Showing papers on "Potassium nitrate published in 1978"

Coupled sodium and chloride transport into plasma membrane vesicles prepared from dogfish rectal gland.

Abstract: A membrane fraction, rich in basal-lateral plasma membranes, was prepared from the rectal gland of the spiny dogfish,Squalus acanthias, and the uptake of22Na into the plasma membrane vesicles was investigated by a rapid filtration technique. Sodium uptake was greatest in the presence of a chloride gradient directed into the vesicles; it was strikingly reduced when chloride was replaced with nitrate and was even slower with gluconate. If the membrane vesicles were pre-equilibrated with potassium chloride or potassium nitrate plus valinomycin, to minimize any electrical driving forces on sodium movement, the uptake of sodium was still greatest in the presence of chloride and remarkably decreased in the presence of nitrate. Furosemide, 10−3 and 10−4 M, decreased sodium uptake into the vesicles in a dose dependent manner only in the presence of chloride. Furthermore, saturation of sodium uptake by increasing sodium chloride concentrations was observed. The above results provide direct evidence for a coupling of sodium and chloride fluxes across the plasma membrane of the rectal gland via a cotransport system sensitive to furosemide. They support the hypothesis that chloride secretion of the rectal gland is a secondary active transport and is driven by the sodium gradient across the basal-lateral membranes of the cell.

Gold electroplating bath and method of making the same

Abstract: An aqueous bath for the electroplating of gold is particularly adapted for plating a gold strike on stainless steel and includes about 2 to 16.5 grams per liter of auric(III) gold in a cyanide complex. Potassium nitrate is employed as an electrolyte and ethylenediamine hydrochloride is added as a complexer. Nickel, cobalt, copper, tin, or indium ions may be present as an alloying ingredient for the gold and pH of the bath is not more than 4.0, preferably not more than 1.5. In the method of preparing the bath, an aqueous solution of potassium gold chloride KAu(Cl) 4 and potassium nitrate is prepared. Potassium cyanide is added to the solution and reacts with the potassium gold chloride to form a gold cyanide complex. Ethylenediamine hydrochloride is then added to the solution. The ethylenediamine hydrochloride may include nickel chloride or other salts to provide the alloying metal additives for the gold and hydrochloric acid may be added to adjust the pH.

Oxygen production by molten alkali metal salts.

Abstract: A continuous process for separating oxygen from air by means of a reversible chemical reaction wherein air is reacted with an oxygen acceptor which is subsequently decomposed to yield the product oxygen, and then recycled. The only energy input required is a conventional combustible fuel, and one object of the process is to reduce the amount of fuel energy required for oxygen production. The oxygen acceptor is a molten solution of alkali metal salt comprised predominantly of sodium nitrate and potassium nitrate. An efficient process is achieved with this salt by conducting oxygen absorption in multiple countercurrent stages. The compression energy requirement is minimized by combining isothermal and adiabatic compression, and the recovery of compression energy is maximized by processing the exhaust in the sequence combustion, partial expansion, heat exchange, and completion of expansion. Salt-to-salt heat exchange between reaction regions minimizes the pumping requirements.

Differential Modification of Oxic and Anoxic Radiation Damage by Chemicals: I. Simulation of the Action of Caffeine by Certain Inorganic Radical Scavengers

Abstract: Caffeine affords partial radioprotection against oxic damage, but potentiates anoxic damage in dry as well as presoaked barley seeds. Since our earlier studies have implicated a physicochemical pathway of action for such differential modification by caffeine, the effect of inorganic substances, known to scavenge specific categories of free radicals, on the oxic and anoxic components of radiation damage was investigated. It is found that the radiation-induced oxic damage is significantly reduced by potassium permanganate, potassium iodide, potassium nitrate, and potassium ferrocyanide which scavenge predominantly .H + e/sup -//sub aq/, .OH, e/sup -//sub aq/, and .OH radicals, respectively. Each of these four substances, like caffeine, also potentiates anoxic damage in dry seeds, but the anoxic damage in presoaked seeds is potentiated only by potassium ferrocyanide. These results do not confirm the view in the literature that the anoxic sensitization is largely mediated by .OH radicals. A discussion of these observations and the validity of comparing our seed data with those derived from experiments with bacterial spores and ''naked'' DNA solutions is presented.

