Showing papers on "Potassium nitrate published in 2007"

The effect of sodium chloride, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite on the recovery of heated bacterial spores *

Abstract: Summary The ability of aerobic and anaerobic spores, after various degrees of heating, to produce macrocolonies in media containing different concentrations of sodium chloride, potassium nitrate and sodium nitrite has been examined. The effect of different heat treatments, roughly from F0= 0.0015 to F0= 1.5, on the inhibitory levels of these curing ingredients, showed that the more severe treatments were capable of rendering surviving spores considerably more sensitive to subsequent inhibition by concentrations of the order found in cured meats. To produce this effect, less heating was needed with two Bacillus strains than with three of Clostridium. Sodium chloride and potassium nitrate had quantitatively similar effects. The inhibitory effect of sodium nitrite increased roughly ten-fold from pH 7 to pH 6.

Adsorption and transport of nitrate and potassium in an Andosol under banana (Guadeloupe, French West Indies)

Abstract: A series of batch, soil column and field experiments was carried out in order to study nitrate and potassium transport and to improve fertilizer practices in an Andosol under a banana plantation. The focus of the study was on the influence of the substantial variable charge of the soil on ion transport. Leaching of both K+ and NO3- -N through the Andosol were both retarded, as expected, because of the soil's cation and anion exchange capacities (CEC and AEC). Under acidic conditions, the B horizon, with the greater allophane content, developed preferential affinity for nitrate. The A horizon, with both organic and mineral adsorption sites, exhibited a stronger affinity for potassium than the B horizon when the soil solution pH was below the zero point of charge (ZPC). Fast leaching of nutrients occurred under the banana stem due to the abundant stemflow derived from rainfall interception by the banana plant. Intensive leaching under the plant questions the concept of fertilizer application at the plant stem. (Resume d'auteur)

A comparative ab initio study of the ferroelectric behaviour in KNO3 and CaCO3

Abstract: Potassium nitrate exhibits a reentrant phase transformation, where a metastable ferroelectric phase (γ -KNO3) is formed upon cooling from high temperature. The layered structure of this ferroelectric phase is composed of alternating layers of potassium ions and nitrate groups; wherein, a central nitrogen atom is coordinated by three equilateral triangular oxygen atoms. The group layer is located less than midway between the cation layers, giving rise to a polar structure. From a structural perspective, the calcite phase of calcium carbonate looks quite similar to this ferroelectric phase; however; it does not exhibit a ferroelectric transition. In this work we have performed an ab initio computational analysis to study the: structural stability, electronic characteristics, and bonding of various phases and ferroelectric properties of CaCO3 and KNO3. We find that both material systems have mixed covalent and ionic bonding. The covalent interactions are within the group atoms of carbonate and nitrate atoms while the ionic interactions occur between the negatively charged (carbonate or nitrate) group and the calcium or potassium cations. For the low temperature stable phase of CaCO3 (calcite), however, there is a slight covalency between the cations and the oxygen atoms of the group. This latter interaction results in the crystallization of CaCO3 in the calcite form and prevents a ferroelectric transition. We suggest that, in analogy to KNO3, a metastable form of CaCO3 may also exist, similar to the phase of γ -KNO3 that should have a spontaneous polarization equal to 30.6 μ Cc m −2 , twice that of γ -KNO3. Moreover, our analysis indicates that this material should have a coercive field smaller than that of γ -KNO3. (Some figures in this article are in colour only in the electronic version) 4 Author to whom any correspondence should be addressed.

Plant nutrient solution and application in plant cultivation

Abstract: The invention discloses a plant nutrition liquid, which is characterized by the following: comprising potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, potassium sulfate, monopotassium phosphate and so on a good deal of element; comprising edetate disodium, ferrosi sulfas, boric acid, manganese sulfate, zinc sulfate, copper sulfate, ammonium molybdate and so on microelement; comprising azophoska fertilizer and fertilizer booster; including diverse nutritious element of vegetation development; providing nourishing element for large and medium scale bush and small arbor. This invention also discloses a utility scheme in large and medium scale woody plant soilless culture.

