Showing papers on "Potassium nitrate published in 1992"

Desensitizing anti-tartar dentifrice

Abstract: An oral composition, such as a toothpaste, includes an anti-tartar proportion of a polyphosphate anti-tartar agent (preferably with synthetic anionic polymeric polycarboxylate or equivalent, and fluoride) and a desensitizing proportion of a tooth pain inhibiting potassium salt which passes through exposed dentin tubules to tooth nerves or neurons, which salt can be potassium nitrate, potassium citrate or potassium oxalate, so that it helps to prevent tartar from forming on the teeth and also lessens any pain experienced by persons contacting their sensitive teeth with the oral composition. Preferably the oral composition is a desensi-tizing anti-tartar toothpaste or gel which, when the teeth are brushed with it, aids in removal of at least some tartar and prevents its reappearance, and at the same time diminishes any tooth pain that the brusher would otherwise experience due to such brushing. In preferred toothpastes the anti-tartar agent and the desensitizing agent are both potassium compounds and other components of the toothpaste, such as the detergent or surfactant, thickener, water soluble fluoride, anionic polymeric polycarboxylate, sweetener and any anti-calculus agent present, when they may be present as salts, will also be potassium salts. In place of the mentioned anti-tartar agents there may be employed other anti-calculus compounds, such as AHP (azacycloheptane-2-2-diphosphonic acid) or corresponding alkali metal salt, preferably the potassium salt, and in such case it is very desirable for other components of the toothpaste to be in the forms of their potassium salts.

Ionic mechanisms for heterogeneous stratospheric reactions and ultraviolet photoabsorption cross sections for NO2+, HNO3, AND NO3− in sulfuric acid

Abstract: We present room temperature photo-absorption cross sections between 180 and 340 nm for potassium nitrate dissolved in sulfuric acid-water solutions of 0, 80, and 96% sulfuric acid by mass. Other investigators have obtained ultraviolet absorption spectra for similar solutions above 220 nm, and there is a large literature on the spectra, species, and nitration reactions in sulfuric acid solutions. The predominant nitrogen-containing species are the nitrate anion (NO3−) in pure water or dilute sulfuric acid solutions, molecular nitric acid (HNO3) in 80% sulfuric acid, and the nitronium ion (NO2+) in 96% sulfuric acid. Upon reviewing the literature involving these species, we consider elementary ionic and molecular reactions in mechanisms of stratospheric heterogeneous catalysis. We formulate a general mechanism for acid catalyzed reactions, with examples that convert inactive HCl and ClNO3 into photochemically active ClNO2, ClNO, Cl2, HOCl, and ClO, and we show that reactions forming all of these products are thermodynamically allowed.

Removal of chlorine ions from Ru/MgO catalysts for ammonia synthesis

Abstract: The effects of the removal of chlorine and the KNO3 promoter were studied on RuCl3 precursor/MgO catalysts for ammonia synthesis. Chlorine ions were decreased by increasing the temperature of reduction by hydrogen; however, chlorine still remained even after a reduction at 973 K. Both hydrogen adsorption and ammonia synthesis activity increased when increasing the reduction temperature up to 923 K which suggested that chlorine ions were removed from the ruthenium surface. Most of the chlorine ions were thought to be located on MgO (base); however, a small amount was thought to be located on the ruthenium metal surface as RuCl3 at low temperature ( <773 K ) or as MgCl2 at high-temperature reduction ( ≫ 773 K ). When the RuCl3/MgO catalyst was impregnated with the promoter ( KNO3 ) and reduced, it became effective at a K/Ru mole ratio higher than three. This suggests that potassium reacts with chlorine ions before or during hydrogen reduction, and then acts as an electron donor to the ruthenium surface. On the other hand, when the Ru/MgO catalyst is reduced with hydrogen at 773 K, then impregnated with the promoter and treated with hydrogen, KNO3 becomes effective even at a K/Ru mole ratio as low as 0.3. The potassium ions were thought to promote the ruthenium surface instead of accepting the chlorine ions in this case.