Effect of sodium in the nutrient medium on the incidence of potassium-deficiency symptoms in tomato plants

Abstract: Tomato plants (Lycopersicon esculentum cv. Amberley Cross) were grown in sand culture and were fed with four concentrations of potassium nitrate in combination with two levels of sodium nitrate. After six weeks the plants were scored for the presence and absence of a symptom of potassium deficiency, namely, marginal chlorosis and/or necrosis in the young, fully-expanded leaves. These leaves were also analysed for K and Na. Marginal chlorosis and/or necrosis occurred in plants given a nutrient solution containing 0.5 meq K/I or less and supplied with either of the sodium nitrate levels. However, the symptoms occurred more frequently in plants receiving the lower level of sodium nitrate. The laminae on plants receiving the lower concentration of sodium nitrate had a 50 per cent incidence of chlorisis and/or necrosis when the tissue potassium content was 0.74 per cent of the dry wt, while those laminae on plants receiving the higher level did not show a 50 per cent incidence until their potassium fell to 0.64 per cent of the dry wt.

The intake of nitrate, nitrite and volatile N-nitrosamines and the occurrence of volatile N-nitrosamines in human urine and veal calves.

Abstract: A hundred samples of total diets, 19 samples of cheese (mainly Dutch), a total of 30 samples of muscle, fat liver, kidney, blood and fried meat from experimental veal calves (fed daily with 0.6 or 300 mg of potassium nitrate per kg b.w.) and 14 samples of urine of patients medicated with massive amounts of ammonium nitrate (up to an equivalent of 180 mg potassium nitrate per kg b.w.) have been analysed with GC-TEA for their content of the following N-nitrosamines: NDMA, NDEA, NDPA, NDBA, NPIP, NPYR and NMOR. NDMA was frequently found, but always in the sub micrograms per kg range, except for two diets (1.2 and 1.7 microgram/kg). Other N-nitrosamines were sporadically found in the same concentration range, except for one diet (NPYR, 1.9 microgram/kg). No correlation was found between NDMA content and the composition of diets or the nitrate load of patients or veal calves. Mean daily intake of NDMA, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite from total diets was calculated to be 0.5 microgram, 215 mg and 7.7 mg respectively. N-nitrosamine recoveries from the various samples were determined mostly at the 1 microgram/kg level. Contents of potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite are reported for 124 samples of various vegetables, 94 samples of canned baby food and 48 samples of human saliva, collected at various times after the intake of meals. Some kinds of vegetables showed high to very high nitrate contents, for example, purslane, red beets, spinach and lettuce. Only traces of nitrite were found in the vegetables. Salivary nitrite content was shown to be highly dependent on the dietary intake of nitrate and increased up to 60 times its initial value after the consumption of vegetable-rich meals.

Short-term cycling of 15N-urea in a ryegrass—white clover pasture

Abstract: A field 15N microplot experiment was conducted to determine the fate of urine N (simulated by 15N urea added at c 300 kg N/ha) under dry summer conditions in a soil growing a ryegrass (Lolium perenne)-white clover (Trifolium repens) pasture Ammonium sulphate and potassium nitrate treatments also were included The amounts and 15N distribution of inorganic N, soil organic N, and plant top and root N were determined at 1, 3, 7, and 22 days after initiation of the experiment Quantitative recovery of 15N was obtained on day 1, indicating minimal volatilisation losses of NH3 from the urea-treated plots However, volatilised NH3-N may have been absorbed by the plant canopy, since 15N recovery was higner in the herbage from the urea-treated than from the ammonium sulphate-treated plots Apparent 13N immobilisation was rapid with the urea and ammonium sulphate treatments but much less with the potassium nitrate treatment Evidence indicated that with the formet two sources of N, immobilisation was due

Water-soluble fertilizers

Abstract: A water soluble mixed fertilizer composition in solid form and a method of producing the fertilizer composition. The fertilizer comprises a mixture of urea, phosphoric acid and at least one potassium salt selected from the class comprising potassium sulphate, potassium nitrate and potassium chloride. Ammonium salts selected from the class comprising ammonium nitrate and ammonium sulphate may optionally also be added to the mixtures. Solid fertilizer compositions possible according to this invention include compositions which contain between 5 and 42% nitrogen, between 2 and 15% phosphorus and between 1 and 38% potassium, these values being elemental mass as a percentage relative to the total mass of the composition.