Reversible electric field induced nonferroelectric to ferroelectric phase transition in single crystal nanorods of potassium nitrate

Abstract: Single-crystal rods of the α-phase of potassium nitrate were grown with [010] uniform crystallographic orientation inside a matrix of aluminum oxide nanopores. The pores were prepared by anodization of polished aluminum substrates. The potassium nitrate single crystals were grown inside the pores from a supersaturated aqueous solution at various temperatures. Dielectric polarization measurements of the porous film filled with the potassium nitrate crystals show an electric field induced reversible transition from the nonferroelectric α-phase to the ferroelectric γ-phase at about 200kV∕cm. The ferroelectric γ-phase has a coercive field of about 169kV∕cm and remnant polarization of about 0.216μC∕cm2.

The electrochemical oxidation and reduction of nitrate ions in the room temperature ionic liquid [C2mim][NTf2]; the latter behaves as a ‘melt’ rather than an ‘organic solvent’

Abstract: The electrochemical oxidation of 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium nitrate [C4mim][NO3] was studied by cyclic voltammetry in the room temperature ionic liquid (RTIL) 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis(trifluoromethylsulfonyl)imide [C2mim][NTf2]. A sharp peak was observed on a Pt microelectrode (d = 10 μm), and a diffusion coefficient at infinite dilution of ca. 2.0 × 10−11 m2 s−1 was obtained. Next, the cyclic voltammetry of sodium nitrate (NaNO3) and potassium nitrate (KNO3) was studied, by dissolving small amounts of solid into the RTIL [C2mim][NTf2]. Similar oxidation peaks were observed, revealing diffusion coefficients of ca. 8.8 and 9.0 × 10−12 m2 s−1 and solubilities of 11.9 and 10.8 mM for NaNO3 and KNO3, respectively. The smaller diffusion coefficients for NaNO3 and KNO3 (compared to [C4mim][NO3]) may indicate that NO3− is ion-paired with Na+ or K+. This work may have applications in the electroanalytical determination of nitrate in RTIL solutions. Furthermore, a reduction feature was observed for both NaNO3 and KNO3, with additional anodic peaks indicating the formation of oxides, peroxides, superoxides and nitrites. This behaviour is surprisingly similar to that obtained from melts of NaNO3 and KNO3 at high temperatures (ca. 350–500 °C), and this observation could significantly simplify experimental conditions required to investigate these compounds. We then used X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) to suggest that disodium(I) oxide (Na2O), which has found use as a storage compound for hydrogen, was deposited on a Pt electrode surface following the reduction of NaNO3.

Removal of arsenic from contaminated soils using different salt extractants

Abstract: This study presents an environmental-friendly and cost effective method for the extraction of arsenic from contaminated soils. Laboratory experiments using inorganic salts, potassium phosphate (KH2PO4), potassium chloride (KCl), potassium nitrate (KNO3), potassium sulfate (K2SO4), and sodium perchlorate (NaClO4) were evaluated as arsenic extractants. An Andosol soil was artificially contaminated with arsenite [As(III)] and arsenate [As(V)]. The soil was washed in a batch process with different salt solutions in the pH range 3-11 for 24 hours at 20 degrees C. Among the various potassium and sodium salts tested, KH2PO4 was found to be highly effective in extracting arsenic from As(III)-soil attaining more than 80% and 40% from As(V)-soil in neutral pH range. Other salts were particularly ineffective in extraction of arsenic from both soils. More arsenic was extracted more from the As(III)-soil than the As(V)-soil.

Fusion tray of thermal transmission and storage medium, and preparation method

Abstract: This invention discloses a method for preparing molten salt heat-transfer and heat-storage medium, which comprises potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, sodium nitrite and additives. The additives are cesium nitrate and potassium chloride at a weight ratio of (0.1-0.8):1. The molten salt heat-transfer and heat-storage medium has such advantages as good heat transfer property, wide working temperature range, high heat stability, high upper limit of safe usage temperature, low melting point, high phase-change latent heat, low requirement for system size and energy, and high energy utility.

