deleterious alleles and by other departures from neutrality, but at a lower order of magnitude of effect if the selection coefficients are of the same small order of magnitude. Tables are provided for the significance points and moments of the homozygosity, under the null hypothesis of neutrality.
Journal Article•
TL;DR: There is quantitative agreement between the agonist affinity constants for the two sites and parameters derived from the action of muscarinic agonists on smooth muscle, and a third (minor) population of "super-high" affinity agonist binding sites has been detected.
Abstract: The interaction of agonists with muscarinic receptors has been investigated by measuring the binding of [3H]muscarinic agonists to membrane preparations from the rat cortex and by means of [3H]agonist/agonist and [3H]antagonist/agonist competition experiments. The binding data can be explained by the presence of two major populations of agonist binding sites which do not interconvert during the binding experiments and have the same affinity constants for antagonists. The ratio of the affinity constants of an agonist for the two sites can vary from 1 to about 275. There is quantitative agreement between the agonist affinity constants for the two sites and parameters derived from the action of muscarinic agonists on smooth muscle, A third (minor) population of "super-high" affinity agonist binding sites has been detected.