Method of strengthening chemically a glass container

Abstract: In a method of strengthening chemically a glass container comprising applying an aqueous solution of potassium salts to a soda-containing glass container to form a potassium salt adhered layer, holding at an ion exchange treatment temperature for a period of time sufficient, then cooling to room temperature and removing the residual potassium salts, the feature consists in using, as the aqueous solution of potassium salts, a concentrated aqueous solution containing a small amount of surfactant and a high concentration of mixed potassium salts consisting of potassium nitrate having a relatively low melting point and at least one potassium salt having a relatively high melting point selected from the group consisting of potassium chloride and potassium sulfate in such a proportion that 10 to 80% by weight of the potassium salts be present in solid phase, when heated at the ion exchange treatment temperature, to prevent the fused potassium salts from flowing off from the surfaces of the glass container, applying the concentrated aqueous solution to the outer surface and inner surface of the glass container at a temperature of lower than that of the concentrated aqueous solution, causing the potassium salts to deposit on the outer surface and inner surface of the glass container by virtue of the temperature difference, then drying and holding the glass container having the mixed potassium salt adhered layer at an elevated temperature below the strain point of the glass but as near the strain point as possible for a period of time sufficient to form a compressive stress layer on the outer surface and inner surface of the glass container.

Inhibition of biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw-amended flooded soil and its reversal by nitrogen compounds and aerobic conditions

Abstract: The effect of nitrogen compounds and moisture regimes on the inhibition of the biological hydrolysis of parathion in rice straw-amended soil under flooded conditions was studied. Single applications of rice straw, potassium nitrate or ammonium sulphate to the flooded soil, inoculated with parathion-hydrolysing enrichment culture, inhibited the hydrolysis of the insecticide; the inhibition was reversed, however, in combined applications of rice straw with potassium nitrate or with ammonium sulphate. Aqueous extracts of rice straw-amended soils incubated under flooded undisturbed conditions as well as at 100% moisture inhibited the hydrolysis. The inhibitory factor was not formed in rice straw-amended flooded soils incubated at 50 and 75% moisture levels.

カプリコート抽出を併用した1-(2-ピリジルアゾ)-2-ナフトールによるカドミウム(ii)の吸光光度定量

Abstract: The procedure for the determination of cadmium (II) in the presence of large amounts of zinc (II) is as follows: Take a sample solution containing 0100 μg of cadmium (II) in a separatory funnel. After the addition of 10 ml of 10% thiourea solution and 5 ml of 20% potassium iodide solution, adjust the pH to 5.8 by adding 5 ml of 5% urotropine solution. The resulting volume should be ca. 50 ml. Add 20.0 ml of 5% Capriquat in chloroform, and then shake the mixture for 3 min. Transfer the organic phase to another separatory funnel, and repeat the extraction with 20.0 ml of the Capriquat solution. Wash the aqueous phase with 10.0 ml of pure chloroform. Combine the extracts and backextract zinc (II) twice with 20 ml of 10% potassium nitrate solution, then add 5 ml of 0.1% 1-(2-pyridylazo)-2-naphthol in methanol, 10 ml of 10% ammonium nitrate solution and allow the phases to separate. Measure the absorbance of the organic phase at 555 nm against a reagent blank. The calibration curve was linear over the concentration range of 0100μg cadmium (II) /50 ml, the Sandell sensitivity being 0.0044 μg/cm2. The effect of diverse ions was also investigated. Almost all metal ions did not interfere with the determination. The present method was applied to the determination of trace amount of cadmium in high purity metallic zinc.

Effect of different cultural conditions on the chemical composition of lipids of Fusarium oxysporum.

Abstract: Three sugars were tried as carbon sources for the synthesis of total lipids, triglycerides and sterols in Fusarium oxysporum. Glucose at 3% level gave the maximum. Polar lipids in the mycelium varied from 4.2 to 9.7%. An increase in glucose concentration led to increased production of saturated fatty acids. Nine salts containing either the ammonium or nitrate ions were used as a nitrogen source. Potassium nitrate was best for lipid synthesis and ammonium bicarbonate yielded polar-rich lipids. The content of free fatty acid was relatively higher on ammonium salts. Except for the minor changes in the fatty acid make-up, no definite differences could be observed. The optimum pH was found to be 5.5. At this pH, triglycerides and free sterols were in considerably higher concentration. The proportion of linoleic acid remained more or less constant between the pH range of 3.5 and 6.5 while that of linolenic acid showed the maximum value at pH of 4.5. C:N ratios of 30 and 300 were found to be the optimum among narrow and wide ranges.