Effects of nitrate concentration and ionic strength on nitrate anion exclusion under unsaturated flow conditions

Abstract: Transient unsaturated horizontal column experiments were conducted with a computer-controlled syringe pump to assess the impacts of nitrate (NO 3 - ) concentration and solution ionic strength on anion exclusion processes that affect NO 3 - transport through soil A loam soil was used in all the column experiments Duplicate tests were conducted with seven different injection solutions applied at the inlets of relatively dry soil columns (initial volumetric water content averaged 0018) The injection solutions contained either dissolved potassium nitrate (KNO 3 ) alone or a combination of dissolved KNO 3 and calcium chloride (KNO 3 + CaCl 2 ) These seven solutions allowed for the evaluation of the anion exclusion effects of four different NO 3 - -N concentrations (50, 200, 1000, and 2690 mg L -1 ) and four different solution ionic strengths (00036, 00142, 00714, and 01929 M) applied at the column inlet to be evaluated Soil water content and soil solution NO 3 - -N concentration profiles were compared between tests with different injection solutions to quantify the effects of NO 3 - concentration and ionic strength on NO 3 - anion exclusion Anion exclusion was exhibited in the NO 3 - -N concentration profiles for all experiments carried out in this investigation Specifically, NO 3 - -N concentrations at the column inlet were 5% to 26% less than the injected NO 3 - -N concentrations, and NO 3 - -N concentrations at the wetting front were greater than injected NO 3 - -N concentrations by factors of 11 to 26 Considering results from tests conducted with both the KNO 3 and KNO 3 + CaCl 2 injection solutions, it is apparent that ionic strength governs the magnitude of the NO 3 anion exclusion effect to a far greater extent than the NO 3 - -N concentration A strong logarithmic relationship (R 2 ranged from 09474 to 09850) was found to exist between the injection solution ionic strength and various column inlet or wetting front parameters used to quantify the anion exclusion effect Consequently, under unsaturated conditions, the anion exclusion process influencing NO 3 - mobility in the soil profile will be more affected by the valences and amounts of all anions and cations present in the soil solution and not so much by just the NO 3 - concentration

Process to surface harden a glass panel whose material contains sodium by treatment with potassium nitrate

Abstract: In a process to surface harden a glass panel whose material contains sodium, the glass is coated with a colloidal gel and heated to a temperature of at least 300[deg] C for at least 20 minutes and then submerged in a medium containing potassium. Some of the surface sodium ions are surrendered to medium and are replaced by potassium ions from concentrated potassium nitrate solution. The ion exchange takes place through the colloidal gel. The process alters the surface spectral properties to pre-determined values. The minimum reflectivity is at least 10 nanometres from the predetermined wavelength. The colloidal gel is an oxide produced from ingredients selected from the chemical periodic table III to V, in particular in Al in the sub-groups II to V. Further claimed are products e.g. electronic instruments incorporating laser-cut glass covers.

Soilless cultivation nutrient fluid for flowers

Abstract: The invention provides a flower soiless-cultivation nutrient solution for the cultivation of various flowers and vegetables Main components of the flower soiless-cultivation nutrient solution consist of potassium nitrate, calcium nitrate, magnesium sulfate, superphosphate, ferric sulfate, manganese sulfate, sulfuric acid, sodium tetraborate, zinc sulfate, copper sulphate, ammonium molybdate and water The main components can be made into the corresponding flower soiless-cultivation nutrient solution through a special process

Growth and production optimization of tropane alkaloids in Datura stramonium cell suspension culture.

Abstract: A number of physicochemical conditions such different concentration of glucose, sucrose, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, calcium chloride and temperatures were tested to optimize growth and production of tropane alkaloids from Datura stramonium (Solanaceae) plants. Cell suspension from semi-clear calli of leave explants developed in MS medium containing kinetin (0.5 mg L(-1)) and NAA (2 mg L(-1)) hormones was used to measure biomass and total alkaloids and comparison of treatments. The results showed that 30 and 40 g L(-1) glucose led to the highest level of alkaloids and biomass productions, respectively. 20 and 40 g L(-1) sucrose concentrations resulted in order the most rates of alkaloids and biomass productions. The results showed that increasing of nitrate concentration led to the reduction of the alkaloids. The best concentration of potassium nitrate for the production of tropane alkaloids and biomass were in order 9.4 and 3.76 mM. Also it was evinced that the optimized concentration of ammonium nitrate for alkaloids production was 10.3 mM and for the biomass was 41.22 mM. The best concentration of calcium chloride for growth and production of the alkaloids was 7.92 mM. Testing different temperature specified that the best condition for production of the alkaloids was 20 degrees C whereas it was 25 degrees C for biomass production. The results of this study could be recommended to farmers involved in production of D. stramonium for tropain alkaloids at industrial and semi-industrial scales.