Aromatic nitration with potassium nitrate or nitric acid and boron trifluoride monohydrate

Abstract: Potassium nitrate/boron trifluoride monohydrate and nitric acid/boron trifluoride monohydrate have been found to be efficient reagents for the nitration of aromatic compounds. Benzene and a series of substituted benzenes were nitrated with excellent yields

Preferential nitrate immobilization in alkaline soils

Abstract: The literature pertaining to N immobilization indicates that ammonium is immobilized in preference to nitrate. Our previous research in an alkaline clay soil has indicated substantial immobilization of nitrate. To verify the preference for immobilization of nitrate or ammonium by the microbial biomass in this and other soil types, the immobilization of ammonium and nitrate from applications of ammonium sulfate and potassium nitrate following the addition of cotton crop stubble was monitored in six soils. The preference for ammonium or nitrate immobilization was highly correlated with each soil's pH, C/N ratio and its nitrification capacity. Nitrate was immobilized in preference to ammonium in neutral and alkaline soils; ammonium was preferentially immobilized in acid soils. No assimilation of nitrate (or nitrification) occurred in the most acid soil. Similarly, little assimilation of ammonium occurred in the most alkaline soil. Two physiological pathways, the nitrate assimilation pathway and the ammonium assimilation pathway, appear to operate concurrently; the dominance of one pathway over the other is indicated by soil pH. The addition of a nitrification inhibitor to an alkaline soil enhanced the immobilization of ammonium. Recovery of 15N confirmed that N was not denitrified, but was biologically immobilized. The immobilization of 1 5 ~ and the apparent immobilization of N were similar in magnitude. The identification of preferential nitrate immobilization has profound biological significance for the cycling of N in alkaline soils.

Effect of nitrogen sources on oxidoreductive enzymes and ethanol production during D-xylose fermentation by Candida shehatae.

Abstract: The effect on D-xylose utilization and the corresponding xylitol and ethanol production by Candida shehatae (ATCC 22984) were examined with different nitrogen sources. These included organic (urea, asparagine, and peptone) and inorganic (ammonium chloride, ammonium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and potassium nitrate) sources. Candida shehatae did not grow on potassium nitrate. Improved ethanol production (Y(p/s), yield coefficient (grams product/grams substrate), 0.34) was observed when organic nitrogen sources were used. Correspondingly, the xylitol production was also higher with organic sources. Ammonium sulphate showed the highest ethanol:xylitol ratio (11.0) among all the nitrogen sources tested. The ratio of NADH- to NADPH-linked D-xylose reductase (EC 1.1.1.21) appeared to be rate limiting during ethanologenesis of D-xylose. The levels of xylitol dehydrogenase (EC 1.1.1.9) were also elevated in the presence of organic nitrogen sources. These results may be useful in the optimization of alcohol produc...

Reference half-cell electrode

Abstract: A half-cell reference electrode comprises an electrode member in electrochemical contact with at least one gelled electrolyte solution which itself is contactable with the liquid to be tested wherein the gelling agent comprises a polymer containing acrylamide units substituted with a group or groups which lower the polymer's tendency to hydrolyse compared to polyacrylamide while providing a polymer that can form a gelled solution in 2.6 M sodium/potassium nitrate solution (2.21 M potassium nitrate and 0.39 M sodium nitrate) comprising at least 75 % (w/w) sodium/potassium nitrate solution.

Inactivation of Yersinia enterocolitica by nitrite and nitrate in food

Abstract: The antimicrobial effects of sodium nitrite and sodium and potassium nitrate against Yersinia enterocolitica were investigated in solution and in treated pork meat. Potassium nitrate and sodium nitrate showed only feeble antimicrobial activity in cultures; no antimicrobial activity was detected with sodium nitrite. Conversely, all three salts displayed apparent antimicrobial activity in pork meat, possibly due to selective effects on competitive flora.

Kinetic study of the oxidation of iodide by hexachloroiridate(IV) in concentrated electrolyte solutions

Abstract: Rate constants are reported for the oxidation of iodide by hexachloroiridate(IV) in various concentrated electrolyte solutions containing up to 6 mol dm–3 salt at 298.2 K. The conclusion is that the salt effects are mainly due to ion–solvent interactions. This is supported by considering the activity coefficients of the reaction participants, estimated by using the Stokes–Robinson hydration treatment. The study of kinetics at 333.2 K shows that the distinct behaviour of potassium nitrate seems related not only to the different structural character of this salt with respect to the rest of the electrolytes studied, but also to specific interactions which are operative favouring the reaction.