Solubility equilibrium of silver(I) oxide in molten lithium nitrate + potassium nitrate mixtures

Abstract: The solubility equilibrium of silver oxide has been investigated in molten mixtures of LiNO3+ KNO3, in the presence of water at controlled activity. The ranges of temperature and molar composition of the solvent mixtures were, respectively, 415–525 K and 30–59 mol % LiNO3.The dependence of the solubility of silver oxide on the composition of the solvent mixture has been interpreted on the basis of a recently developed quasi-lattice model for the dissolution processes of sparingly soluble ionic compounds in ionic melts.

Process for the preparation of 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene

Abstract: A process for producing 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene by: (1) forming a mixture of fuming sulfuric acid and potassium nitrate wherein the fuming sulfuric acid is composed of at least 25 percent by weight sulfur trioxide, and wherein the molar ratio of fuming sulfuric acid to potassium nitrate is from about 2:1 to about 3:1; (2) adding 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene to the mixture until the molar ratio of potassium nitrate to 1,3,5-trifluorobenzene is from 6:1 to 10:1, the temperature of the mixture being maintained in the range of from about 30° C. to about 50° C. during the addition; (3) then raising the temperature of the mixture into the range of from about 140° C. to about 160° C. where it is maintained until the optimum yield of 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene has been obtained; and (4) isolating the product, 1,3,5-trifluoro-2,4,6-trinitrobenzene from the reaction mixture.

Studies on Degradation of Food Additives by Irradiation (III)

Abstract: Reaction of butyl hydroxy anisol (BHA) with sodium nitrite or potassium nitrate by irradiation of ultra violet ray were studied. BRA and sodium nitrite or potassium nitrate in ethanol-water (4:1) solution were irradiated by ultra violet ray for 24hr at room temperature. As the results, 4 species of reaction products were identified, and these structure were determined to be 1, 4-dimethoxy-2-nitrobenzene, 1-hydroxy-2-tert-butyl-4-methoxy-6-nitrobenzene, 1, 4-dimethoxy-2-tert-butyl-6-nitrobenzene, 1, 4-dihydroxy-2-tert-butyl-6-nitrobenzene.At the same time, the degradation products of BHA by ultra violet ray irradiation was studied, as a results, 7 species of degradation products were identified, and these structure determined to be 2-tert-butyl-quinone, 2-tert-butyl-hydroquinone, 2-tert-butyl-1, 4-dimethoxy-benzene, 2′, 3-di-tert-butyl-2-hydroxy-4′, 5-dimethoxy-biphenil ether, 3, 3′-di-tert-butyl-2, 2′-dihydroxy-5, 5′-dimethoxy biphenyl, 3, 3′-di-tert-butyl-2′-hydroxy-2, 5, 5′-trimethoxy biphenyl and 3, 3′-di-tert-butyl-2, 2′, 5, 5′-tetramethoxy biphenyl.

Purification of metal pickling effluent - using anion and cation exchange resins and opt. with by=production of fertiliser salts

Abstract: In the treatment of liq. effluent from metal cleaning (pickling) processes, (a) the water is passed over a cation exchange resin, (b) the water from (a) is passed over an anion exchange resin, (c) the purified water is passed to the washing installation, and (d) the cation exchange resin from stage (a) is regenerated by elution with a strong mineral acid moving in the opposite direction to that of stage (a). The process is simple and economical to carry out. It may be varied in order to comply with changes in effluent regulations. In opt. further stages (e) the anion exchange resin is eluted with a strong soluble base, such as an alkaline hydroxide or ammonia; (f) the eluate from (e) is passed over a cation exchange resin to regenerate the acid used in the pickling process; and (g) the cation exchange resin from stage (f) is regenerated using sulphuric, nitric, or phosphoric acid which is circulated in the opposite direction to that used in stage (e). If this last stage is carried out an effluent is obtd. contg. fertiliser salts such as ammonium and potassium nitrate, ammonium and potassium phosphate and ammonium sulphate.

Solubility equilibrium of silver(i) oxide in molten lithium nitrate + potassium nitrate mixtures

Abstract: The solubility equilibrium of silver oxide has been investigated in molten mixtures of LiNO3+ KNO3, in the presence of water at controlled activity. The ranges of temperature and molar composition of the solvent mixtures were, respectively, 415–525 K and 30–59 mol % LiNO3.The dependence of the solubility of silver oxide on the composition of the solvent mixture has been interpreted on the basis of a recently developed quasi-lattice model for the dissolution processes of sparingly soluble ionic compounds in ionic melts.