Compositions comprising ammonium nitrate double salts

Abstract: Preferred aspects of the present invention provide ammonium nitrate compositions comprising ammonium nitrate and at least a second compound, said second compound being present under conditions and in amounts effective to substantially reduce the detonation sensitivity of the composition and/or to otherwise improve a desired property of the composition. In certain embodiments, the second compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium sulfate, ammonium phosphate, calcium nitrate, potassium nitrate, magnesium nitrate, ammonium molybdenate, ammonium hexaflouralsilicate, neodymium hydroxynitrate, and combinations of two or more of these. In preferred embodiments, at least a substantial portion of the ammonium nitrate in the composition is in the form of a double salt with one or more of said second compounds. In highly preferred embodiments, the present compositions consist essentially of one or more double salts of ammonium nitrate and a second compound as described herein.

Reducing Onion Bulbs Flaking and Increasing Bulb Yield and Quality by Potassium and Calcium Application

Abstract: To investigate the onion bulb flaking during storage in order to increase exportation, a two field experiments were conducted during winter 2005-2006 and 2006-2007 growing seasons. The response of onion plants cv. Giza 20 to different sources of potassium with or without a supplemental potassium foliar spray in addition to calcium application was evaluated. The obtained results indicated 32 4 that the combined soil application of potassium nitrate (KNO ) and calcium nitrate (K SO ) plus potassium chloride (KCl) as a foliar spray resulted in the highest values in vegetative growth characters (plant length, leaves number, neck diameter, leaves fresh and dry weight as well as bulb fresh and dry weight) and also gave the highest total yield and quality of onion bulb (bulb weight, diameter, length and TSS). Moreover, it significantly reduced the flaking rate during storage and increased the exportable bulbs percentage. In addition, the combined application of potassium nitrate plus potassium chloride as foliar spray increased potassium level in both leaves and bulbs. Potassium nitrate had a more significant effect in both vegetative growth and bulb quality compared with potassium sulfate. Also supplemental application of potassium chloride as a foliar spray did have a simulating effect regardless the source of potassium in soil application. On the other hand, calcium soil application significantly increased vegetative growth, bulb yield and quality however calcium 2 chloride (CaCl ) foliar spray had no significant impact on all measured parameters. Calcium nitrate was very beneficial in reducing flaking and increasing exportable portion of the yield. Potassium content in onion leaves and bulbs increased with all potassium sources but it was significantly decreased when using calcium nitrate as a soil application while there was no significant difference between control and calcium foliar spray.

Method for preparing Nano tube of titanate

Abstract: This invention discloses a method for preparing titanate nanotubes. The method comprises: uniformly mixing nitrate and power of sodium titanate nanotubes at a mol ratio of (5-100):1, performing melt-reaction at 50-450 deg.C for 3-48 h, cooling, washing to remove unreacted nitrate, and drying to obtain titanate nanotubes. The nitrate is lithium nitrate, and drying to obtain titanate nanotubes. The nitrate is lithium nitrate, potassium nitrate, rubidium nitrate, cesium nitrate, silver nitrate, nickel nitrate, thallium nitrate, copper nitrate, zinc nitrate or cobalt nitrate. The precursor of sodium titanate nanotubes is prepared by: reacting titanium dioxide, metatitanic acid or titanate ester in 20-80 wt. % NaOH aqueous solution at 100-140 deg.C for 12-72 h, washing with water, filtering and drying. This invention can prepare titanate nanotubes with large specific surface area by melt-exchange method.

Process for producing erythritol using moniliella tomentosa strains in the presence of neutral inorganic nitrates, such as potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate or sodium nitrate, as nitrogen source

Abstract: The present invention relates to the use of at least one inorganic nitrate in a fermentation process for producing erythritol using a yeast strain of the Moniliella species as an erythritol-producing microorganism, characterized in that the at least one inorganic nitrate is simultaneously used as a main nitrogen source and as a pH regulator in the culture medium, as well as to such an improved method for producing erythritol.

Influence of Process Parameters on the Conductivity and Surface Morphology of Polypyrrole Films

Abstract: Influence of electrochemical process parameters such as monomer and electrolyte concentrations, current density, pH of the electrolyte, and type of electrolyte have been studied during polymerization of polypyrrole (Ppy). The changes in the conductivity of synthesized Ppy film for different electrolytes were observed by chronopotentiograms recorded during the electrochemical polymerization and it was confirmed by measuring it using four probe techniques. It was found that the electrochemical process parameters have a considerable influence on the conductivity of the film. The Ppy film was synthesized on a platinum substrate by electrochemical polymerization with different electrolytes such as potassium nitrate, sodium nitrate, sulphuric acid, hydrochloric acid, potassium chloride, sodium chloride, oxalic acid, and sodium salicylate, under galvanostatic condition over a wide range of pH of the reaction medium and applied current density. The different concentration ratios of pyrrole and sodium nitrate were...