Synergist for gibberellin and usage thereof

Abstract: This synergist of gibberellin (920) is a powdered solid mixture which contains main components such as boric acid and urea, and auxiliary components such as potassium nitrate, calcium dihydrophosphate, magnesium carbonate and dodecyl sodium sulfate. If it is mixed with 920, and the consumption of 920 may be decreased, so that the cost for breeding hybrid rice is reduced, and yield is increased to a certain extent. If it is sprayed onto rice alone, there is also a certain effect on yield increasement.

Photoautotrophic growth of soybean cells in suspension culture. II. Optimization of culture medium and conditions

Abstract: We have attempted to optimize the conditions under which a photoautotrophic soybean suspension culture line (SB-P; Horn et al. 1983) is grown. Magnesium, phosphate, and calcium concentrations were varied individually from one-tenth to five times the normal level found in the Murashige and Skoog (1962) recipe. After two subcultures, only phosphate at one-tenth the normal level caused the cells to show a substantial reduction in fresh and dry weight increase and chlorophyll level. Nitrate and ammonium levels were inversely varied in 20 millimolar increments of potassium nitrate and ammonium chloride. Neither N-source alone could support growth through two subcultures. A ratio of 40 millimolar potassium nitrate to 20 millimolar ammonium gave significantly better fresh and dry weight increases than did a ratio of 20:40 or 30:30 but the chlorophyll level was unchanged. The minor salts as a group resulted in a small improvement in growth when provided at twice the normal level.

Application of Pitzer equations for quaternary systems: sodium chloride-sodium nitrate-sodium acetate-water and potassium chloride-potassium nitrate-potassium acetate-water at 25.degree.C

Abstract: Electromotive force measurements were carried out on the NaCl-NaNO 3 -NaOAc-H 2 O and KCl-KNO 3 - KOAc-H 2 0 systems at constant total ionic stress of 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 mol/kg and at 25 o C using a cell consisting of a sodium ion-selective electrode or potassium ion-selective electrode and an Ag/AgCl electrode. The results were analyzed in terms of the Harned equation and by the Pitzer formalism

Deoxidizer for boiler water and producting thereof

Abstract: This invention features that sodium sulfite, sodium pyrosulfite and potassium nitrate are mixed while zinc chloride and a mixture of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride or (and) amino trimethylene-phosphoric acid, and copper sulfate (6.0-8.0 pH value) are added in, and after mixing them for 1-2 hours and grinding, a powdered green product is finished. Such product has the functions of fast deoxidizing and preventing scale, corrosion and algae.

Production of optically active alpha-methylbenzylamine

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain a compound by using optically active mandelic acid as a resolving agent and adding bis(alpha-methylbenzyl)amine and salts to a reactional system and resolving (RS)-alpha-methylbenzylamine. CONSTITUTION:(RS)-alpha-Methylbenzylamine is made to react with optically active mandelic acid in the presence of a bis(alpha-methylbenzyl)amine of formula I (* indicates asymmetric carbon) and a salt of ammonia or a primary amine with an inorganic acid or an organic acid (e.g. ammonium chloride) and/or water-soluble inorganic salts (e.g. potassium nitrate) in an aqueous medium to afford the objective sparingly soluble optically active diastereomer salt of formula II. Since a crystal of the deposited sparingly soluble diastereomer salt is obtained as a thick hexagonal platy crystal or a rhombic crystal good in filtrability, the product of high optical purity can readily be produced.

Safe explosive and productive method thereof

Abstract: This safe explosive is conformed to international standard GB10631-89 Starting from safety, potassium chlorate and potassium perchlorate are less or not used as oxidant A mixed ore powder that has been processed and uses refined sulfur sand as its principal component is chosen as reducer Appropriate such materials as barium nitrate, sulfur, Al-Ag powder (or Al-Mg alloy powder) and potassium nitrate are added in Through uniformly mixing them, a safe explosive is obtained, which is suitable to make firecrakers and fireworks Its advantages include low cost, good safety, high blasting power and better sound effect

Effect of carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of penitrem B by Penicillium aurantiogriseum.