Composite for strengthening glass and strengthening method

Abstract: A composition for strengthening glass is a fused salt containing potassium nitrate (90-99 Wt%), potassium hydroxide (0.01-0.5) and Al2O3 (0.01-10). Its strengthening method is also disclosed.

Compositions for reinforcing glass and its reinforcing method

Abstract: The invention discloses a chemical reinforced composition of silica coating glass for panel display, which comprises the following parts: fusing salt with 85-99% potassium nitrate and 0.01-10% bialuminium trioxide, 0.01-10% other potassium salts, wherein the potassium salt contains one or more from potassium phosphate, potassium nitrite, potassium chloride, potassium sulfate, potassium silicate, potassium hydrogen phosphate and potassium bichromate.

Method for preparing potassium nitrate and ammonia chloride by double decomposition

Abstract: This invention relates to a method for preparing KNO3 and NH4Cl taking KCl and NH4NO3 as the raw materials and applying a de-analyzing method, in which, in the mixed solution of KNO3 mother solution and NH4NO3, evaporation of water and crystallization of NH4Cl are finished in the process of evaporation and crystallization, the mixed solution is evaporated in a continuous evaporator under 100-120degC and evaporation pressure of 540-935mmHg

Factors Affecting Growth and β β β β β-carotene Content of Chlorosarcinopsis sp. (PSU/CHL20) in Batch Culture

Abstract: The effect of light intensity, potassium nitrate concentrations and temperature on the growth and β-carotene content of Chlorosarcinopsis sp. (PSU/CHL20) were determined. In the first experiment, algal cells were grown on a shaker in Erlenmeyer flasks containing 150 ml of NSIII medium and at a shaking speed of 150 rpm. Potassium nitrate concentrations were 0, 0.1 and 0.2 g l -1 . Light intensities used were 60, 120 and 180 µmolm -2 s -1 . The light / dark cycle was 16:8 h and the temperature was controlled at 25°C. The optimum light intensity and potassium nitrate concentration for algal growth and β-carotene content was 120 µmolm -2 s -1 and 0.1 g l -1 which produced a maximum cell number of 138× 10 5 cell ml -1 and a β-carotene content of 0.133 mg l -1 , (0.012 pg cell -1 ) respectively. In the second experiment, the effect of temperature on the growth and β-carotene content was investigated. In this experiment the light intensity was 120 mmolm -2 s -1 and the potassium nitrate concentration was 0.1g l -1 , at temperatures of 25°C, 30°C and 35°C. Although statistically insignificant (P>0.05), the algal growth increased slightly with increasing temperature. The highest cell numbers of 148x10 5 cell ml -1 were obtained at 30°C on day 14 of cultivation. The maximum β-carotene content of 0.543 mg l -1 (0.052 pg cell -1 ) was achieved at 30°C and this was significantly higher than that of the culture grown at 25 °C (P<0.05).

Non-pollution slurry preparing method and method for producing organic potassium foliage fertilizer

Abstract: The present invention relates to no-pollution pulping and comprehensive utilization of waste fluid, and is especially one process of extracting cellulose from corn stalk and producing organic potassium foliage fertilizer with the waste liquid Corn stalk is first hydrolyzed with 5-30 % concentration water solution of potassium hydroxide at 90-110 degc for 05-2 hr to separate out cellulose; the hydrolysate is then neutralized with organic acid to reach pH value of 55-9; and urea and double potassium nitrate salt are finally added into the hydrolysate to obtain the organic potassium foliage fertilizer

Gunpowder for fireworks in ejecting flowers

Abstract: This invention relates to drug powder for replacing black powder in spraying fireworks without producing smoke. The drug powder is composed of: charcoal powder 35-45%, potassium nitrate 25-35% and nitrified cotton powder 25-35%. The drug powder has such advantages as reduced smoking amount (by 40% compared with traditional black powder), efficient recycle of expired military powder, reduced cost (3200-3500 yen/ton compared with 4000-5000 yen/ton of black powder), and high safety.