Abstract: Effect of different carbon and nitrogen sources on the production of penitrem B was studied.d-Xylose induced maximum penitrem B production, while melibiose, glycerol, citric acid and succinic acid were poor substrates. Potassium nitrate,l-asparagine, sodium nitrate, glycine,dl-aspartic acid andl-tryptophan supported good production of penitrem B. Conversely zirconyl nitrate, barium nitrate, aluminum nitrate, acetanilide, 4-aminobenzoic acid, 4-nitrobenzoic acid and 4-nitroaniline were toxic and did not even permit the growth of the fungus.

Explosive material disposal - uses water with deactivated material to give a soln. of potassium nitrate for further use

Abstract: To process pyrotechnical material contg. black powder, it is rendered harmless and the propellant contg. black powder is taken up by water. The remainder of the material is sepd. and transferred to further processing. The propellant element is formed into a sludge with water for the solids to precipitate and the potassium nitrate residue to be absorbed. The process is repeated until the potassium nitrate content in the precipitate is less than 4%. The final precipitate is recycled and/or disposed of. Also claimed is an application for the potassium nitrate solution to decontaminate earth soiled with hydrocarbons, where the solution has a potassium nitrate content of 1-2 wt.%. USE/ADVANTAGE - The method is for the disposal of explosive material, contg. black powder, which has exceeded its shelf life. The process is simple, and recovers useful material for recycling.

Combustible composition suitable for smoking perspiration of pest eliminator

Abstract: PURPOSE:To obtain the subject combustible composition having extremely high safety in handling by incorporating an organic combustible substance, an inert inorganic filler and preferably further a combustion state-continuing agent into a mixture of potassium perchlorate and a decomposing accelerator therefor CONSTITUTION:For instance, 17-20wt% a mixture of 70wt% potassium perchlorate and 30wt% potassium nitrate is mixed with saccharides (organic combustible substance) in a same amount as said mixture to 94wt%, 20-30wt% KCl, NaCl, C, Cr2O3 and/or Fe3O4 (decomposing accelerator), 3-8wt% guanidine nitrate or dicyandiamide (combustion state-continuing agent), 20wt% alumina and 306-126wt% residual burned and pulverized substance of diatomaceous earth or clay, etc, and molded to granular, spherical or pellet-like shape to afford the aimed subject composition Said composition is able to be used for smoking in heating at a spontaneous combustion temperature: 240 degC to a maximum temperature: 540 degC and belongs to a non-dangerous article

Comparison of different procedures for the analysis of high-purity potassium nitrate by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry

Abstract: Different methods for the preconcentration (precipitation of the matrix, solvent extraction and ion exchange) of Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, V and Zn in high-purity potassium nitrate were optimized and evaluated on the basis of elemental spike recovery and reproducibility, as determined by inductively coupled plasma (ICP) atomic emission spectrometry. Samples were analysed by the procedures established and the results were compared with those of a direct semi-quantitative ICP mass spectrometric method and an electrothermal atomic absorption spectrometric determination of Fe after extraction with HCl–isobutyl methyl ketone. Recommendations about the methods under consideration, suitable for the determined elements, are proposed.

Preparation of low sensitive blasting powder

Abstract: This explosive is made of cheap natural stone powder and its compatible materials such as potassium perchlorate ( or potassium chlorate), antimony sulfide, potassium nitrate, sulphur powder, aluminium powder and charcoal powder. It features low sensitivity, high blasting power, safety and low cost, and is suitable for firecracker, the explosive for blasting stone mountain and military explosive.

Clinical Evaluation of Potassium Nitrate Dentifrice for Dentinal Hypersensitivity.

Abstract: 本邦における5%硝酸カリウム配合歯磨剤の象牙質知覚過敏に対する臨床効果を調べるために, 74名の被験者を対象に37名を試験群, 37名を対照群として, 擦過刺激試験, 冷気刺激試験, 自覚評価の3種類の診査項目について二重盲検法を行なった。試験群すなわち硝酸カリウム配合歯磨剤使用群では, すべての診査項目において反応や症状の改善または消失が著明に認められた。その診査数値の減少率は使用後4週, 8週, 12週において, すべて対照群よりも有意に高かった。試験群で症状が改善した被験者数は, 2週目で44%, 4週目以降では80%を越え, 症状が消失した被験者は, 8週目で42%, 12週目で56%に達した。また, とくに問題となるような副作用は認められなかった。これらの結果から, 5%硝酸カリウム配合歯磨剤が, 象牙質知覚過敏の症状緩和に適した歯磨剤であることが明らかとなった。